經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（第四版-下）課件：WTO

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（第四版·下）》

Text:WTO（世界貿(mào)易組織）1.Keywords2.ObjectivesandfunctionsoftheWTO3.InstitutionalstructuresoftheWTO4.BasicprinciplesoftheWTO5.Questions1.KeywordsTheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradedefactoUruguayRoundintellectualpropertyrightssustainabledevelopmentDohaDevelopmentAgendadisputesettlementprocessMinisterialConferenceGeneralCouncilDisputeSettlementBodyTradePolicyReviewBodymarketaccesssafeguardrulesoforiginleast-developedcountriesSecretariatDirector-GeneralAppellateBodymost-favored-nationnationaltreatmentplurilateralagreement2.ObjectivesandfunctionsoftheWTO2.1Objectives2.2Functions2.1Objectives(1)Raisingstandardsofliving;(2)Ensuringfullemploymentandalargeandsteadilygrowingvolumeofrealincomeandeffectivedemand;(3)Expandingtheproductionofandtradeingoodsandservices;(4)Allowingfortheoptimaluseoftheworld’sresourcesinaccordancewiththeobjectiveofsustainabledevelopment;(5)Seekingbothtoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentandtoenhancethemeansfordoingsoinamannerconsistentwiththeirrespectiveneedsandconcernsatdifferentlevelsofeconomicdevelopment;(6)Ensuringthatdevelopingcountries,andespeciallytheleastdevelopedamongthem,secureashareinthegrowthininternationaltradecommensuratewiththeneedsoftheireconomicdevelopment.2.2Functions2.2.1WTOisanegotiatingforum2.2.2WTOisasetofrules2.2.3WTOhelpstosettledisputes2.2.1WTOisanegotiatingforumEssentially,theWTOisaplacewheremembergovernmentsgo,totrytosortoutthetradeproblemstheyfacewitheachother.TheWTOiscurrentlythehosttonewnegotiations,underthe“DohaDevelopmentAgenda”launchedin2001.Wherecountrieshavefacedtradebarriersandwantedthemlowered,thenegotiationshavehelpedtoliberalizetrade.ButtheWTOisnotjustaboutliberalizingtrade,andinsomecircumstancesitsrulessupportmaintainingtradebarriers—forexampletoprotectconsumersorpreventthespreadofdisease.2.2.2WTOisasetofrulesAtitsheartaretheWTOagreements,negotiatedandsignedbythebulkoftheworld’stradingnations.Thesedocumentsprovidethelegalground-rulesforinternationalcommerce.Theyareessentiallycontracts,bindinggovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimits.Althoughnegotiatedandsignedbygovernments,thegoalistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exporters,andimportersconducttheirbusiness,whileallowinggovernmentstomeetsocialandenvironmentalobjectives.2.2.3WTOhelpstosettledisputesTraderelationsofteninvolveconflictinginterests.Agreements,includingthosepainstakinglynegotiatedintheWTOsystem,oftenneedinterpreting.Themostharmoniouswaytosettlethesedifferencesisthroughsomeneutralprocedurebasedonanagreedlegalfoundation.ThatisthepurposebehindthedisputesettlementprocesswrittenintotheWTOagreements.3.InstitutionalstructuresoftheWTO3.1MinisterialConference3.2GeneralCouncil3.3CouncilsandSpecificCommittees3.4Secretariat3.1MinisterialConferenceTheMinisterialConferenceisthetopmostdecision-makingbodyoftheWTO,whichhastomeetatleasteverytwoyears.ItbringstogetherallmembersoftheWTO,allofwhicharecountriesorcustomsunions.TheMinisterialConferencecantakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.3.2GeneralCouncilTheGeneralCouncilmeetsregularlytocarryoutthefunctionsoftheWTO.Ithasrepresentatives(usuallyambassadorsorequivalent)fromallmembergovernments.TheGeneralCouncilhastheauthoritytoactonbehalfoftheministerialconferenceintheintervalsbetweenmeetingsoftheMinisterialConference,inadditiontocarryingoutthespecifictasksassignedtoitbytheWTOAgreement.ItshouldreporttotheMinisterialConference.Meanwhile,theGeneralCouncilmeetsastheDisputeSettlementBody（DSB）andtheTradePolicyReviewBody(TPRB)tooverseeproceduresforsettlingdisputesbetweenmembersandtoanalyzemembers’tradepolicies.3.3CouncilsandSpecificCommittees3.3.1Threecouncils3.3.2GoodsCouncil3.3.3ServicesCouncil3.3.4SixotherbodiesundertheGeneralCouncil3.3.1ThreecouncilsCouncilforTradeinGoods(GoodsCouncil)CouncilforTradeinServices(ServicesCouncil)CouncilforTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPSCouncil)3.3.2GoodsCouncilTheGoodsCouncilhas11committeesdealingwithspecificsubjects(marketaccess,agriculture,sanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures,technicalbarrierstotrade,subsidiesandcountervailingmeasures,anti-dumpingpractices,customsvaluation,rulesoforigin,importlicensing,trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures,andsafeguards).3.3.3ServicesCouncilTheServicesCouncil’ssubsidiarybodiesdealwithfinancialservices,domesticregulations,GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)rulesandspecificcommitments.3.3.4SixotherbodiesundertheGeneralCouncilThescopeoftheircoverageissmaller,sotheyare“committees.”Thesespecificcommitteescoverissuessuchastradeandenvironment,tradeanddevelopment,least-developedcountries,regionaltradeagreements,balanceofpaymentsrestrictions,andbudget,financeandadministration.3.4SecretariatTheWTOSecretariat,withofficesonlyinGeneva,has625regularstaffandisheadedbyaDirector-General.SincedecisionsaretakenbyMembersonly,theSecretariathasnodecision-makingpowers.Itsmaindutiesaretosupplytechnicalandprofessionalsupportforthevariouscouncilsandcommittees,toprovidetechnicalassistancefordevelopingcountries,tomonitorandanalyzedevelopmentsinworldtrade,toprovideinformationtothepublicandthemediaandtoorganizetheministerialconferences.TheSecretariatalsoprovidessomeformsoflegalassistanceinthedisputesettlementprocessandadvisesgovernmentswishingtobecomeMembersoftheWTO.4.BasicprinciplesoftheWTO4.1Tradewithoutdiscrimination4.2Freertrade:gradually,throughnegotiation4.3Predictability:throughbindingandtransparency4.4Promotingfaircompetition4.5Encouragingdevelopmentandeconomicreform4.1Tradewithoutdiscrimination(1)Most-favored-nation(MFN):treatingotherpeopleequally.UndertheWTOagreements,countriescannotnormallydiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.Grantsomeoneaspecialfavor(suchasalowercustomsdutyrateforoneoftheirproducts)andyouhavetodothesameforallotherWTOmembers.(2)Nationaltreatment:Treatingforeignersandlocalsequally.Importedandlocally-producedgoodsshouldbetreatedequally—atleastaftertheforeigngoodshaveenteredthemarket.Thesameshouldapplytoforeignanddomesticservices,andtoforeignandlocaltrademarks,copyrightsandpatents.4.2Freertrade:gradually,throughnegotiationLoweringtradebarriersisoneofthemostobviousmeansofencouragingtrade.Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsduties(ortariffs)andmeasuressuchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.Fromtimetotimeotherissuessuchasredtapeandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.4.3Predictability:throughbindingandtransparencySometimes,promisingnottoraiseatradebarriercanbeasimportantasloweringone,becausethepromisegivesbusinessesaclearerviewoftheirfutureopportunities.IntheWTO,whencountriesagreetoopentheirmarketsforgoodsorservices,they“bind”theircommitments.Forgoods,thesebindingsamounttoceilingsoncustomstariffrates.Thesystemtriestoimprovepredictabilityandstabilityinotherwaysaswell.Onewayistodiscouragetheuseofquotasandothermeasuresusedtosetlimitsonquantitiesofimports.Anotheristomakecountries’traderulesasclearandpublic(“transparent”)aspossible.4.4PromotingfaircompetitionThesystemdoesallowtariffsand,inlimitedcircumstances,otherformsofprotection.Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fairandundistortedcompetition.Therulesonnon-discrimination—MFNandnationaltreatment—aredesignedtosecurefairconditionsoftrade.ManyoftheotherWTOagreementsaimtosupportfaircompetition:inagriculture,intellectualproperty,