《磷脂的功能與應用綜述》2900字

磷脂的功能與應用綜述磷脂是一種含磷的脂質(zhì)，在其結構中存在極性部分和非極性部分。根據(jù)其分子結構中碳鏈骨架是否為甘油將其分為非甘油磷脂（圖1-1）和甘油磷脂（圖1-2）。非甘油磷脂主要為分子結構中含有鞘氨醇骨架的鞘氨醇磷脂（圖1-1），鞘磷脂分子上只有一個脂肪酸殘基與鞘氨醇的氨基相連接，神經(jīng)堿通過磷酸連接在鞘氨醇的C-1羥基上。天然存在的甘油磷脂都具有α-構型和L-構型，其親水性頭基（磷酸衍生物）和疏水性酰基鏈（脂肪酸）與甘油分子的羥基相連ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Baer</Author><Year>1961</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">95</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baer,E.</author><author>Pavanaram,S.K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>N-Methylcephalins.I.SynthesisofdistearoylL-alpha-glycerylphosphoryl-(N-methyl)ethanolamine</title><secondary-title>JournalofBiologicalChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofBiologicalChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1269-1272</pages><volume>236</volume><number>236</number><dates><year>1961</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]。甘油磷脂的化學結構根據(jù)Sn-3上的磷酸衍生物的不同可將甘油磷脂分為磷脂酰膽堿（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰絲氨酸（PS）、磷脂酸（PA）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）等；根據(jù)疏水性?；湹姆N類不同，還可將同類型磷脂細分為不同磷脂分子組分，即磷脂亞類，如二亞油酰磷脂酰膽堿、亞油酰磷脂酰膽堿等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Olsson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>98</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">98</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Olsson,N.U.</author><author>Salem,N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Molecularspeciesanalysisofphospholipids</title><secondary-title>JournalofChromatographyBBiomedicalSciences&Applications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofChromatographyBBiomedicalSciences&Applications</full-title></periodical><pages>245-56</pages><volume>692</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]。圖1-1鞘磷脂結構圖圖1-2甘油磷脂結構圖磷脂廣泛分布于動植物體內(nèi)，主要來源于大豆、棉籽、玉米、向日葵、油菜籽和動物組織（如蛋黃和牛腦等）。蛋黃和大豆是磷脂最重要的來源，二者在磷脂種類和含量上差異明顯，主要體現(xiàn)在（1）動物磷脂含有鞘磷脂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rossi</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">100</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rossi,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>UseofLecithinandLecithinFractions</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]；（2）蛋黃磷脂中PC含量更高；（3）大豆磷脂中不飽和脂肪酸含量高于蛋黃磷脂，蛋黃磷脂飽和脂肪酸含量高于大豆磷脂，其抗氧化性能高于大豆磷脂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hager</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>97</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">97</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hager,A.A.</author><author>Paoli,T.D.</author><author>Ihlo,J.E.</author><author>Farach,H.A.</author><author>Jr,Cpp</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StabilitystudyoflecithinliposomesduringstorageusingESR</title><secondary-title>SpectrochimicaActaPartAMolecularSpectroscopy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SpectrochimicaActaPartAMolecularSpectroscopy</full-title></periodical><pages>1999-2005</pages><volume>49</volume><number>s13–14</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]；（4）大豆磷脂中不飽和脂肪酸分布在Sn-1或者Sn-2位上，蛋黃磷脂中通常是飽和脂肪酸分布于Sn-1位，不飽和脂肪酸位于Sn-2位ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Terao</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>101</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5,6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>101</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">101</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Terao,J.</author><author>Hirota,Y.</author><author>Kawakatsu,M.</author><author>Matsushita,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Structuralanalysisofhydroperoxidesformedbyoxidationofphosphatidylcholinewithsingletoxygen</title><secondary-title>Lipids</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lipids</full-title></periodical><pages>427-432</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>1981</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Paltauf</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Paltauf,F.</author><author>Hermetter,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Phospholipids—Natural,Semisynthetic,Synthetic</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><publisher>Phospholipids</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[5,6]。目前，市售Sn-1及Sn-2位均為不飽和脂肪酸的卵磷脂主要來源于大豆而非蛋黃。市售磷脂產(chǎn)品根據(jù)加工方式的不同分為很多不同種類，大豆磷脂主要來源于大豆油水化脫膠這一環(huán)節(jié)的油腳；大豆油腳經(jīng)過真空干燥、濃縮、冷卻得到濃縮磷脂，磷脂含量大于60%；濃縮磷脂進一步經(jīng)過丙酮脫油、離心分離、真空干燥得到大豆粉末磷脂，磷脂含量大于95%，PC含量在30%以上。濃縮或粉末磷脂經(jīng)過乙醇等醇類萃取、層析、真空干燥等處理可得到富含PC的產(chǎn)品，稱為分提大豆磷脂。要純化出如PC、PE、PI這些磷脂，通常多以磷脂含量高、磷脂大類種類豐富、成本低的磷脂產(chǎn)品作為原料（如大豆粉末磷脂）進行分離純化獲得高純度的PC、PE、PI。磷脂的生理功能（1）疾病治療磷脂可應用于肝病的治療，必需磷脂（EPL)含有高含量的多烯磷脂酰膽堿（PPC），能緩解慢性病毒性肝炎、脂肪肝、肝中毒等癥狀。在EPL的藥代動力學研究中，采用放射性氘標記EPL主要活性成分二亞油酰磷脂酰膽堿（DLPC），結果顯示EPL主要被整合到肝臟中，其中大部分EPL在肝細胞和其他細胞、血細胞和脂蛋白中積累ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zierenberg</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>133</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">133</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zierenberg,O.</author><author>Assmann,G.</author><author>Schmitz,G.</author><author>Rosseneu,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectofpolyenephosphatidylcholineoncholesteroluptakebyhumanhighdensitylipoprotein</title><secondary-title>Atherosclerosis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Atherosclerosis</full-title></periodical><pages>527-542</pages><volume>39</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1981</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]。曹文妍等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李秀梅</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>134</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>134</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">134</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李秀梅</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>多稀磷脂酰膽堿治療急性野生菌中毒肝損害中的療效觀察</title><secondary-title>航空航天醫(yī)學雜志</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>航空航天醫(yī)學雜志</full-title></periodical><pages>157-158</pages><volume>022</volume><number>002</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]研究將極性野生菌中毒患者分別設置了觀察組和對照組，觀察組在常規(guī)治療的基礎上予以多烯磷脂酰膽堿治療，對照組僅以常規(guī)方法治療，得出多烯磷脂酰膽堿可明顯改善急性野生菌中毒患者臨床癥狀。劉芳等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>譚偉清</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>135</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>135</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">135</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>譚偉清</author><author>陳巧玉</author><author>甄青蓮</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>豬肺磷脂注射液在新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征中的應用及護理分析</title><secondary-title>海峽藥學</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>海峽藥學</full-title></periodical><pages>202-203</pages><volume>031</volume><number>007</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]對患有新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征（NRDS）的患兒進行豬肺磷脂注射液輔助治療，發(fā)現(xiàn)磷脂可輔助改善肺氧合功能、血氣指標、肺循環(huán)功能。（2）疾病診斷脂質(zhì)組學通過研究脂質(zhì)的結構和功能及其在體內(nèi)的代謝變化，明確其對疾病診斷和治療的作用，以期提高疾病風險預測的能力。類風濕性關節(jié)炎的發(fā)病機制與脂質(zhì)過氧化有關ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ettore</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>123</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>123</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">123</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ettore</author><author>Silvagni</author><author>Marco</author><author>Di</author><author>Battista</author><author>Angelo</author><author>Francesco</author><author>Bonifacio</author><author>Dina</author><author>Zucchi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oneyearinreview2019:noveltiesinthetreatmentofrheumatoidarthritis</title><secondary-title>Clinicalandexperimentalrheumatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinicalandexperimentalrheumatology</full-title></periodical><pages>519-534</pages><volume>37</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。據(jù)報道，類風濕關節(jié)炎患者體液中丙二醛水平明顯偏高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Aryaeian</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>121</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11,12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aryaeian,N.</author><author>Djalali,M.</author><author>FShahram</author><author>Jazayeri,S.</author><author>Nazari,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-Carotene,VitaminE,MDA,GlutathioneReductaseandArylesteraseActivityLevelsinPatientswithActiveRheumatoidArthritis</title><secondary-title>IranianJournalofPublicHealth</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IranianJournalofPublicHealth</full-title></periodical><pages>102-9</pages><volume>40</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hassan</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hassan,S.Z.</author><author>Gheita,T.A.</author><author>Kenawy,S.A.</author><author>Fahim,A.T.</author><author>El-Sorougy,I.M.</author><author>Abdou,M.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oxidativestressinsystemiclupuserythematosusandrheumatoidarthritispatients:relationshiptodiseasemanifestationsandactivity</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofRheumaticDiseases</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofRheumaticDiseases</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11,12]，而脂質(zhì)的氧化形成的脂質(zhì)親過氧化物易分解生成生物活性醛，如4-羥基壬烯醛（HNE）、丙二醛等。Phaniendra等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Phaniendra</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>130</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13,14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>130</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">130</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Phaniendra,A.</author><author>DBJestadi</author><author>Periyasamy,L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FreeRadicals:Properties,Sources,Targets,andTheirImplicationinVariousDiseases</title><secondary-title>IndianJClinBiochem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IndianJClinBiochem</full-title></periodical><pages>11-26</pages><volume>30</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Wojciech</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>131</RecNum><record><rec-number>131</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">131</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>?uczajWojciech</author><author>Anna,M.M.</author><author>Pedro,D.</author><author>Rosario,D.M.</author><author>Ewa,G.S.</author><author>El?Bieta,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PlasmalipidomicprofilesignatureofrheumatoidarthritisversusLymearthritispatients</title><secondary-title>ArchivesofBiochemistryandBiophysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ArchivesofBiochemistryandBiophysics</full-title></periodical><pages>105-114</pages><volume>654</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[13,14]對類風濕關節(jié)炎受試者的血脂進行非靶向分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)部分PC分子種類減少，同時伴隨著溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺（LPE）、溶血磷脂酰膽堿（LPC）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）和鞘磷脂（SM）種類的增加。說明可通過檢測患者體液脂質(zhì)代謝情況可用于類風濕性關節(jié)炎的早期診斷。溶血磷脂酸（LPA）可調(diào)節(jié)多種重要的生物過程，在癌癥和神經(jīng)退行性疾病中起主要作用，在卵巢癌、腎衰竭患者的血漿及哮喘患者的肺泡灌洗液中能檢測到LPA的變化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Geraldo</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldo,Lhm</author><author>Spohr,Tclds</author><author>Amaral,Rfd</author><author>Fonseca,Accd</author><author>Lima,Frs</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Roleoflysophosphatidicacidanditsreceptorsinhealthanddisease:noveltherapeuticstrategies</title><secondary-title>SignalTransductionandTargetedTherapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SignalTransductionandTargetedTherapy</full-title></periodical><pages>45</pages><volume>6</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。因此，可根據(jù)不同體液（如血清、血漿、唾液、精漿和卵泡液等）中LPA水平的變化，確定疾病診斷和嚴重程度的潛在生物標志物。（3）藥物載體磷脂是細胞膜的主要成分，具有良好的生物相容性和特殊的兩親性，磷脂具有自組裝、乳化和潤濕特性。磷脂具有形成脂質(zhì)體的特性，脂質(zhì)體可作為藥物載體ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cullis</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cullis,P.R.</author><author>Kruijff,B.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lipidpolymorphismandthefunctionalrolesoflipidsinbiologicalmembranes</title><secondary-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>399-420</pages><volume>559</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1979</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。磷脂具有良好的乳化性能，可以提高乳液的穩(wěn)定性，并且它們在藥物遞送系統(tǒng)中具有非常廣泛的應用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>132</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>132</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">132</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang,R.</author><author>Zhang,X.</author><author>Li,F.</author><author>Ding,L.</author><author>Li,B.</author><author>Sun,H.</author><author>Gan,Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Roleofphospholipidsandcopolymersinenhancingstabilityandcontrollingdegradationofintravenouslipidemulsions</title><secondary-title>Colloids&SurfacesAPhysicochemical&EngineeringAspects</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Colloids&SurfacesAPhysicochemical&EngineeringAspects</full-title></periodical><pages>434-442</pages><volume>436</volume><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。脂質(zhì)體是以磷脂為主要物質(zhì)制備的具有雙分子層結構的囊泡，其結構類似于細胞膜。脂質(zhì)體具有如下許多優(yōu)點:遞送親水性和親脂性藥物，具有靶向性、控釋性、細胞親和性、組織相容性、降低藥物毒性和提高藥物穩(wěn)定性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>129</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>129</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">129</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,J.</author><author>Wang,X.</author><author>Zhang,T.</author><author>Wang,C.</author><author>Huang,Z.</author><author>Luo,X.</author><author>Deng,Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewonphospholipidsandtheirmainapplicationsindrugdeliverysystems</title><secondary-title>AsianJournalofPharmaceuticalSciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AsianJournalofPharmaceuticalSciences</full-title></periodical><pages>81-98</pages><volume>10</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]。脂質(zhì)體可以作為抗腫瘤藥物、抗真菌藥物、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物、基因治療藥物和疫苗的載體。此外，磷脂作為表面活性潤濕劑，可以涂覆在晶體表面，增強疏水藥物的親水性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Haynes</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>126</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>126</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">126</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Haynes,D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Phospholipid-coatedmicrocrystals:injectableformulationsofwater-insolubledrugs</title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><publisher>US</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。磷脂還可作為載體負載夫西地酸治療燒傷感染，JingLi等夫西地酸負載的磷脂基微乳與卡波姆940凝膠合并作為燒傷涂抹藥物，加速了藥物吸收ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jyoti</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jyoti,K.</author><author>Malik,G.</author><author>Chaudhary,M.</author><author>Sharma,M.</author><author>JMadan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chitosanandphospholipidassistedtopicalfusidicaciddrugdeliveryinburnwound:Strategiestoconquerpharmaceuticalandclinicalchallenges,opportunitiesandfuturepanorama</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2020</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]。（4）乳化劑和表面活性濕潤劑磷脂可以排列成雙層膜，組裝成循環(huán)脂蛋白，通過親水性血液運輸親脂性甘油三酯和膽固醇。磷脂在人體中可作為乳化劑與膽固醇和膽汁酸在膽囊中形成混合膠束，促進脂溶性物質(zhì)的吸收。磷脂還可作表面活性潤濕劑調(diào)節(jié)肺和腸內(nèi)層細胞間的氣體和液體交換功能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cullis</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cullis,P.R.</author><author>Kruijff,B.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lipidpolymorphismandthefunctionalrolesoflipidsinbiologicalmembranes</title><secondary-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>399-420</pages><volume>559</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1979</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。磷脂在食品行業(yè)的應用磷脂本身是一種結構相似，種類復雜的混合物，所以不同磷脂性質(zhì)各異，可運用到不同需求的產(chǎn)品中。磷脂產(chǎn)品應用廣泛，如大豆磷脂、蛋黃磷脂、或?；字约皻浠字@些功能性磷脂在各行業(yè)各有應用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><CiteExcludeAuth="1"ExcludeYear="1"><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>氫化大豆卵磷脂的研制與應用</title><secondary-title>農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工．學刊</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工．學刊</full-title></periodical><pages>203-205</pages><number>7期</number><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。?；字膳c吐溫80、單甘脂等乳化劑復配制造出一種體系穩(wěn)定、脫模性能良好的焙烤專用脫模劑ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>馬傳國</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>148</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>148</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">148</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>馬傳國</author><author>汪鴻</author><author>劉會娟</author><author>苗海卿</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>O/W型焙烤專用脫模劑的特性研究</title><secondary-title>中國油脂</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中國油脂</full-title></periodical><pages>48-52</pages><number>04</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]；添加溶血磷脂能提升面包的抗老化性能，使面包更加松軟，同時溶血磷脂還能改善蛋白質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡結構，提升面筋的柔韌性，使面包更為蓬松ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>范勛濤</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>145</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>145</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">145</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>范勛濤</author><author>阮長青</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>大豆溶血磷脂的制備及其對面包品質(zhì)的影響</title><secondary-title>食品工業(yè)科技</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>食品工業(yè)科技</full-title></periodical><pages>193-196</pages><number>03</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。大豆磷脂具有很好的滲透、濕潤和乳化性能，將其運用于冰淇淋、奶粉等乳制品中，可改善產(chǎn)品的分散性，使冰淇淋口感細膩，奶粉沖泡溶液質(zhì)地均一ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王立巧</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>149</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>149</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">149</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>王立巧</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>天然磷脂在食品及藥品加工等方面的應用</title><secondary-title>煤炭與化工</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>煤炭與化工</full-title></periodical><number>2</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。此外，在餃子皮中加入適量的大豆磷脂可調(diào)整餃皮內(nèi)聚性、硬度，改善其質(zhì)構，降低凍裂率和水煮時破皮率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李紅</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>146</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>146</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">146</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李紅</author><author>孫東弦</author><author>司俊玲</author><author>楊小幸</author><author>申瑞玲</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>濃縮型和粉末型大豆磷脂對香腸品質(zhì)的影響</title><secondary-title>食品工業(yè)</secondary-t