中考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)第1節(jié)名詞課件

第一部分中考語(yǔ)法知識(shí)第一節(jié)名詞廣東省卷近4年中考統(tǒng)計(jì)(※語(yǔ)法選擇◆完形填空★短文填空)考點(diǎn)2020年2021年2022年2023年可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)◆change◆decision◆look

★idea※birds◆advantages◆reply

★letters◆vegetables◆family

★yes◆baby

◆idea★invention

★habit不可數(shù)名詞★money◆space★water◆time廣東省卷近4年中考統(tǒng)計(jì)(※語(yǔ)法選擇◆完形填空★短文填空)考點(diǎn)2020年2021年2022年2023年名詞所有格——※teacher’s—名詞辨析◆◆◆◆命題趨向從近4年廣東中考的情況來看，名詞是完形填空和短文填空的高頻考點(diǎn)，可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、名詞辨析是考查的重點(diǎn)。2024年考生備考時(shí)應(yīng)掌握好名詞的每個(gè)考點(diǎn)，對(duì)可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞予以重視?？忌煊泦卧~的詞義，并結(jié)合前后語(yǔ)境來正確的答案。中考說明名詞的考點(diǎn)常分布在完形填空和短文填空中。中考熱點(diǎn)主要是可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞以及名詞和其他詞類(如冠詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞等)組成的固定詞組，

還包括具體情境中名詞辨析等知識(shí)的綜合考查?？键c(diǎn)一：名詞的分類名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象及其他抽象概念等名稱的詞。它分為普通名詞和專有名詞。見下表：類別概念例詞專有名詞表示具體人物、地點(diǎn)、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)、國(guó)家或地區(qū)等名稱的詞BillGates,NewYork,theParty,theUnitedNations,China類別概念例詞普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示個(gè)體的人或事物的詞child,student,tree,factory,car,duck,apple,fan,bed,boat,dolphin集體名詞表示一群人或一些事物的詞police,people,group,team,crowd,government,party,public類別概念例詞普通名詞不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料的詞air,water,coffee,milk,tea抽象名詞表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、行為或感情等抽象概念的詞music,peace,friendship,fun,wealth,confidence【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.(2023廣州，22)ShenoticedSusan’s________，heldherleginhermouthandpushedSusanuptothesurface.A．look B．troubleC．move D．placeB

(

)2.(2023江西，1)—Kevin，couldyoupassmesome________?It’ssohottoday.I’mreallythirsty.—OK.Hereyouare.A．rice B．breadC．water D．chickenC

(

)3.(2023揚(yáng)州，8)—WhatplacesofinterestarethereinYangzhou?—IrecommendtheSlenderWestLake.Aboattourisawonderful________!A．movement B．a(chǎn)ttractionC．experience D．researchC

(

)4.(2022廣州，14)Instead,weneedtoputhiminacupwith________ofthedirtywaterforawhile...A．few B．a(chǎn)fewC．little D．a(chǎn)littleD

(

)5.—Themilkshaketastesgood.Howdoyoumakeit?—It’seasy.Justfollowthe________.A．discussions B．instructionsC．invitations D．suggestionsB

考點(diǎn)二：可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞一、可數(shù)名詞(一)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式見下表：序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在名詞詞尾加-smap—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass—classes,box—boxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes例外情況：stomach—stomachs序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞3以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞先變f或fe為v，再加-esleaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,loaf—loaves,wife—wives,life—lives

直接加-sbelief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,proof—proofs,roof—roofs,gulf—gulfs

序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，

先變y為i，再加-esparty—parties,family—families,story—stories,city—cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，

或者以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，

加-stoy—toys,boy—boys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞6以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoes(口訣：英雄愛吃西紅柿和馬鈴薯)不少外來詞加-spiano—pianos,photo—photos,kilo—kilos,solo—solos兩者皆可zero—zeros/zeroes,volcano—volcanoes/volcanos序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞7以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio—radios,zoo—zoos,kangaroo—kangaroos8以th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth—truths,mouth—mouths,month—months,path—paths【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Therearesome________inthese________.A．knifes;pencil-boxes B．knives;pencil-boxC．knives;pencil-boxes D．knives;pencils-boxes(

)2.Therearetwo________andsix________inthezoo.A．kangaroos;wolfs B．kangaroos;wolvesC．kangarooes;wolves D．kangarooes;wolfsC

B

(

)3.Therearetwo_______onthewallandthree______onthetable.A．photo;potato B．photos;potatosC．photos;potatoes D．photoes;potatos(

)4.________areplanningtogoonvacation.A．Black’s B．ABlack’sC．TheBlack’s D．TheBlacksC

D

(

)5.—Wouldyoulikesome________fordinner?—OK.A．pear B．eggC．beef D．potatoC

(二)不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式見下表：序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man—men,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen2單復(fù)數(shù)同形sheep,deer,means,aircraft,fish,yuan,jin序號(hào)規(guī)則

例詞

3集體名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)police,people,cattle可以作單數(shù)(整體),也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(個(gè)體成員)family,group,team,crowd,couple,class,population4復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件；論文),looks(外表),brains(頭腦；智力),greens(青菜)序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞

5表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以man或woman結(jié)尾的分別改為men或womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞

6合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,storytellersgrown-ups,housewives,stopwatches(秒表)無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)，

將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)將兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants注意：還有一些抽象名詞，

包括一些學(xué)科名詞，

形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，

但意義上卻表示單數(shù)。如：news(消息)，mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))，physics(物理)，politics(政治)?！踞槍?duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Thebroken________maycutintoyourhandifyoutouchit.Youshouldbecareful.A．glass B．glasses C．candle D．candlesA

(

)2.Noway!Idon’tthink________shouldbeallowedtodrive.Iamworriedaboutyoursafety.A．fifteenyearsold B．fifteen-year-oldsC．fifteen-years-old D．fifteenyearolds(

)3.Theyarefrom________.Theyareboth________.A．Germany;Germen B．Germany;GermansC．Germans;Germany D．German;GermanyB

B

(

)4.Thereareabout120________inthishospital.Theyareveryactiveandpatient.A．womandoctors B．womandoctorC．womendoctor D．womendoctorsD

5．(2022揚(yáng)州)Themuseumcoversanareaofsome80，000squaremeters.Ithastwostructures：afour-storybuildinginthe________ofagiantshipwaitingtosetsail,anda100-meter-tallTang-Dynasty-styletower.6．(2022揚(yáng)州)YangzhouChinaGrandCanalMuseumislocatedonthebankoftheancientGrandCanalinYangzhou,oneoftheeight________inJiangsuProvincesittingalongtheGrandCanal.shape

cities

二、不可數(shù)名詞(一)不可數(shù)名詞的種類見下表：序號(hào)類別例詞1食物類water,milk,tea,beef,pork,mutton,rice,bread,meat,fish,salt,sugar,porridge,fruit(其中fish,fruit表示種類時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞)序號(hào)類別例詞2材料類metal,wood,cotton,wool,silk3自然類universe,sand,sunshine,ice,grass4其他chalk,news,homework,housework,knowledge,business,weather,medicine序號(hào)類別例詞5既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞名詞作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意思作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意思chicken小雞雞肉fish魚魚肉glass玻璃杯玻璃orange橙子橙汁序號(hào)類別例詞5既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞名詞作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意思作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意思room房間空間paper文件；試卷紙time時(shí)代；次數(shù)時(shí)間work著作；作品；工廠工作light燈光【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Thethree________upstairsaretoosmalltohaveenough________foradoublebed.A．room;room B．room;roomsC．rooms;room D．rooms;roomsC

(

)2.Danielhastriedtolose________byeatinglessrecently,buttwokiloshavebeenputoninstead.A．weight B．weightsC．height D．heightsA

(

)3.—Mom,I’veheardthatwecan’teat________thesedays.Isittrue?—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.A．chicken B．chickensC．a(chǎn)chicken D．twochickenA

(

)4.Therearesome_______and_______inthefridge.A．tomatos;milk B．tomatoes;milkC．tomatos;milks D．tomatoes;milks(

)5.Youneedtodomore________outside.Don’talwaysbebusydoingyour________atthedesk.A．exercise;exercise B．exercises;exercisesC．exercises;exercise D．exercise;exercisesB

D

(二)不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)類別表達(dá)法例詞/句抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞數(shù)詞/冠詞＋量詞＋of＋不可數(shù)名詞(量詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，但of后的名詞只用單數(shù))apieceofapplepie(一塊蘋果派)，twocupsoftea(兩杯茶)，fourbucketsofwater(四桶水)，adropofwater(一滴水)，arayofhope(一線希望)類別表達(dá)法例詞/句有些物質(zhì)名詞直接用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示數(shù)量或不同類別Twocoffees,please.(請(qǐng)來兩杯咖啡。)Theoldshouldtakesomehealthyfoods.(老年人應(yīng)食用一些健康食品。)有些抽象名詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式表示具體的事物difficulty(困難)→difficulties(難事)；success(成功)→asuccess(一個(gè)成功的人或一件成功的事)【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Pleasegiveme________aboutthetrainstoDaqing.A．a(chǎn)fewinformations

B．a(chǎn)littleinformationsC．a(chǎn)fewinformation D．a(chǎn)littleinformationD

(

)2.—CanIhelpyou?—I’dliketohave100________.Iwantmystudentstodrawpictures.A．pieceofpaper B．piecesofpaperC．piecesofpapers D．pieceofpapersB

(

)3.—CanIhelpyou,madam?—Iwant________.A．twoboxesofapple B．twoglassofwaterC．twobowlsofporridge D．twoboxoforange(

)4.Ipaid￥10for________thismorning.A．4bottlemilks B．4bottlesofmilkC．4bottlesofmilks D．4milkC

B

考點(diǎn)三：名詞所有格名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫作名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是在名詞詞尾加-’s構(gòu)成；二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多用于有生命的東西，

后者多用于無(wú)生命的東西。一、-’s所有格的構(gòu)成序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞1單數(shù)名詞在詞尾加-’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto2復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在詞尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother在不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加-’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights序號(hào)規(guī)則例詞3表示各自所有關(guān)系Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes4表示共同擁有關(guān)系TomandMike’sroom,JaneandMary’sfather5表示“某人的家；店鋪”等時(shí)，

省略所有格后面的名詞thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s6以s結(jié)尾的人名在詞尾加-’Dickens’novels,Charles’job,theSmiths’house【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Katherinewasexcitedtoreceiveadozenrosesfromherhusbandon________Day.A．Woman B．WomenC．Woman’s D．Women’sD

(

)2.Inten________time,Shanghaiwillbemorebeautiful.A．year B．yearsC．year’s D．years’(

)3.Thisis________bedroom.It’stidyandnice.A．Lily’sandLucy’s B．LilyandLucy’s C．Lily’sandLucy D．LilyandLucyD

B

(

)4.InChina,wecelebrate________DayonJune1stand________DayonSeptember10th.A．Children’s;Teachers’ B．Children’;Teachers’C．Childrens’;Teacher’s D．Childrens’s;Teacher’sA

二、-’s所有格的用法序號(hào)用法例詞1表示時(shí)間today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示國(guó)家、城市等地方的名詞thecity’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry序號(hào)用法例詞4表示工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6與人類活動(dòng)有關(guān)系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞組abird’s-eyeview(鳥瞰),astone’sthrow(一箭之遙)【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Ilivenearthestation.It’sonlyaboutfive________walk.A．minute’s B．minuteC．minutes’ D．minutesC

(

)2.—It’seasytotravelfromUrumqitoLanzhoubytakingthehigh-speedrailway.—Yes.It’sabout________.A．eighthoursride B．eighthour’srideC．eight-hoursride D．eighthours’rideD

(

)3.Everyoneofusfeltverytiredbutquitehappyafter________sportsmeeting.A．a(chǎn)twodays’ B．thetwodaysC．thetwoday D．a(chǎn)twoday(

)4.Thereisnothinginterestingin________newspaper.A．today B．todays’C．today’s D．todaysA

C

三、of/to所有格的用法序號(hào)用法例詞1用于無(wú)生命的東西thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2用于有生命的東西theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents3用于名詞化的詞therightsofthedisabled(殘疾人的權(quán)利)序號(hào)用法例詞4雙重所有格：of＋名詞-’ssomepicturesofmybrother’s(我哥哥/弟弟的一些照片)afriendofmyfather’s(我父親的一個(gè)朋友)比較：aphotoofmyfather’s(我父親的一張照片)aphotoofmyfather(一張我父親的照片)序號(hào)用法例詞5用to表示所有格thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestionthebridgetotheriverthewaytothestationtheentrancetothecinematheexittothegym【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Mr.Blackisateacherof________.Sheandherclassmateslikehimverymuch.A．mysister B．mysister’sC．mysisters D．mysisters’B

(

)2.Inthistest,we’reaskedtowriteapassageofabout________.A．80-words B．80-wordC．80words D．80word’sC

(

)3.BillyandIaregoodfriends,andIhave________.A．somepicturesofBilly’ B．somepictures’ofBilly’sC．someBilly’spicture D．somepicturesofBilly(

)4.Kenisalso________.A．onecousinofmine B．onecousinofmyC．onecousinofI D．onecousinofmeD

A

考點(diǎn)四：名詞的句法功能一、名詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞置~在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和稱呼語(yǔ)等。如：1．Tomwasthebeststudentintheclass.(主語(yǔ))2．Ihaveneverheardoftheman.(賓語(yǔ))3．Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))4．Thereisastonebridgeovertheriver.(定語(yǔ))5．Petergoestoschoolat8：00everymorning.(狀語(yǔ))6．Beijing,thecapitalofChina,hasattractedmillionsoftouristseveryyear.(同位語(yǔ))7．Professor,mayIaskyouaquestion？(稱呼語(yǔ))二、名詞作定語(yǔ)名詞作定語(yǔ)主要表示被修飾名詞的特征、性質(zhì)、用途、功能或內(nèi)容等。見下表：序號(hào)用法例詞1表示材料、用途、性質(zhì)、地點(diǎn)、性別或身份的名詞常用作定語(yǔ)twoappletrees,threechildseats,adiamondnecklace，asilkshirt,lightwave,afemaleelephant序號(hào)用法例詞2表示整體的名詞可以用作表示部分的名詞的定語(yǔ)(常指物)animalbones,cigaretteends3復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞作定語(yǔ)aclothesshop,asportsman,thestudents’readingroom,goodstrain【針對(duì)練習(xí)】(

)1.Jennywenttothe________tobuyapairofshoesyesterday.A．shoesstore B．shoestoreC．shoe’sstore D．shoes’storeB

(

)2.It’ssportstime.Most________studentsinClass1areplayingfootballontheplayground.A．boy B．boysC．boy’s D．boys’(

)3.Theparkisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’sabouta________walk.A．threehour

B．threehour’sC．three-hours D．three-hourA

D

(

)4.Theweatherreportsaystherewillbemuch________tomorrowandwemayha