2020考研《英語》真題及答案

2020考研《英語》真題及答案匯總

2020考研《英語一》真題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C],or[D]ontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetheras

frequentlyasbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonetheless

havegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation'sgreat

traditions：theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,few

culinarypleasurescan2it.Yetaswereportnow.Thefood

policearedeterminedourhealth.Thatthis3shouldbe

renderedyetanotherqualitypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicworming

abouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsin

somefoodscooked6hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeople

should7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crust

pizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidence

tosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthat

acrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno

10evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthave

nohardscientificproof12theprecautionaryprincipleit

couldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSAadvice.14,

itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbefore

theevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16upon

Sundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withoutthe

Yorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?

17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods

18,butreducetheirlifetimeintake.Howeverits19risks

comingacrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constant

healthscaresjust20withonelistening.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]

guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received?compelled[D]guaranteed

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inaddition

to[D]Incontrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]

Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]

pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]In

general

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely?gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup.

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].Markyouranswers

ontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,are

bringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK”town

ofculturewaward.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongside

theexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin

2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzozl.Cooperandher

colleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,where

itbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,

outnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain,town,itistrue

arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylackthe

resourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbigger

competitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,

becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

Somemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefact

thatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmore

prestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,a

sough-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin

2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthe

vergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverof

self-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthe

post-Brexitworld：aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwill

follow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletof

culture?

Itisalsowiselorecallthatsuchtitlesarenota

cure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculturewwashesinandout

ofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbut

leavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereally

successfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreat

dealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profile

artseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformthe

aspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere；theynudgethe

self-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.

Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeof

vision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,the

privatesector,community,groupsandculturalorganisations.

Butitcanbedone：GlasgowJsyearasEuropeancapitalof

culturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesof

factorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,music

andtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A“townofculturewcouldbenotjustabouttheartsbut

abouthonouringatown'speculiarities

—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocal

facilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnit

intoaction.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethatautownof

culturewawardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperationamongBritain*stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain,stowns.

[D]focusBritain,slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightbe

regardedbysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessful

onlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationsofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.(B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[C]Favourable.

[D]Critical.

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprint

money.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheir

research,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetary

reward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeer

reviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementinthe

acquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientific

knowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisher

needsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,

universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientific

publishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%on

theiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishing

industryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%of

thescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsof

morethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespent

morethan￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheir

ownpubliclyfundedresearch；bothfiguresseemtorise

unstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochange

them.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhas

beentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopier

forscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstooffer

accesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.The

successofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingon

copiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegal

ecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongisusersandmustbe

transformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeen

drivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenvery

successful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearch

isnow

publishedunderopenaccessterms：eitherfreelyavailable

fromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormore

sothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplaced

ongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperforthe

universities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthat

theymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheir

writersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.These

rangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointed

outthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandoftheseaarticle

preparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateabove

inflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodel

resemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet：labouris

providedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehuge

profitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.

Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprint

moneywpartlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishers

Elsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopen

accessterms.

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsthescientific

publishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapath

toequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoo

oftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signaling

thatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelp

averagepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenator

JasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,to

ensure“genderparity“onboardsandcommissions,provide

acasein

point.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthe

state-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.In

ordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,

theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebills

becomelaw,stateboardsandconnnissionswillberequiredto

setaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.

Thebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedin

California,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequire

genderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,

CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,which

expresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably

unconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassifications

unlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressanuimportantwpolicy

interest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,

evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courts

arelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutional

guaranteeofaequalprotectionw.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Female

participationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthe

percentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadily

increasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.Accordingtoa

studybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomen

ontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimary

qualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadto

lessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatisexactlywhat

happenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender

quota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthat

increasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembership

withoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuch

boardshasledtoa“goldenskirt“phenomenon,wherethesame

elitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawayto

promotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargely

self-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbut

dolittletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelieveshatthebillssponsoredbyLewis

andHaddadwill

[A]helplitetoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCalifornia

measure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.[C]Itmaygo

againsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway,sadoptionofanationwidecorporategender

quotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen*srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonbards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenLaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

IAIWomen,sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservices

tax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlarge

multinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersor

usersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfrom

providingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlineto

targetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxapplies

togrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticians

andmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"meaning

thatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchas

Google,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,

multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

Thedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureof

PresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthe

measure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.

Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withthe

UniteStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigation

intowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,

whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountry

inneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispart

ofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyears

proposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnew

internationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain's

DPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinational

antiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomic

presence)test,to.namebutafew.Atthesametime,the

EuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountries

haveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,

buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeand

revenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,

evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.

Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternational

taxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,the

OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)

iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensus

bytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFrance

andtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,

butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponse

raisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsforthe

internationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwaning：Unlessabroad

consensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltax

system,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmerican

companieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozens

ofnationsthatwillprove

burdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigital

servicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuresshare

theopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbe

ensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECO's

currentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoinvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthis

text?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax[C]FranceSays

"NO”toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartBDirections：

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsby

choosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromtheA-Gforeach

ofthenumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextra

subheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixationsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttorude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeye

contact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeing

investigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontact

withstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncan

showthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butit

canalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidate

turnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseye

contactthatsignalshostility.Here,swhathard

sciencerevealsabouteyecontact：

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeinto

itsmother*seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgaze

isamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.

Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbe

acomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone9

sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile”can

signalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotion

supportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormone

oxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentoward

theinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirection

oftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundin

high-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,who

maytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthat

respondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyother

researches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonof

theHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateye

contactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,depending

onthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnection

ortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobe

associatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarial

situations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmight

behelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontact

maybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasa

differentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“saidMinson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseonone

spotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepauses

typicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthen

jumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsinthe

imageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewhole

imageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamystery

althoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,a

personalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessand

anxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwith

avoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanen

andcolleagues."Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonly

feeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthat

theirbrainreactionsalsodiffer."Amoredirectfindingis

thatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxiety

lookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmore

comfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.

PartCDirections：

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe

underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe

writtenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduring

the14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworld

sawadeparture