第07講 構(gòu)詞法（講義）（原卷版）-2025年高考英語一輪復(fù)習講練測（新教材新高考）

第07講構(gòu)詞法目錄01考情透視·目標導航 102知識導圖·思維引航 203考點突破·考法探究 4考點一派生法 5知識點1解題時派生詞的判斷依據(jù) 5知識點2前綴、否定前綴和否定后綴 6知識點3名詞后綴 7知識點4形容詞后綴 9知識點5副詞后綴 10知識點6動詞后綴 10考點二合成法 11知識點1合成名詞 11知識點2合成形容詞 11知識點3合成動詞、副詞及其他 12考點三轉(zhuǎn)化法 1304真題練習·命題洞現(xiàn)真題實戰(zhàn) 14閱讀理解中對構(gòu)詞法的考查 14語法填空中對構(gòu)詞法的考查 14命題演練 15考點構(gòu)詞法考題統(tǒng)計考情分析派生法合成法轉(zhuǎn)化法2024（浙江1月高考）：encounter邂逅；criticism；technician；receptionist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educational；wastepaper；threaten；safety；hailstorm；delivery；satisfaction；thoughtful；connectivity；mismatch；individual等。2023（新高考I卷）：competitor參賽者；economicaladj.經(jīng)濟的，實惠的;sustainableadj.可持續(xù)的;strategicadj.戰(zhàn)略(性)的;combinationn.結(jié)合；minimalismn.(藝術(shù))極簡主義；availableadj.可用的，可得到的;foundationn.根基；基礎(chǔ)intolerableadj.無法忍受的；minimalistn.最低限要求者statisticiann.統(tǒng)計學家estimationn.判斷；估計additionaladj.附加的，另外的countlessadj.無數(shù)的;多得數(shù)不清的overestimatev.過高估計implicationn.牽連；含意；（新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful太平無事的；unavoidable不可避免的；occasionallyadv.偶爾；有時候；description描寫；evaluationn.評價，評估；emotionaladj.感情的；情感的；情緒的initiatorn.發(fā)起人；創(chuàng)始人backcountry偏僻地區(qū)breathtaking令人嘆為觀止outnumber在數(shù)量上壓倒，比...多representation代表,描述increasingly越來越多；（全國乙卷）wonder(wonders)；skyrocket；approximately；transform；combination2022（新高考I卷）：excitement興奮；adventure冒險；honorable=honourableadj.光榮的；可敬的；高貴的；disqualificationn.不合格；取消資格；被罰下場disqualified不合格的；被取消資格的；willpower

n.意志力；毅力（新高考II卷）：asleepadj.睡著的；accidentallyadv.偶然地；symbolically象征性地；inexpensive廉價的；throwaway可隨意丟棄的；interactive互動的；activate激活；springboard跳板；constructive建設(shè)性的；（全國乙卷）：responsible(responsibility)分析近年高考真題可知，高考對構(gòu)詞法的考查越來越多。2024、2023年的聽力及閱讀理解中都出現(xiàn)了大量的構(gòu)詞法的考查。通過構(gòu)詞法可以快速推斷詞義，提高閱讀速度和正確率。完形填空中的選項頁出現(xiàn)了很多通過構(gòu)詞法產(chǎn)生的新詞。語法填空主要考查課標內(nèi)的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。因此，總結(jié)歸類構(gòu)詞法知識非常必要。它能綜合提高考生的核心素養(yǎng)。通過對近三年高考高考試題的分析，預(yù)測高考試題中構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的新詞，將會頻繁出現(xiàn)。復(fù)習目標：、具備根據(jù)語境推斷詞性及意思的能力；掌握構(gòu)詞法的三大規(guī)則：派生、合成和轉(zhuǎn)換；掌握構(gòu)詞法，提高閱讀速度，提高核心素養(yǎng)；具備根據(jù)句法知識判斷句子成分并判斷其詞性，然后準確寫出正確形式的能力；考點概述：許多英語單詞的構(gòu)詞都有一定的規(guī)律，這種規(guī)律被成為構(gòu)詞法。掌握構(gòu)詞法知識對考生更好的理解詞義、認識新詞和擴大詞匯量有重要意義。意義中的構(gòu)詞法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法（Composition）和轉(zhuǎn)換法(Conversion)三大類?！靖呖紝Ш健?.（2024年浙江1月高考閱讀理解D片段）Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue

—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.2.(2023年新高考I卷)Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings),thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappers,encasinghot,___56___(taste)soupandsweet,freshmeat,arefarandawaymyfavoriteChinesestreetfood.考點一派生法知識點1派生詞的判斷依據(jù)冠詞、物主代詞等詞類后一般跟名詞。如果所給單詞是其他詞類，則將其改為名詞，并注意名詞數(shù)的變化。動詞、介詞后一般跟名詞或動名詞。所給單詞為動詞，則看該動詞是否有名詞形式。如果有名詞形式，就用其名詞形式。如果該動詞沒有名詞形式，就用其動名詞形式。如果所給動詞有名詞形式，還要看其后有無賓語。如果其后有賓語，用動名詞形式；其后無賓語，則用名詞形式。冠詞、物主代詞等詞類后一般跟名詞。如果所給單詞是其他詞類，則將其改為名詞，并注意名詞數(shù)的變化。動詞、介詞后一般跟名詞或動名詞。所給單詞為動詞，則看該動詞是否有名詞形式。如果有名詞形式，就用其名詞形式。如果該動詞沒有名詞形式，就用其動名詞形式。如果所給動詞有名詞形式，還要看其后有無賓語。如果其后有賓語，用動名詞形式；其后無賓語，則用名詞形式。動詞前后、形容詞前后可有副詞。如果所需詞為副詞，還要考慮副詞級的變化。名詞前一般可有形容詞修飾。如果所需詞為形容詞時，還應(yīng)考慮形容詞級的變化。例1.（2023·新高考I卷）Shanghaimaybethe___59___(recognize)homeofthesoupdumplingsbutfoodhistorianswillactuallypointyoutotheneighboringcanaltownofNanxiangasXiaolongBao’sbirthplace.例2.（2024·湖南省長沙一中模擬）Whenitcomestosharing,oneofthe(great)giftsChinagavetotheworldthroughtheancientSilkRoadwasthetechnologyofmakingpaperonanindustrialscale,知識點2普通前綴、否定前綴與否定后綴詞綴詞綴意義示例前綴auto-自動；fore-之前的；post之后的；a?構(gòu)成形容詞；anti?反對;抵抗；co?共同；en?使；inter-互相；bi-雙；sub?下面的;小;tele?強調(diào)距離；re?再;又,multi-多；semi-半的alone單獨的；anti?gas防毒氣的；automatic自動的； cooperate合作；enjoy使高興； Internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)；forecast預(yù)報；foresee預(yù)見；bimonthly雙月的；multi-culture多文化的；telegram電報；rewrite重寫；semi-final半決賽；semiconductor半導體；否定前綴dis-不，非；il-不，非；im-不，非；in-不，非；ir-不，非；non-不，非；un-不，非；mis-錯誤；disappear消失;illegal非法的；impatient不耐煩的；impolite不禮貌的；incorrect不正確的;incomplete不完全的；irregular不規(guī)則的；irresponsible不負責任的；nonstop不停的,不間斷的;nonexistent不存在的；mislead將……引入歧途,誤導;unhappy不開心的；否定后綴名詞+--less構(gòu)詞形容詞hopeless無希望的；careless粗心大意的；名詞+-free構(gòu)詞形容詞carefree無憂無慮的；sugar-free無糖的；【易錯提醒】個別前綴也可以引起詞性的變化，如：1.en-可以和名詞或形容詞構(gòu)成動詞：enlarge擴大；enable使能夠；encourage鼓勵；2.a-可以和名詞或動詞構(gòu)成形容詞：asleep睡著的；alive活著的；3.out-可以和一些動詞構(gòu)成名詞：outcome結(jié)果；outlet出口；outlook觀點；例1.（2024·浙江卷1月閱讀理解B篇）Thisunbeatableprice-pointencouragedmetoexperimentwithdozensoftitlesthatIwouldnevernormallyconsiderbuying.AndI’vediscoveredsomegreatbooks!例2.（2024·新高考II卷）Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.【變式訓練1】(2023全國甲卷)EricWeiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilosophy.【變式訓練2】WhenI’mfacetofacewithapolarbear,Ilikeittobethroughacamerawithatelephotolens.Butsometimes,thatiseasiersaidthandone.Thiswasoneofthosetimes.知識點3名詞后綴表示人或物的名詞的常用后綴后綴意思例詞-(i)an來自；專長于……的人musician音樂家；Egyptian埃及人;physician內(nèi)科醫(yī)生；-ant-ent人，物servant仆人；president總統(tǒng)；assistant助手；-ar-er-or人，物beggar乞討者；murderer殺人犯；builder建設(shè)者；Farmer農(nóng)民；doctor醫(yī)生；recorder錄音機-ee人，物employee受雇者；refugee難民；trainee受訓人員；-ess表女性，雌性hostess女主人；actress女演員；-ist人，主義者novelist小說家；socialist社會主義者；physicist物理學家；例1.（2024·浙江卷1月)OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.例2.（2023·新高考全國Ⅰ卷)Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.表示行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等抽象名詞的常用后綴后綴意思例詞-al表示過程;或狀態(tài)removal移動；arrival到達-ance表狀態(tài)，行為appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠-(t)ion-ation表狀態(tài)，動作過;程，行為suggestion建議；graduation畢業(yè)；liberation解放；-dom身份，領(lǐng)域freedom自由；wisdom智慧-ence性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，行為difference區(qū)別；confidence自信；dependence依靠-ful充滿basketful滿籃；mouthful滿嘴；houseful一屋子-hood性質(zhì)，身份，狀態(tài)，時期childhood兒童時代；neighbourhood附近-ism宗教，風格，主義heroism英雄氣概；romanticism浪漫主義-ity性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)reality現(xiàn)實；ability能力；equality平等-ment行為，物，組織，運;動，結(jié)果disappointment失望；movement運動；agreement協(xié)議-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)kindness仁慈；tiredness疲勞-ship性質(zhì)，身份，資格hardship艱苦；leadership領(lǐng)導身份；friendship友誼-sion行為，狀態(tài)conclusion結(jié)論；tension緊張-ure行為，狀態(tài)exposure暴露；failure失敗-th結(jié)果，過程，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)truth真理；youth青春；growth生長；warmth溫暖-age集合，地點，狀態(tài)，結(jié)果storage儲藏；village村莊；marriage婚姻例1.(2023·新高考全國Ⅰ卷)Whenenoughoftheseerrors________（short）together,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.例2.(2024·浙江卷1月)wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.【變式訓練1】TangshancityhasprovedtoChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesofdisaster,peoplemustunifyandshowthe________（wise）tostaypositiveandrebuildforabrighterfuture.知識點4形容詞后綴后綴意思例詞-able/-(i)ble可……的，能……的acceptable可接受的；flexible能適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的；-(u)al有……屬性的；與有關(guān)的agricultural農(nóng)業(yè)的；national國家的；chemical化學的-an……(地，人)的republican共和國的；European歐洲人的-ary……的imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的-ative……的creative有創(chuàng)造性的；talkative愛說話的-ed(具)有……的(特征)determined堅定的；learned博學的；aged年老的-ent……的frequent經(jīng)常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奮的-ese(地，人)的Chinese中國(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的-ern表示方向eastern東方的；southern南方的-en……的golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的-ic與……有關(guān)的realistic現(xiàn)實的；energetic精力充足的-ish近乎……的，如……的childish孩子氣的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的-ive與……有關(guān)的，有……傾向的，有……特性的expensive昂貴的；effective有效的；decisive決定性的-ful滿的；有……性質(zhì)的，引起……的faithful信任的；powerful強大的；cheerful愉快的-ous多……的，有……特性的various各種各樣的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危險的-ly……品質(zhì)的，每……的friendly友好的；motherly母親般的；weekly每周的-ward向……的backward向后的；forward向前的-y多……的；有……的；如……的cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky運氣好的-some引起(或易于)……的troublesome討厭的例1.(2023·新高考II卷)Seekingandacceptingconstructivefeedback(反饋)iscrucialtogrowth.例2.（2021·新高考I卷）Ahistorybookwhichmaycontainthefactsinstoryformwillbeeasiertoreadthanonedealingwith(science)subjects.【變式訓練1】Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption.【變式訓練2】Whetheryou’recommunicatinginpersonoronthephone,beingagoodlistenerisanimportantpartofanyhealthyrelationship.知識點5副詞后綴后綴意思例詞-ly……地，狀態(tài)，程度，方式extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高興地-s時間，地點，狀態(tài)outdoors在戶外；nowadays現(xiàn)今-ward(s)方向afterward(s)后來；outwards向外；downwards向下例1.(2024·浙江卷1月)Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轟炸)withnewinformation.例2.(2020?全國卷III)Asthesmallboatmoved(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.【變式訓練1】“Ifwecarryourburdensallthetime,soonerorlater,wewillnotbeabletocarryon,theburdenbecoming(increase)heavier.【變式訓練2】Thehelicoptermadeitsfinalapproachand,guidedbytheheadlights,landedsafely.知識點6動詞后綴后綴意思例詞-en使變成sharpen削尖；broaden加寬；strengthen加強；deepen加深-fy使……化clarify闡明;simplify簡化；beautify美化；purify凈化；qualify使具備資格；-ize使……化modernize使現(xiàn)代化；realize實現(xiàn)；mechanize使機械化例1.(2023·全國甲卷)He______（emphasis）theimportanceofeducationandself-improvement,whichhebelievedwouldleadtoaharmonioussociety.例2.(2022·江蘇卷)Therewillstillbelotsofchallengesifwearetoclassifygarbageinashorttime.【變式訓練1】To_______（justification）yourselfwithrelevantexamplesfromyourpersonalexperienceandbespecificaboutyourachievements.【變式訓練2】ThepublicationofGreatExpectations,whichwasbothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens’statusasaleadingnovelist.考點二合成法考點概述：許多把兩個或兩個以上的詞素放到一起，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為合成法。合成詞通常由兩個或兩個以上的自由詞素構(gòu)成不同詞性，最常見的包括：名詞合成詞，形容詞合成詞，動詞合成詞。知識點1合成名詞構(gòu)成方法例詞名詞＋名詞classroom,schoolgirl,weekend,bookshop形容詞＋名詞highway,blackboard,hotdog,greenhouse動詞＋副詞get-together,break-down名詞＋動名詞handwriting,storytelling副詞＋名詞outbreak,overcoat動名詞＋名詞dining-room,sleeping-car,reading-room知識點2合成形容詞構(gòu)成方法例詞形容詞＋名詞＋-edwhite-haired,warm-hearted,kind-hearted形容詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking,easy-going形容詞＋過去分詞ready-made,new-born副詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working,well-meaning副詞＋過去分詞well-known,newly-built名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking,south-facing名詞＋過去分詞man-made,water-covered名詞＋形容詞snow-white,homesick副詞/形容詞＋名詞right-hand,full-time數(shù)詞＋名詞100-meter,17-year-old數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞180-foot-high,10-year-old數(shù)詞＋名詞＋-edfour-legged,one-eyed知識點3合成動詞、副詞及其他構(gòu)成方法例詞副詞＋動詞overcome,understand副詞+名詞indoors,outdoors,overhead,upstairs;形容詞＋動詞dry-clean,white-wash名詞＋動詞typewrite,sleepwalk,daybreak,toothpick,sunrise,haircut;名詞+名詞girlfriend,cowboy,countryside,seafood,sunlight;名詞+形容詞worldwide,snow-white,ice-cool形容詞+名詞full-time,part-time形容詞+vinggood-looking,ordinary-looking,easy-going;代詞+代詞everybody,anyone,somebody,nothing,介詞+其他outside,inside,throughout;例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Youcanalsofindstudentsontheclassdiscussionboardtoorganizeastudygroup,orschedulein-personmeetingswithyourprofessortodiscusscourseconcepts.例2.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofeaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.【變式訓練1】Herememberedlandmarks,butsincehedidn’tknowhistown’sname,findingasmallneighbourhoodinavastcountryprovedtobeimpossible.【變式訓練2】Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.考點三轉(zhuǎn)化法考點概述：在詞形不變的情況下，一個單詞沒有加任何詞綴，詞性變?yōu)榱硪环N詞性，這種構(gòu)詞法成為轉(zhuǎn)換法?？疾闊狳c是名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞兩大類。其他還有名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞等。轉(zhuǎn)化后的詞義與之前的詞義通常有密切的聯(lián)系。轉(zhuǎn)化方式例詞名詞-動詞handn.手-v.遞；上交；chairn.椅子-v.主持；watern.水-v.澆水；namen.名字-v.取名動詞-名詞readv.閱讀-n.閱讀；shoutv.呼喊-n.呼喊；cryv.哭-n.哭；tryv.嘗試-n.嘗試形容詞-動詞bettera.更好的-v.改善；lasta.最后的-v.持續(xù)；slowa.慢的-v.減慢；owna.自己的-v.擁有；形容詞-副詞enough足夠的-足夠地；late晚的-遲于；hard艱苦的-努力地；例1.（2021北京卷）Bydistractingthemindfromthepain,music,peoplesay,canlowerstressandanxietylevels.例2.（2021·全國乙卷寫作）Ialsowatertheflowersintheyardandtidyupmyownbedroomwhenevernecessary.【變式訓練】Ifyouhelpmesortoutthethingsupstairs,I'llbreakfastyoutomorrow.一、真題實戰(zhàn)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜詞詞義1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Ifyoutakeanonlinecourse,whatcanyoudotoensurethebestpossiblegrade?2.（2023·新高考II卷）Theflightwasuneventful,andTiffywasagreatpassenger.3.（2023·全國甲卷）Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.4.（2023年型高考I卷）AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.5.（2023·型高考I卷）Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.6.（2022·新高考全國I卷）Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution.7.(2022·新高考卷Ⅰ)Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300，000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings，butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution，”saidStevenMoran，amemberoftheresearchteam.8.（2023·上海春招）Teachersandscholarsmustlookbeyondtoday'scareer-mindednessintalkingaboutchallengestothehumanities.9.（2020?全國新高考I卷）Followallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.10.（2020?天津卷）Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.用括號內(nèi)所給詞的適當形式填空1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Manysupermarketsarenolongerdoing“buyonegetonefree”promotionsbecauseofthe_______(criticize)thattheyleadtowaste.2.（2024·1月九省聯(lián)考）Heishappywiththe______(improve)heseesinhisstudents’writingandinhisownwriting.3.(2023·新高考II卷)SinceJune2017,rightbeforethe______(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorecomfortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.4.（2023·全國乙卷）The________(remark)developmentofthiscity,whichisconsciouslydesignedtoprotectthepastwhilesteppingintothemodernworld5.（2022·1月浙江卷）Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe________(invite).6.（2022·6月浙江卷）JohnOlson,aformer(photograph)andhisteamturnpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings),thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappers,encasinghot,(taste)soupandsweet,freshmeat,arefarandawaymyfavouriteChinesestreetfood.8.(2022·新高考II卷)WheneverItellpeoplethatIteachEnglishattheBerlinZoo,Ialmostalwaysgetaquestioninglook.Behindit,thepersonistryingtofigureoutwhoexactlyIteach…theanimals?SinceJune2017,rightbeforethearrivalofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,Ihavebeenhelpingthepan