專題14 閱讀理解之議論文（知識梳理＋專題過關）-2022-2023學年七年級英語上學期期末考點大串講（外研版）（解析版）

專題14閱讀理解之議論文2022-2023學年七年級英語上學期期末考點大串講（外研版）【知識梳理】議論文往往有觀點，有事實，邏輯性強，命題往往從事實的有關細節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據情境能揣測作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測等幾種出題方式。解題方法：一、重視文章標題，找準全文主題句，把握文章主旨標題往往是全文的主題，審視標題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結構，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說現(xiàn)象或觀點；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結文章。通常主題句會出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀點的陳述句中尋找。二、細讀文章，注意文章細節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎題，它主要考查學生對文中的具體事例、數字、時間、地點等的理解。經常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據文章內容對所列的陳述進行正誤判斷)。對這種題型，無論細節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點都應是從文章中找出相應詞句作為依據。雖然答案中有的細節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問題無關。細節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、分析、對比，有根據地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。假如問題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強閱讀的針對性，提高做題的準確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關系。三、理解整體語篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過渡性詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時文章還會在時間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運用較高級的手段進行組編。要想準確、深刻地理解文章，必須對文章的結構有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關系。作者往往在構思語篇前會進行預先設定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經驗、思想見地和需求欲望等，然后設計一些隱藏在語篇深層的＂潛臺詞＂。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進行推測，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運用背景知識去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調。四、多讀多背，擴大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒學過的詞匯。許多學生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問題，一是要擴大英語詞匯量，二是要學習并掌握一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關系；利用照應、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關系；利用詞綴、轉化、合成等構詞法；利用后置定語或同位語等語法結構；利用前后對比或因果推理法等?？傊?，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對考生來說難度較大的議論文閱讀，學生應能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學習方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學生自主學習的能力。【專題過關】A（2022·廣東·深圳市東湖中學七年級期末）Takingpublictransportation(公共交通)intheUnitedStates,youcanoftenseepeoplereadingbooksontheirwaytoschoolorwork.ButinChina,Irarely(很少的)seepeoplereadingduringtheirfreetime.Arepeoplesattitudestowardreadingdifferenthere?Notreally,Data(數據)releasedbyAmazonChinainDecember2017showthatChinesepeoplestillreadalot.Theysimplyprefere-booksoverregularbooks.However,otherdatashowthatreadingisstillmorepopularintheUSthaninChina.Isthereareasonforthisdifference?I’mnotsure.WhatIdoknowisthatChinahasarichhistoryofliterature(文學)(FromclassicnovelslikeRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(《三國演義》)tothemodemscience-fictionbooksTheThree-BodyProblem(《三體》),Chinesewritershavecreatedmanyfantasticwrittenworks.Perhapsthedifferencestartsfromchildhood.Readingtextbooksanddoinghomeworkcanmakeyoufeelquitetired.Bythetimeyoufinishit,youmightnotfelllikereadingforfun.Chinesestudentsdefinitely(肯定)havetoreadmoreanddomorehomeworkthanUSstudents.Soit’snowonderthattheymightnotwanttoreadmuchintheirsparetime.Butlearningtolovereadingcanbegreat.Readingcanopendoorstoplaces,peopleandideasthatyoucannotimagine.Evenjustasinglebookhasthepowertochangeyourownbeliefsandattitudes.Wherewillyournextbooktakeyou?1．FromParagraph1,whatdoweknowaboutpeopleintheUS?A．Mostpeopletakepublictransportationtowork.B．Manyofthemhavethehabitofreading.C．Studentshavehomeworktodoontheirwaytoschool.D．Theyreadbooksthatareleftbehindonpublictransportation.2．WhyisreadinglesspopularinChina,accordingtotheauthor?A．BecauseChinesepeopleprefertowatchplaysinsteadofreading.B．Becauseit’shardtochoosewhattoread.C．BecauseChinesepeoplealreadyreadmanyfantasticwrittenworksinchildhoods.D．BecausePeople’schildhoodexperiencesmayinfluencetheirreadinghabits.3．WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．Chinesepeople’sattitudestowardreadinghavechanged.B．Chinesepeopleprefere-bookstoregularbooksnow.C．Chinesepeopleneverreadintheirsparetime.D．ChinesepeopleboughtthemostbooksfromAmazonChinain2017.4．Accordingtothewriter,readingbookscan______.A．helpyoulearnmoreaboutschoolworkB．taketoomuchofyourtimeC．makeyourimaginationmorepowerfulD．changeyourpersonalideas5．Inwhichpartofanewspapermightyoufindthispassage?A．Culture. B．History. C．Science. D．Nature.【答案】1．B

2．D

3．B

4．C

5．A【導語】本文是一篇議論文，主要就跟美國人相比，中國人是不是真的不愛讀書這一話題進行了論述。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Takingpublictransportation(公共交通)intheUnitedStates,youcanoftenseepeoplereadingbooksontheirwaytoschoolorwork.”可知，美國人在上班或上學的路上，有看書的習慣。故選B。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Perhapsthedifferencestartsfromchildhood.Readingtextbooksanddoinghomeworkcanmakeyoufeelquitetired.Bythetimeyoufinishit,youmightnotfelllikereadingforfun.”可知，童年時期，讀課本和做作業(yè)會讓你感到很累。當你讀完它的時候，你可能就不想為了樂趣而閱讀了。因此童年時期的經歷會影響我們的閱讀習慣。故選D。3．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Theysimplyprefere-booksoverregularbooks.”可知，中國人更喜歡閱讀電子書籍。故選B。4．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Readingcanopendoorstoplaces,peopleandideasthatyoucannotimagine.Evenjustasinglebookhasthepowertochangeyourownbeliefsandattitudes.”可知，讀書可以使你的想象力更強大。故選C。5．推理判斷題。本文主要就跟美國人相比，中國人是不是真的不愛讀書這一話題進行了論述?？赡茉趫蠹埖奈幕糠挚吹竭@篇文章，故選A。B（2022·山東東營·七年級期末）Doyouwanttotakeupreadingasahobby?Areallyourfriendsbook-loversanddoyoufeelleftout(被忽視)?Thefollowingwillhelpyoutomakereadingasahobby.Savesomefreetime.Toenjoyreading,youneedtobefree.Don’treadthroughthepagesasquicklyasyoucan.Finishallyourchoresandhomework.Inthisway,youwillnotworryyourselfaboutdoingsomethingwhenyouarereading.Getcomfortable.Beforebeginningtoread,makeyourselfcomfortable.Youcouldsnuggleupinyourwarmbed,sitdowninacomfortablesofaorevensitonthefloorifyoufeelcomfortablethere.Ifitisaniceday,youcouldgototheparkandreadthere.Chooseyourbook.Thebookyouchooseisthemostimportant.Don’tchooseapoetry(詩歌)ifyoulikeaction,adventure(探險)ormystery(神秘)stories.Startreading!Ifyouchooseyourbook,youcanstarttoread.Youcanreadaslongasyoulike,butbesuretotakebreaksoryoureyeswillgettired.Keepyourhobby.Don’tstopwithjustafewbooks!Therearesomanygreatbooks.Youcanreadwhateveryoulike,aslongasitisgoodforyou.6．Thewritergivesus________waystogetcomfortablewhenstartingtoread.A．two B．three C．four D．five7．Theunderlinedphrase“snuggleup”means“________”inChinese,A．依偎 B．站在 C．坐著 D．掀起8．Whatshouldyoudobeforebeginningtoread?①Getsomefreetime.②Chooseabookyoulike.③Findacomfortableplace.④Keepyourhobby.A．①②④ B．①②③ C．②③④ D．①③④9．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Ifyoudon’tlikereadingbooks,youwillfeellonely.B．Whenyoustarttoread,youshouldreadasquicklyasyoucan.C．Youshouldreadthebookaslongasyoucanwithoutrelaxing.D．Finishingallyourhomeworkbeforereadingisagoodwaytohelpyouread.10．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Howtochooseactivitiesasahobby. B．Howtodevelopyourreadinginterest.C．Howtospendyourfreetime. D．Howtofindgoodbooks.【答案】6．C

7．A

8．B

9．D

10．B【導語】本文主要介紹了幫助我們把讀書當作一種愛好的方法：節(jié)約空閑時間，找到舒適的地方，選擇喜歡的書，盡可能讀書的時間長些，堅持自己的愛好。6．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Beforebeginningtoread,makeyourselfcomfortable.Youcouldsnuggleupinyourwarmbed,sitdowninacomfortablesofaorevensitonthefloorifyoufeelcomfortablethere.Ifitisaniceday,youcouldgototheparkandreadthere.”可知，當你開始讀書的時候，你可以依偎在溫暖的床上，或者坐在舒適的沙發(fā)上，可以坐在地板上，也可以在天氣好的話，去公園看書，因此有四種方法。故選C。7．詞句猜測題。根據“inyourwarmbed”可知，應是依偎在溫暖的床上。故選A。8．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Toenjoyreading,youneedtobefree.”、“Beforebeginningtoread,makeyourselfcomfortable.”及“Thebookyouchooseisthemostimportant.”可知，在你開始閱讀之前，你先有空閑的時間，找一個舒適的地方，選擇自己喜歡的書。故選B。9．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Finishallyourchoresandhomework.Inthisway,youwillnotworryyourselfaboutdoingsomethingwhenyouarereading.”可知，在讀書之前完成所有的作業(yè)是幫助你閱讀的好方式。故選D。10．主旨大意題。根據“Thefollowingwillhelpyoutomakereadingasahobby.”及全文可知，本文主要介紹了如何培養(yǎng)讀書的興趣。故選B。C（2022·福建龍巖·七年級期末）Whendoyouarrive(到達)atschooleveryday?Howmanyhoursdoyouspendatschooleveryday?Zhejiangprimaryschools(小學)aregoingtostartschoollater.Studentsinthefirstandsecondgradeswillarriveatschoolnoearlierthan(不早于)8a.m.Theschoolshopetoseechildrengetmoresleep.Studentsseemto(好像)likethisidea.LiangYinuoisafirst-graderfromHangzhou,“Ithinkit’sagoodidea.Icangetuplaterandhavebreakfastathome,”shesaid.Whendoesyourschoolstarteveryday?Wouldyouliketogotoschoolearlierorlater?LvRongbo,9,DalianIgotobedandgetupearlyeveryday.Iusuallyarriveatschoolat7:50.SoIhopeschoolsstartearlier.ThatwayIcanfinishschoolearlyandthenplaysportsordomyhomework.YanSiyu,7,HongKongIusuallyarriveatschoolat8:15.Ihandinmyhomework,andthenIstarttoread.Myschool’sschedule(作息時間)isgreat.It’snottooearlyortoolate.ShaoYixiao,10,Xi’anStartingschoollaterisgoodforlowergradestudents.It’sdifficultfortheschoolstartsat8:15.Mostkidsarriveatschoolaround8:00.11．Howmanystudentsarementioned(提到)inthepassage?A．3 B．4 C．5 D．612．Zhejiangprimaryschoolsaregoingtostartschoollaterbecausetheyhopethechildrenwill________.A．domorehomework B．havemoretimetosleepC．watchTVmore D．getupearlier13．Whichstudentgoestoschooltheearliest(最早)accordingtothepassage(根據文章)?A．LiangYinuo. B．YanSiyu. C．LvRongbo. D．ShaoYixiao.14．WhatcanwelearnfromLvRongbo’swords?A．Helikestheideathattheywillarriveatschoollater.B．Hewantstohavebreakfastathome.C．Hedoesn’twanttoarriveatschoollater.D．Hehopestohavemoretimeforhomework.15．Wherecanwereadthispassage?A．Newspapers. B．Ads(廣告).C．Exercisebook. D．Posters(海報).【答案】11．B

12．B

13．C

14．C

15．A【導語】本文是一篇議論文。本文主要以浙江小學推遲上學時間為話題，引出幾位來自不同地區(qū)的學生對上學時間的看法。11．細節(jié)理解題。根據“LiangYinuoisafirst-graderfromHangzhou”，“LvRongbo,9,Dalian”，“YanSiyu,7,HongKong”，以及“ShaoYixiao,10,Xi’an”可知，這篇文章提到四名學生。故選B。12．細節(jié)理解題。根據“Theschoolshopetoseechildrengetmoresleep.”可知，浙江小學讓學生晚到校是因為希望孩子們有更多的睡眠時間。故選B。13．細節(jié)理解題。根據“LvRongbo,9,DalianIgotobedandgetupearlyeveryday.Iusuallyarriveatschoolat7:50.”可知，LvRongbo為四名學生中到校時間最早的。故選C。14．推理判斷題。根據“SoIhopeschoolsstartearlier.ThatwayIcanfinishschoolearlyandthenplaysportsordomyhomework.”可知，他希望上學時間早點，由此推斷出他不想晚到學校。故選C。15．推理判斷題。根據“Zhejiangprimaryschools(小學)aregoingtostartschoollater...getmoresleep.”以及通讀全文可知，本文主要是針對浙江小學推遲上學時間引出的一些學生的看法，這一熱點話題最有可能出現(xiàn)在報紙上。故選A。D（2022·廣東肇慶·七年級期末）Lotsofkidshateschool，anewstudyfound.Usuallythiskindoffeelingdoesn'tlastlong.Butwhathappensifyoufeelthiswaytoomuch?Schoolisafactoflifeandgettingagoodeducationcanhelpyoubuildthekindoffuturelifeyouwant.Solet'stalkaboutschoolandwhattodowhenyoudon'tlikeit．Ifyoudon'tlikeschool，thefirststepistofindoutwhy.Youmightnotlikeschoolbecauseyoudon'thaveenoughfriends，ormaybeyoudon'tgetalongwithyourteacher.Sometimesit'sabigproblemwithyourclassesandschoolwork.Youmaybegettingfartherandfartherbehind，anditmayseemlikeyou'llnevercatchup.

Whenyouknowwhyyoudon’tlikeschool，you

canstarttakingstepstomakethingsbetter.It’sagoodideatotalktosomeoneaboutyourproblemswithschool.Yourmom，dad，teacherorschoolcounselor(顧問)willbeabletohelpyou.Anothergoodideaistowritedownyourfeelingsaboutschoolinanotebook.It‘sagreatwaytoletoutemotions(情緒)．Remember，youdon'thavetosharewhatyou'vewrittenwithothers.16．Lotsofkids________accordingtothewriter.A．likeschoolverymuch B．aregoodatreadingandwritingC．don'tlikedoinghomework D．havethethoughtofhatingschool17．What