2021-2023年高考（新課標(biāo)II卷）英語 閱讀理解D篇+題型策略及練習(xí)（學(xué)生版+解析版）

《2024年高考英語新課標(biāo)卷真題深度解析與考后提升》

專題閱讀理解D篇（新課標(biāo)II卷）原卷版

（答案解析+專家評價(jià)+三年真題+詞匯變式+滿分策略+話題變式）

目錄

一、原題呈現(xiàn)P1

二、答案解析P3

三、專家評價(jià)P3

四,題源網(wǎng)站P3

五、詞匯變式P5

（一）考綱詞匯詞形轉(zhuǎn)換P5

（二）考綱詞匯識詞知意P5

（三）高頻短語厚積薄發(fā)P6

（四）核心考點(diǎn)單句填空P7

（五）長難句分析P7

（六）全文翻譯P8

六、三年真題P8

（-）2023年新課標(biāo)I卷閱讀理解D篇P8

（二）2022年新課標(biāo)I卷閱讀理解D篇P9

（=）2021年新課標(biāo)I卷閱讀理解D篇P10

七、滿分策略（閱讀理解說明文滿分策略）PH

八、話題變式P13

變式一：閱讀理解說明文人工智能話題高考真題5篇P13

變式二：閱讀理解說明文人工智能話題名校好題8篇P19

一、原題呈現(xiàn)

閱讀理解D篇關(guān)鍵詞：說明文；人與社會；應(yīng)對AI革命；人工智能安全保障；人工智能發(fā)展趨勢

GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithour

Al-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.This

absorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcoming

AIrevolution（變革）.

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代碼）thatpowers

AIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintothe

understandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingfora

guidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAL

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,moving

fromthecurrentgenerationof"narrow-AI95toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcome

ArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-several

decadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificial

intelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbelfspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint“inhistoryand

mustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAl

topanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanour

downfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands^^inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.

B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.

C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.

D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.

33.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?

A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.

B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.

C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.

D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.

34.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?

A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.

B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.

C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.

D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.

35.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonAI.

B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI.

D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

二'答案解析

【文章結(jié)構(gòu)】通讀全文可知，第一段介紹了新書《人工智能設(shè)計(jì)》；第二段介紹了本書作者的背景；第三到

四段概述了書中的主要論點(diǎn)和觀點(diǎn)，及其意義；第五段進(jìn)行總結(jié)，再次強(qiáng)烈推薦這本書。由此可知，作者

寫這篇文章的目的是為了推薦一本有關(guān)AI的書。

三,專家評價(jià)

堅(jiān)持提倡五育并舉，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生德智體美勞全面發(fā)展

高考英語命題通過選取有關(guān)體育、美育和勞動教育的語篇，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生堅(jiān)持五育并舉，實(shí)現(xiàn)身心健

康成長和德智體美勞全面發(fā)展。試卷閱讀A篇介紹了卡洛秋季徒步節(jié)的健身徒步活動，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生走近

大自然，開展體育運(yùn)動，文中提及多項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)，于潛移默化之中強(qiáng)調(diào)了運(yùn)動安全的重要性。閱讀B

篇介紹了舊金山灣區(qū)快速交通系統(tǒng)（BART）為了提升乘客體驗(yàn)而推出的一個短篇小說打印亭項(xiàng)目，引

導(dǎo)學(xué)生在電子設(shè)備盛行的當(dāng)今不要忘記還有紙質(zhì)閱讀這一閱讀方式可供選擇，也強(qiáng)調(diào)了利用零散時(shí)間

來進(jìn)行閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)的好習(xí)慣。閱讀C篇講述巴比倫微型農(nóng)場通過室內(nèi)自動化種植系統(tǒng)極大地縮短了農(nóng)

產(chǎn)品從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了自動化管理和零排放的環(huán)保種植。閱讀D篇介紹了Catriona

Campbell的新書《AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence^,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考人類與

人工智能共存的未來，強(qiáng)調(diào)了全球監(jiān)管人工智能研究和使用的重要性問題。這兩篇難度較大的文章都

從科技發(fā)展視角引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考科技如何更好地服務(wù)于人類以及人類理性使用科技的問題。在美育方面，

試題的寫作第一節(jié)應(yīng)用文寫作任務(wù)中，設(shè)置情境為在公園上的一節(jié)美術(shù)課，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生回歸自然之美，

到自然中尋求人類藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作不竭的靈感源泉。這些文本都釋放了強(qiáng)烈的信號，弓I導(dǎo)學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)德智體美

勞全面發(fā)展?！局袊荚?教育部教育考試院】

四'題源網(wǎng)站

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AlbyDesign:APlanfarLivingwith

AH浜ch/歷⑹〃ge九”一書。該書作為應(yīng)對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)

調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)。

【文章出處】選自BlackpoolGazette網(wǎng)站名為Must-readoftheweek:AIbyDesign:APlanForLivingWith

ArtificialIntelligencebyCatrionaCampbell的文章。

https:〃www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/must-read/must-read-of-the-week-ai-by-design-a-plan-for-living-with-artificial-intenigence-by-catriona-campbell-3696983

【百科知識】《人工智能設(shè)計(jì)：與人工智能共生的計(jì)劃》是CatrionaCampbell撰寫的一部重要著作，引領(lǐng)

讀者深入探索人工智能及其對未來的重要性。Campbell運(yùn)用行為心理學(xué)，探索技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，結(jié)合真實(shí)生

活和歷史案例，預(yù)測了人工智能未來的五種應(yīng)用場景。她通過推理小說的形式，描述了AI超越人類能力

后可能出現(xiàn)的未來。本書解釋了如何設(shè)計(jì)AI的未來，使其不僅不會導(dǎo)致我們的衰落，而且有助于我們實(shí)

現(xiàn)新的文藝復(fù)興。

=TheGaZeHe彳Newsyoucantrustsince1873

NewsYourAreaBlackpoolFCFood&DrinkHomes&GardensRetro

BREAKINGouthgate'shugesalaryrevealed?Broadcasterdiesaged68?

MustRead

Must-readoftheweek:AIbyDesign:A

PlanForLivingWithArtificial

IntelligencebyCatrionaCampbell

AdFeaturebySWNSMediaGroup,工

Published17thMay2022,10:48BST

Thisarticlecontainsaffiliatelinks.Wemayearnasmallcommissiononitemspurchasedthrough

thisarticle,butthatdoesnotaffectoureditorialjudgement.

AIbyDesignbyCatrionaCampbell,oneoftheUK'sleadingexpertsinhuman-

computerinteractionanddesign,isanessentialandauthoritativeoverviewof

thedazzlingfutureofartificialintelligenceandawake-upcalltotheworldto

jointogethertocontrolthedevelopmentofAIforthebenefit-and,possibly,

preservation-ofhumanity.

ByGwynethRees

五、詞匯變式

一、考綱詞匯詞形轉(zhuǎn)換

1.astonishvt.使吃驚f______adj令人驚訝的(astonish+-ing)；

2.absorbvt.吸引f_____adj吸引人的(absorb+-ing)；

3.practicen.練習(xí)，實(shí)踐—_____adj實(shí)用的(practice+-al)；

4.thankfulvt.感激的f_____adv幸運(yùn)地，慶幸地(thank+-ful+-ly)；

5.headn.頭腦f_____adj深奧的，復(fù)雜難懂的(head+-y

6.understandvt.理解f_____adj可理解的(understand+-able)；

7.accessn.接近；進(jìn)入f_____adj容易理解的(access+-ible)；

8.informvt.通知—_____adj提供有用信息的(inform+-ative)；

9.currentadj.當(dāng)前的f___________adv當(dāng)前(current+-ly)；

10.structuren.結(jié)構(gòu)f_____adj有條理的(structure+-d)；

11.educatevt.教育—_____adj受過教目的(educate+-d)；

12.academicadj.學(xué)術(shù)的f_____adj非學(xué)術(shù)上的(un-+academic)；

13.existvi.存在f_____adj現(xiàn)行的(exist+-ing)；

14.definevt.下定義，限制f_____n定義(define+-ition)；

二、考綱詞匯識詞知意

1.givenprep______(give+-en)；

2.transformV___(trans-+form)；

3.complicatedadj________(complicate+-d)；

4.professionaladj__________(profession+-al)n專業(yè)人士;

5.generationn___(generate+-ion)；

6.humanityn_(human+-ity)；

7.roadmapn_(road+map)；

8.forthcomingadj_____(forth+coming)；

9.sidelineV___(side+line)；

10.extinction-leveladj____(extinction+level)；

11.downfalln___(down+fall)；

12.ill-intentionedadj_____(ill+intention+-ed)；

13.down-to-earthadj_____(down+to+earth)

14.potentialn

15.poseV

16.processV

17.powerV

18.academicn

19.capableadj

20.dominantadj

21.essentialadj

22.pointH_

23.competentadj

24.featuren

25.prioradj

26.clarifyY

27.honory

28.outstandingadi

三、高頻短語厚積薄發(fā)

1.takeaction

2.artificialintelligence

3.comein

4.addressthechallenges

5.translate...into...

6.froma...angle

7.makefor

8.bytheclose

9.setouttodosth

10.raiseawarenessof

11.keepcontrolof

12.riskdoingsth

13.wakeup

14.beresponsiblefor

15.onthesame

16.panout

17.globalregulation

18.enablesbtodosth

19.bepackedwith

20.step-by-stepinstruction

21.beintendedforsb/sth

22.urgesbtodosth

23.makejointeffortstodosth

24.keepsthundercontrol

25.giveabriefaccountof

26.atippingpoint

27.inthewronghands

28.Itisessentialthat...shoulddo...一

四、核心考點(diǎn)單句填空

1.(give)theastonishingpotentialofAI(transform)ourlives,weallneedtotakeaction

(deal)withourAl-poweredfuture.

2.AndthisisAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.

3.This(absorb)newbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmap(address)the

challenges(pose)bytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

4.Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessthecomputercode(代碼)

thatpowersAIbut,(thankful),Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperience

translatingtheheadytheunderstandable.

5.Shewritesthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,(make)

foraguidewhichis(high)accessibleand(inform)andwhich,bytheclose,willmake

youfeelalmostassmartasAL

6.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

(move)fromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”ArtificialGeneralIntelligence.

7.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisisCampbellhassetout

toraise(aware)ofAIand(it)futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopments

(expect)totakeplace.

8.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orrisk(sideline)andperhaps

even(bad).

9.CampbeirspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-

sotheyareonthesamepagealltheexpertscurrently(develop)it.

10.Sheexplainswearea"tippingpoint“inhistoryandmustactnow(prevent)an

extinction-leveleventforhumanity.

11.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAl(pan)out.

12.Such(structure)thinking,(follow)byglobalregulation,willenableus

(achieve)greatnessratherthanourdownfall.

13.AIwillaffect(we)all,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

五、難點(diǎn)突破

1.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichis

highlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.

【翻譯】她從商業(yè)人士(而非學(xué)者)的實(shí)用角度出發(fā)，使得這本指南通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富，讀完之后，你

會覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明。

【分析】句子主干是：Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic；making

for...asAI是非謂語短語作伴隨狀語，其中嵌入兩個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，都修飾先行詞guide。

2.CampbelPspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.

【翻譯】坎貝爾希望喚醒那些掌握著人工智能力量的人一一科技公司和世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一一讓他們與目前所有

開發(fā)人工智能的專家達(dá)成共識。

【分析】-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-作those的同位語，后面responsibleforAI是形容詞短

語作定語，后邊sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit是so引導(dǎo)的并列句表示結(jié)

果,thesame...as…是定語從句,表示“和一樣"，currentlydevelopingit作定語修飾名詞experts。

六、長難句分析

人工智能擁有改變我們生活的驚人潛力，因此我們都需要采取行動來應(yīng)對人工智能驅(qū)動的未來?！度斯?/p>

智能設(shè)計(jì)：與人工智能共存的計(jì)劃》這本書恰逢其時(shí)，為我們指明了方向。這本引人入勝的新書由卡特里

奧娜?坎貝爾撰寫，為我們提供了一份實(shí)用的路線圖，旨在應(yīng)對即將到來的AI革命所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。

如果對人工智能缺乏了解，那么這本書讀起來可能就像理解復(fù)雜的計(jì)算機(jī)代碼一樣困難。幸運(yùn)的是，

坎貝爾擁有超過二十年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，能夠?qū)?fù)雜的概念轉(zhuǎn)化為通俗易懂的語言。她從商人的實(shí)用視角而非

學(xué)術(shù)角度出發(fā)進(jìn)行寫作，這使得這本書非常易讀且信息豐富。讀完之后，你會覺得自己對人工智能的理解

已經(jīng)今非昔比。

正如我們很快從《人工智能設(shè)計(jì)》中了解到的，人工智能已經(jīng)非常聰明，而且會變得更加強(qiáng)大，從目

前的“狹義人工智能”發(fā)展到通用人工智能?？藏悹栒J(rèn)為，在此基礎(chǔ)上，最終會出現(xiàn)超級人工智能。這就

是為什么坎貝爾現(xiàn)在就著手提高人們對人工智能及其未來的認(rèn)識一一遠(yuǎn)早于這些發(fā)展預(yù)計(jì)發(fā)生的幾十年之

前。她認(rèn)為，我們必須控制人工智能，否則我們可能會被邊緣化，甚至面臨更糟糕的命運(yùn)。

坎貝爾希望喚醒那些掌握著人工智能力量的人一一科技公司和世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一一讓他們與目前所有開發(fā)

人工智能的專家達(dá)成共識。她解釋說，我們正處于歷史的“轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)”，現(xiàn)在必須采取行動，防止人類走向滅

絕。我們需要認(rèn)真思考，希望人工智能將我們帶向怎樣的未來。這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的思考，再加上全球范圍內(nèi)的

監(jiān)管，將使我們能夠借助人工智能的力量創(chuàng)造輝煌，而不是走向毀滅。

人工智能將影響我們所有人。如果你只想讀一本關(guān)于人工智能的書，那就讀這本吧。

六、三年真題

[2023年新課標(biāo)II卷閱讀理解D篇】

Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.If

you'relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit'sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatare

relativelywild.

Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildness

inurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.

Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemto

submitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthen

examinedthesesubmissions,coding（編碼）experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant9s

experienceof6iWesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile"wasassignedthecategories"sittingatbeach^^

and"listeningtowaves.^^

Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage“begantoemerge.

Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.These

includeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.

Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartinthe

activitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeof

watermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,

theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.

"We'retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.

Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,“saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthor

ofthestudy.

12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?

A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.

B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.

C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.

D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.

13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?

A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.

B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.

C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.

D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors5summaries.

14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?

A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.

B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.

C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.

D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.

15.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?

A.Languagestudy.

B.Environmentalconservation.

C.Publiceducation.

D.Interculturalcommunication.

[2022年新課標(biāo)II卷閱讀理解D篇】

Asweage,evenifwe'rehealthy,theheartjustisn'tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmost

peoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon'texercise,thechangescanstart

evensooner.

“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedry

andeasilybroken,saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That'swhathappenstotheheart.

Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven'tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettingin

shapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.

Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwere

otherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramof

nonaerobic（無氧）exercise-balancetrainingandweighttraining-threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdid

high-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,the

secondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.

“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,9,saysLevine."Andthe

reasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump（泵送）alotmore

bloodduringexercise.9,Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn'tchange,hesays.

“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven'talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhas

flexibility,Levinesays."Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothing

happenedtothematall.^^

Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine'sfindingsareagreatstart.

Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspects

ofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.

32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?

A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.

C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.

33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?

A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.

C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.

34.WhatdoesLevine'sresearchfind?

A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.

B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.

C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.

D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.

35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?

A.Makinguseofthefindings.B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.

C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.

[2021年新課標(biāo)II卷閱讀理解D篇】

AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcould

bringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalabor

shortage.

SalahSukkarieh,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.

Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto

monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags（標(biāo)簽）

ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,

colorandtexture（質(zhì)地）ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanother

fieldfornutritionpurposes.

Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthe

monitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.

ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,itsincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.But

Bondsdoesn*tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstouse

technology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthis

firstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatan

animalisgettingsick.

Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen's

Association,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptin

remoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.

32.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?

A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.

C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.

33.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?

A.Monitorthequalityofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.

C.Movecattletoanotherfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.

34.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?

A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.

B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.

C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.

D.Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.

35.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?

A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.

C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.

七、滿分策略

閱讀理解說明文滿分策略

一、細(xì)讀文章重點(diǎn)

關(guān)注文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。

二、明確說明對象

通讀全文，明確作者是針對哪一個說明對象從不同的角度和側(cè)面對其加以說明的。在閱讀過程中要概

括、總結(jié)每一段說明的側(cè)重點(diǎn)，理清各段之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，加深對說明對象的理解。

三、弄清說明順序

在說明的過程中作者會選擇合理的說明順序?qū)φf明對象進(jìn)行有條不紊的解說。把握了說明順序，就能

準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加深對整篇文章的理解。

四、把握作者態(tài)度

說明文的首段一般借用生活中的某個場景事件引入說明的事物。一般穿插人們對被說明事物的看法和

觀點(diǎn)，要仔細(xì)體會觀點(diǎn)的傾向性和情感色彩，來對比作者態(tài)度和寫作情感。

五、吃透長難句子

學(xué)會運(yùn)用括號法分析長難句，把影響考生理解的各種從句、非謂語動詞短語以及復(fù)雜介詞短語括起來，

從而達(dá)到“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進(jìn)而準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義。

六、學(xué)會適當(dāng)放棄

無關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯閱讀中經(jīng)常會遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對理解全文沒有影響或影響不大就可

略過。較長的人名、地名有許多較長的表示人名、地名等的專有名詞，閱讀時(shí)可一掃而過或干脆用其首字

母代替，不必試圖把整個專有名詞讀出來。

說明文閱讀試題的特點(diǎn)有哪些？

L話題較陌生。

這些文章從專業(yè)的角度解釋說明一個現(xiàn)象或一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果，和考生的實(shí)際生活有一定的距離。

2.專業(yè)術(shù)語多。

高考說明文含有一定量的專業(yè)術(shù)語。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多個專業(yè)術(shù)語:marinemicroorganism,

concentration,giveoffoxygen,nutrients,makeconditionsriper,foodchain,phytoplankton,carbondioxide,

regulate,climatemodel,foodweb,statisticallyo這些和生物、環(huán)境等相關(guān)的詞匯，如海底微生物、濃度、

釋放氧氣、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、食物鏈等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。

3.長難句子多。

因?yàn)槲恼轮苯尤〔挠谄诳恼禄蛘哐芯繄?bào)告，所以說明文的另外一個特點(diǎn)是長難句子多。如2017年北

京高考卷C篇的句子：Thisiscalled“herdimmunity,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,including

thosewhocan'tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthe

vaccinedoesn'twork.這句話主干是一個簡短的主系表結(jié)構(gòu),但后邊附加了which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，

而這個從句中又包含一個who引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句，后面的介詞短語中也包含了who引導(dǎo)的限定性定語

從句。在有限的考試時(shí)間內(nèi)，復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)給考生準(zhǔn)確理解句意帶來了困難。

4.詞匯有新義。

每一篇說明文中都會包含一些考生熟悉的詞匯，但在新的語境中它們變換了含義。2019年北京高考卷

有句話中包含一個簡單的詞語project：StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChange

Science,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury,project被大家熟知的意

思是“項(xiàng)目”，但在這句話中變成了動詞，表示“預(yù)測，推想”。如果考生對project的理解還停留在“項(xiàng)目”

上，就不能很好地理解句意了。

閱讀理解說明文答題策略

1.把握介紹或闡述的主體。

通過文章第一段迅速找出說明文介紹或闡述的事物。英語文章，尤其是說明文和議論文，最大的特點(diǎn)

就是開門見山，作者會在文章開篇就把要介紹的事物或表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)鋪平直敘出來。

2.關(guān)注每一段的段首句。

關(guān)注每一段的段首句，確認(rèn)段落的主旨大意。就像文章的開篇段落告訴讀者文章的主旨大意一樣，第

一段落的第一句話通常也起到同樣的作用。

3.關(guān)注每一段的段尾句。

前兩項(xiàng)策略已經(jīng)被大多數(shù)考生廣泛應(yīng)用在閱讀中。但除了關(guān)注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽視

段尾句。一個段落由三個部分組成：topicsentence（主旨句），supportingdetails（支撐細(xì)節(jié)），和concluding

sentence（總結(jié)句）。在段落結(jié)尾，作者會用不同的表達(dá)方式重申主旨句，但從篇章整體來看，在每個段落結(jié)

尾出現(xiàn)的句子還起到承上啟下的作用，作者會借助這個句子引出下文。

4.關(guān)注文章中出現(xiàn)的問題。

說明文的本質(zhì)是對一個事物進(jìn)行闡述，但在平鋪直敘的語言中，還會有問句出現(xiàn)。這些問句不僅僅是

簡單的疑問句，而是作者有意為之，答案就出現(xiàn)在后文。

閱讀說明文體裁的文章時(shí)應(yīng)首先抓住下面的重要信息：

A.說明的對象

B.說明對象的特征

C.說明的方法（例證法；定義法；分類法；因果關(guān)系法；比較對照法；過程分析法）

①例證法

這是用具體例子來說明人或事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法，所用例子必須有代表性、典型性，能體現(xiàn)

人或事物的本質(zhì)特征。這是用特殊來說明一般的方法。通常在主題句后，用