2018年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語二

2018年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語二

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[AJ,[BJ,

[C]orID]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?

Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto]uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychological

Science.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowisstrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheir

curiosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill_3_.

Inaseriesofexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsin

schoolofBusinesstestedstudents'willingnessto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinaneffortto

satisfycuriosity.Forone_5_,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwere

fromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.

Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonly

thatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom.Thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswould

shockthemclickedmorepensandincunedmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewthatwould8.

Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernailsona

chalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.

Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11or

shelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagood

instinct-itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance-butsometimessuch13canbackfire.

Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.

Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowere

encouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17to

seesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone'scuriosity

aheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskey

toreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,Hseesays.Inotherwords,don'treadonline

comments.

1.[A]ignore[B]resolve[C]discuss[D]protect

2.[A]refuse[B]regret[C]wait[D]seek

3.[A]hurt[B]last[C]rise[D]mislead

4.[A]alert[B]treat[C]tie[D]expose

5.1AJreview(BJmessage[C]trialIDJconcept

6.[A]remove[B]interrupt[C]weaken[D]deliver

7.[A]When[B]If[C]Unless[D]Though

8.[A]change[B]happen[C]disappear[D]continue

9.[A]regardlessof[B]ratherthan[C]suchas[D]owingto

10.[A]discover[B]forgive[C]disagree[D]forget

11.[A]pay[B]schooling[C]marriagefD]food

12.[A]leadto[BJreston[CJbeginwithID]learnfrom

13.[A]persistence[B]withdrawalfC]inquiryfD]diligence

14.[A]self-deceptive[B]self-destructiveIC]self-evidentID]self-reliant

15.[A]trace[B]resist[C]replace[D]define

16.[A]conceal[B]predict[C]design[D]overlook

17.[A]promise[B]remember[C]choose[D]pretend

18.[A]relief[B]duty[C]plan[D]outcome

19.[A]how[B]whether[C]whereIDJwhy

20.[A]consequences[B]investments[C]limitations[D]strategies

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]

or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojusii?hiseffortstogivehis

studentsabetterfuture.

Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwhere

learningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendidit

becomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbut

beutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikeChain?

AsKoziatekknow,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedby

forcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.

Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.

Buthe'salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamark

ofinferiority.Schoolinthefamilyofvocationaleducation“havethatstereotype...thatit'sforkidswho

can'tmakeitacademically,hesays.

Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica'sevolution.Manufacturingisnotthe

economicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschool

graduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,and

rightfullyso.

Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor'sdegreesforall-andthesubtledevaluingofanything

less—missesanimportantpoint:That'snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneeds.Yes,abachelor's

degreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,such

asconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.

Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,

frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringus

intheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren't

equippedtodothem.KoziatekManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.

Koziatek^schoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinga

nation'sdiversityofgifts.

21.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents?lackof.

[A]practicalability[B]academictraining

[C]pioneeringspirit[DImechanicalmemorization

22.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.

[A]haveastereotypedmind[B]havenocareermotivation

[C]arenotacademicallysuccessful[D]arefinanciallydisadvantaged

23.WecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.

[A]usedtohavebigfinancialconcerns[B]usedtohavemorejobopportunities

[C]areentitledtomoreeducationalprivileges[D]arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing

24.Theheadlongpushintobachelor\degreesforall.

[A]helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobs[B]maynarrowthegapinworking-classjobs

[C]isexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce[D]indicatestheovervaluingofhighereducation

25.Theauthor^attitudetowardKoziatek'sschoolcanbedescribedas.

[A]supportive[B]cautious[C]tolerant[D]disappointed

Text2

Whilefossilfuels——coal,oil,gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld'senergysupply,it's

clearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themoveto

renewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld:Theynowaccountfbrmorethanhalfofnew

powersourcesgoingonline.

Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleaner

energysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewable,especiallywind

andsolar.Thecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbycloseto

one-thirdinthepasteightyears.

Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland,for

example,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestofthe

worldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.In

March,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedfbrmorethan10percentofthepower

generatedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.

PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels-especiallycoal-asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.Ina

recentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.Butthatmessagedidnot

playwellwithmanyinIowa,wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate's

electricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityof

cleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.

Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn'tbloworthesundoesn'tshine?”hasprovideda

quickput-downfbrskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeep

powerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.

Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-powered

electricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcould

changethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.

Whiletherealongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangein

energysourcesappearstobespeedingup-perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowing

climatechange.WhatWashingtondoes-ordoesn'tdo-topromotealternativeenergymaymeanless

andlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.

26.Theword“plummeting”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]stabilizing[B]changing[CJfalling[DJrising

27.AccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.

[A]isprogressingnotably[B]isasextensiveasinEurope

[C]facesmanychallenges[D]hasprovedtobeimpractical

28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,.

[A]windisawidelyusedenergysource[B]windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuels

[C]techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergy[D]thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply

29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?

[A]Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.[B]Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.

[C]Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.[D]Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.

[A]willbringtheUSclosertoothercountries

[B]willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchange

[C]isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment

[D]isnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost

Text3

Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing—Amazonhasjust

announcedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$13.5bn,buttwoyearsago

FacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn'thaveany

physicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofits

users'friendshipsandsociallives.

FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumbersto

Facebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithout

knowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormously

revealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthe

makeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay'senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?Itmaybethat

thevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhich

customershavepurchasedwhat.

Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.

Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimea

problemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedby

newabusesofpower.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresently

interpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersofthese

servicesdon'tpayforthem.Theusersoftheirservicesarcnottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeople

whobuyadvertisingfromthem——andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigital

advertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.

Theproductthey'resellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodataforthebenefitofthe

digitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheyproducewhenthey

feed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfrom

wheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn'tfeellikeahumanor

democraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.

[A]digitalproducts[B]userinformation[C]physicalassets[D]qualityservice

32.LinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.

[Alworsenpoliticaldisputes[B]messupcustomerrecords

[C]posearisktoFacebookusers[D]misleadtheEuropeancommission

33.Accordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.

[A]shouldservethenewmarketpowers[B]mayworsentheeconomicimbalance

[C]shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolution[D]cannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarket

34.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpret3dcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause.

[A]theyarenotdefinedascustomers[BJtheyarenotfinanciallyreliable

[C]theservicesaregenerallydigital[D]theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisers

35.Theantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate.

[A]awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants

[B]atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants

[C]thebenefitsprovidedfbrdigitalgiants'customers

[D]therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusers

Text4

Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorofDeepwork:Rules

forFocusedSuccessinaDistractedworld,recommendsbuildingahabitof“deepwork”—theabilityto

focuswithoutdistraction.

Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork-beitlengthyretreatsdedicated

toaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga'journalistic“approachtoseizingmomentsof

deepworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthof

focustimeandsticktoit.

Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling^^tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredonein

lesstime."Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledfbrroughlythenextmonth.Onceon

thecalendarIprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor'sappointmentorimportantmeeting"，hewrites.

Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritizeyourday一in

particularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisorderto

TransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:

somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesand

goalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.

Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenit

cametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harford

arguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomfor

improvisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.

Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,oras

Newportsuggests,t4bclazy.,,aIdlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensable

tobebrainasVitaminDistothebody...[idlenesses,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,“

heargues.

SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthis

counter-intuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrainsoperatewhen

ourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.

“Whatpeopledon'trealizeisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboththefocus

andunfbeuscircuitsintheirbrain"，saysPillay.

36.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto.

[Alkeeptoyourfbcustime[B]listyourimmediatetasks

[C]makespecificdailyplans[D]seizeeveryminutetowork

37.Thestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat.

[A]distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency

[B]dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudying

[C]studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals

[D]detailedplansmanynotbeasfruitfulasexpected

38.AccordingtoNewport,idlenessis.

[A]adesirablementalstateforbusypeople

[B]amajorcontributortophysicalhealth

[C]aneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergy

[D]anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganywork

39.Pillaybelievesthatourbrains5shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused.

[A]canresultinpsychologicalwell-being[BJcanbringaboutgreaterefficiency

[C]isaimedatbetterbalanceinwork[D]isdrivenbytaskurgency

40.Thistextismainlyabout.

[A]waystorelievethetensionofbusylife

[B]approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstime

[C]thekeytoeliminatingdistractions

[D]thecauseofthelackoffocustime

PartB

Directions:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoits

correspondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintheright

column.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Justsayit

[B]Bepresent

[C]Payauniquecompliment

[D]Name,places,things

[E]Findthe“metoo"s

[FlSkipthesmalltalk

[G]Askfbranopinion

Fivewaystomakeconversationwithanyone

Conversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgets

formedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.

Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthe

securityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.

Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.

41.

Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon'tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwantto

talkwiththisperson“一thisissomethingthemostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwantedtosay

something——thefirstword——butitjustwon'tcomeout.Itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere,Iknowthe

feelingandhereismyadvicejustgetitout.

Justthink:thatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon'ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarcnottalking

withyounow!

Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:

"Hi"，"Hey"or"HeHo"-dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putona

bigsmileandsay“Hi”.

42.___________

It'saproblemallofusface:youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithand

youwanttomakethistalkmemorable.

Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof"hi","hello","howareyou?"and"what'sgoingon?”youwill

failtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthat'scanmakeitsomemorable.

Sodon'tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you'llbesurprisedtoseehowmuch

peoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.

43.___________

Whenyoumeetapersonfbrthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthat

personhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustart

conversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you'llfindallofasuddenthattheconversation

becomesaloteasier.

44.___________

Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyou

askfbrtheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.

Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.

Makeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.

45.___________

Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhave

metagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn'tthatawkward!

Sorememberthelittledetailsofthepeop