醫(yī)學(xué)Diabetes糖尿病英文課件

Diabetes糖尿病英文醫(yī)療課件2025/1/17

Terminology

2Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningaden/ogland腺adenitisadenomaadenopathy腺炎腺瘤腺病crin/osecrete分泌endocrinologyhypercrinecrinogenic內(nèi)分泌學(xué)內(nèi)分泌機(jī)能亢進(jìn)的促分泌的hormon/ohormone激素hormonalhormonogenesishormonology激素的，激素性激素生成內(nèi)分泌學(xué)adren/oadrenalglands腎上腺adrenitisadrenolyticadrenopathy腎上腺炎抗腎上腺素的腎上腺病2025/1/17

Terminology

3Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningpancreat/opancreas胰腺pancreaticpancreatinpancreatogram胰腺，胰臟的胰酶胰造影攝片gluc/osugar糖glucagonglucogenesisglucolysis胰高血糖素葡萄糖生成糖酵解glyc/osugar糖glycopeniaglycosuriahyperglycemia低糖，糖過少糖尿高血糖癥insulin/oinsulin胰島素insulinaseinsulomahyperinsulinism胰島素酶胰島素瘤高胰島素血癥2025/1/17

Terminology

4Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningendo-within內(nèi)endodermendoscopeendoplasm內(nèi)胚層內(nèi)鏡內(nèi)質(zhì)thyroid/othyroid甲狀腺thyroiditisthyroidectomyhypothyroidism甲狀腺炎甲狀腺切除術(shù)甲狀腺功能減退ovari/oovary卵巢ovariotomyovaritisovariopathy卵巢切開術(shù)卵巢炎卵巢病-trophicnutrition,growth,nourishment營(yíng)養(yǎng)（的）neurotrophicthymotrophicadrenotrophic神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)性的促胸腺的促腎上腺的01BriefIntroduction02Classification03

Themajorfactors04

Pathogenesis

05

ClinicalManifestations06Complications07

Diagnosis08

Antidiastole09TherapycontentsFigure1：Mainsymptomofdiabetes6Diabetesmellitus,orsimply

diabetes,isagroupofmetabolicdiseasesinwhichapersonhashigh

bloodsugar,eitherbecausethepancreas

doesnotproduceenough

insulin,orbecausecellsdonotrespondtotheinsulinthatisproduced.

Thishighbloodsugarproducestheclassicalsymptomsof

polyuria

(frequenturination),

polydipsia

(increasedthirst),and

polyphagia

(increasedhunger).

01BriefIntroduction702Classification2.1

Type1diabetes

Thepancreas

undergoesanautoimmuneattackbythebodyitself,andisrenderedincapableofmakinginsulin.Abnormalantibodieshavebeenfoundinthemajorityofpatientswithtype1diabetes.Antibodiesareproteinsinthebloodthatarepartofthebody‘simmunesystem,thepatientwithtype1diabetesmustrelyoninsulinmedicationforsurvival.02Classification2.2

Type2diabetes

Itpreviouslyreferredtoasnon-insulindependentdiabetesmellitus,oradultonset

diabetesmellitus.patientscanstillproduceinsulin,butdosorelativelyinadequatelyfortheirbody‘sneeds,particularlyinthefaceofinsulinresistanceasdiscussedabove.Inmanycasesthisactuallymeansthepancreasproduceslargerthannormalquantities

ofinsulin.Amajorfeatureoftype2diabetesisalackofsensitivitytoinsulinbythecellsofthebody.02Classification2.3

Othertypeofdiabetesgestationaldiabetes,occurswhenpregnantwomenwithoutapreviousdiagnosisofdiabetesdevelopahighbloodglucoselevel.Itmayprecededevelopmentoftype2DM.Otherformsofdiabetesmellitusincludecongenitaldiabetes,whichisdueto

genetic

defectsofinsulinsecretion,

cysticfibrosis-relateddiabetes,steroiddiabetesinducedbyhighdosesof

glucocorticoids,andseveralformsof

monogenicdiabetes.2025/1/17meta-變化的metabolismn.新陳代謝metaboliten.代謝物metabolizev.使新陳代謝metabolicadj.變化的，新陳代謝的

poly-多的，多個(gè)的，聚合的

polydipsia多飲polyuria多尿polyphagia多食

WordAnalysis2025/1/17uri-尿的，與尿有關(guān)的urinen.尿polyuria多尿uricadj.尿的urinaln.尿壺urinatev.小便urinationn.排尿glucosuria糖尿WordAnalysis2025/1/17Birthweight:FatIrregularmenses(menstruation)InflammationObesity

andasedentary

lifestyleSmokingMetabolicsyndrome

03

Themajorfactors03

Themajorfactors

3.1

BirthweightThereisarelationshipbetweenbirthweightanddevelopingdiabetes.Thehigherthebirthweightthehighertheriskoftype2diabetes.Attheotherendofthespectrum,averyhighbirthweight(over8.8poundsor4kg)alsoisassociatedwithanincreasedrisk.Additionally,mothersofinfantswhohadahigherbirthweight(over9pounds)areatincreasedriskfordevelopingdiabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.2

FatThedistributionoffatisimportant.Theclassic"pear"shapeperson(smallerwaistthanhips)hasalowerriskofdevelopingdiabetesthanthe"apple"shapeperson(largeraroundthewaist).Theexactreasonforthisdifferenceisunknown,butitisthoughttohavesomethingtodowiththemetabolicactivityofthefattissueindifferentareasofthebody.03

Themajorfactors

3.3

Irregularmenses(menstruation)

Thereisanassociationbetweenthelengtheningofthemenstrualcycleandtheriskfordevelopingdiabetes,particularlyinobesewomen.thosewhohadacyclelengthofgreaterthan40daysweretwiceaslikelytodevelopdiabetesthanthosewhocycledevery26to31days.Theassociationisthoughttobelinkedwithpolycystic

ovariansyndrome(PCOS)whichisalsoknowntobeassociatedwithinsulinresistance.Insulinresistancemaybeaprecursorfortype2diabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.4

inflammationInrecentyearswehavebeguntounderstandtheimportanceofinflammationandheartdisease.Wenowknowthatinflammationmayplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofdiabetesaswell.AninflammationmarkerknownasC-reactiveproteinhasbeenshowntobeincreasedinwomenatriskfordevelopingthemetabolicsyndrome,andinbothmenandwomenatriskfordevelopingtype2diabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.5

ObesityandasedentarylifestyleObesityandasedentarylifestylearethebiggestriskfactorsthatarecontrollable.Thisisinpartduetothefactthatobesityincreasesthebody'sresistancetoinsulin.Studieshaveshownthatreversalofobesitythroughweightreductionimprovesinsulinsensitivityandregulationofbloodsugar.03

Themajorfactors

3.6

smoking

Smokingisharmfulinmanywaysincludingincreasingtheriskofcancerandheartdisease.Italsoincreasestheriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.2025/1/17men/o與月經(jīng)有關(guān)的menstruationn.月經(jīng)menstrualadj.月經(jīng)的dysmenorrhean.menstrualpainamenorrhea/Menopausen.nomenstruationmetr/o子宮

metrorrhagian.uterinebleedingmetrostaxisn.SmalluterinebleedingWordAnalysis2025/1/17metabolic代謝的metabolicsyndrome代謝綜合征lipidmetabolism脂代謝glucosemetabolism糖代謝metabolicacidosis代謝性酸中毒basalmetabolicrate基礎(chǔ)代謝率precursor:prodromalsymptomsofdiseaseC-reactiveprotein：Itisasharplyrisedprotein，whentissuesinjuryandinfect.WordAnalysis04

Pathogenesis4.1

ThePathogenesis

ofType1

Isrelatedtogeneticfactors,environmentalfactorsandautoimmunity1）geneticpredisposition2）startautoimmuneresponse3）immumologicalabnormalities4）progressivelossofisletBcellfunction5)clinicaldiabetes6）isletBcellsdestroyed,diabetesclinicalmanifestations04

Pathogenesis4.2

ThePathogenesisofType2Itsoccurrenceanddevelopmentcanbedividedintofourstages1）Geneticsusceptibility2）

Hyperinsulinism,and/orinsulinresistance3）Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性)4）Clinicaldiabetes2025/1/17immune免疫autoimmunity自身免疫immumological免疫學(xué)的hyper-高Hyperinsulinism高胰島素癥Hyperglycemia高血糖toxic毒的，中毒的，有毒的Glucotoxicity

糖尿病毒性lipotoxicity

脂毒性WordAnalysis05

ClinicalManifestations

5.1Type1DiabetesMellitusPolyuriaPolydipsiaPolyphagiaWeightloss05

ClinicalManifestations

5.2Type2DiabetesMellitusNon-specificsymptomsFatigueRecurrentinfectionsProlongedwoundhealingVisual

changes2025/1/17proteolysis蛋白質(zhì)水解lipolysis脂類分解arthrolysis關(guān)節(jié)松解術(shù)-lysis松解術(shù)，分解，溶解prote-蛋白質(zhì)lipo-脂肪的arthro-關(guān)節(jié)WordAnalysis06

Complications6.1

DiabeticKetoacidosis(DKA)

Itisthemostcommonacutecomplicationofdiabetesmellitus.TheearlymanifestationsofDKAisthatthesymptomsbeingmoreserve,suchaspolydipsia、polyuria、polyphagiaandsoon.TheDKAischaracterizedbydifferentdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessintheadvancedstage.06

Complications6.2

Hyperglycemichyperosmolarstatus(HHS)Mainclinicalfeatures:hyperglycemiacrisis(高血糖危象),higherplasmaosmotic

pressure(高血漿滲透壓),dehydration(脫水).

Minorclinicalmanifestation:varyingdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessorcoma,unconspicuousDKA.06

Complications6.3

Infectiouscomplications

Pyogenicinflammation:

furuncle,carbuncle,pustule,etc.Fungalinfection:

tineapedis,tineacorporis,etc.

PulmonarytuberculosisFigure2：

Infectiouscomplications

06

Complications6.4

Macroangiopathy:

Themainhistopathological

changeisatherosclerosis

(AS).Itismostliketoaccompanywithaorta,coronaryartery,cerebralartery,renalartery

,peripheralartery,etc.TheASleadstoischemic

changesofheart,brain,kidneysandlimbs.

06

Complications6.5

Microangiopathy

ItisthespecificcomplicationsofDM.It’stypicalhistopathologicalchangesaremicrocirculationdisturbancesandthethicknessofbasalmembrane

ofvessel.Themicroangiopathymostliketoaffectsretina,nerves，nephridium,andmyocardium

06

Complications6.6

Neurologicalcomplications:

1)centralnervoussystemcomplication(CNSC):

alteredmentalstatus,ischemicstroke,seniledementia.2)peripheralneuropathy:paresthesia,decreasedofmuscle,areflexia3)autonomicneuropathy:gastroparesis,diarrhea,astriction,abnormalsweating.06

Complications6.7

Diabeticfoot

?Relatedtodistallowerneurologicaldisorderanddifferentlevelsperipheralvasculardisease.?Symptomsoflight:footabnormal,skincold,high-riskfoot?Severesymptoms:footulcer,necrosis?Diabeticfootisthemainreasonofdisabilityandamputation06

Complications6.8

Otherdiseaseseyecomplications：suchasretinalmacular

disease,cataracts,glaucoma

,Iridocyclitisskinlesions:likeSkininfections,skinitch,chapped

skin,rash.Figure4：

skinlesionsFigure3：

eyecomplications2025/1/17Macroangiopathy大血管病變

macro-largemicro-small

angi-arteries動(dòng)脈血管-pathythesuffixof“diseases”Athersclerosis動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化ather/oplaqueoffattysubstance動(dòng)脈粥樣-sclerosishardening硬化WordAnalysis2025/1/17Peripheralangiopathy周圍血管病

Peri-surrounding周angi-meansvessel-pathymeansdiseaseNeurological神經(jīng)病學(xué)的

Neur-meansnerve

-ologicaldiscipline學(xué)科的Dementia癡呆

De—脫，去，減，除，離

-mentiaspiritWordAnalysis07

diagnosisFastingbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto7mmol/L.Twohourspostprandialbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L3)Thesymptomsofdiabetesandanytimeplasmaticglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L07

diagnosis7.1Type1diabetesmellitus1.Theageofonsetisyoung,theage<30yearsold.2.Thesymptomscomeonabruptly3.ThesymptomsofPolydipsia,PolyphagiaandPolyuriaareobvious.4.Thebloodglucoselevelishigh,andmanypatientswithketosisacidtoxicasthefirstsymptom.Lowserum

levelofinsulinandThelowlevelofCpeptide07

diagnosis7.2

Type2diabetesmellitusThecommonintheelderly,highincidenceofobesity,oftenaccompaniedbyhypertension,dyslipidemia

,atherosclerosisandotherdiseases.Insidiousonset,hasnoearlysymptoms,oronlymildfatigue,thirst,hyperglycemiaisnotobvious.GlucosetolerancetesttoconfirmthediagnosisSeruminsulinlevelinearlynormalorincreased,Theadvancedislow2025/1/17Plasmatic血漿的plasm-血漿-atic性質(zhì)的Dyslipidemia血脂異常dys-不良的，困難lip-脂肪的-emia血癥Gluc(o)葡萄糖

glucagon胰高血糖素glucokinase葡萄糖激酶glucocorticoids糖皮質(zhì)激素enteroglucagon腸高血糖素WordAnalysis08

Antidiastole8.1

Liverdiseases:Livercirrhosis

patientsoftenhaveabnormalglucosemetabolism,thefastingbloodglucoseofthetypicalpatientisnormalorlow,postprandialbloodglucoseriserapidly.Thedurationoftheelderly,thefastingplasmaglucosecanalsobeelevated.2025/1/17DiabetshealtheducationMedicalnutritiontherapyConditionmonitoringDrugstherapy09Therapy09Therapy9.1MedicalnutritiontherapyCalculatethetotalquantityofheat;Nutrientcontent;Reasonabledistribution;Follow-up09Therapy9.2conditionmonitoringRegularchecksbloodsugartoadjustthetreatmentplanProperexerciseregularlyEveryyearortwocomprehensivereview,complications,earlydetectionandtreatment09Therapy9.3

DiabetshealtheducationMedicaistaffadheretofollowup,accordingtotheneedtoadjustthetreatmentplan;Lifeshouldberegular,quitsmokinganddring;Topreventinfection.09Therapy9.4Drugstherapy:Alpha