2020年7月英語六級真題試卷試卷-含答案

2020年7月英語六級真題試卷試卷.含答案

2020年7月大學英語六級考試真題試卷

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthesaying

Thebestpreparationfortomorrowisdoingyourbesttoday.Youshould

writeatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeach

conversation.youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthe

questionsHV//bespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmust

choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).

ThenmarkihecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasingleline

throughthecentre.

Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

1.A)Sheisagreatathlete.

B)Sheisafamedspeaker.

C)Sheisafamousscientist.

D)Sheisanotedinventor.

2.A)Howknowledgeofhumanbiochemistryhasbeenevolving.

B)Hownutritionhelpsathletes'performanceincompetitions.

C)Howscientifictrainingenablesathletestosetnewrecords.

D)Howtechnologyhashelpedathletestoscalenewheights.

3.A)Ourphysicalstructures.

B)Ourscientificknowledge.

C)Ourbiochemicalprocess.

D)Ourconceptofnutrition.

4.A)Itmayincreasetheexpensesofsportscompetitions.

B)Itmayleadtoathletes'overrelianceonequipment.

C)Itmaygiveanunfairadvantagetosomeathletes.

D)Itmaychangethenatureofsportscompetitions.

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

5.A)Experience.

B)Flexibility.

C)Familybackground.

D)Businessconnections.

6.A)Buyingdirectlyfromfactories.

B)Shippinggoodsinbulkbysea.

C)Havingpartnersinmanypartsoftheworld.

D)Usingthesamecontainerbackandforth.

7.A)Warehouses.

B)Factories.

C)Investors.

D)Retailers.

8.A)Trendystyle.

B)Uniquedesign.

C)Lowerimportduties.

D)Lowershippingcosts.

SectionB

Directions：Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,

youwillhearthreeorjourquestions.Boththepassageandthe

questionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,you

mustchoosethebestanswerfromtheJourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)

andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwitha

singlelinethroughthecentre.

Questions9to11arcbasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

9.A)Ithelpsemployeestoreducetheirstress.

B)Itpreventsemployeesfromfeelingbored.

C)Itstrengthenshannonyamongemployees.

D)Ithelpsemployeestoviewthingspositively.

10.A)Weekendsareconducivetoreducingstress.

B)Humorisvitaliointerpersonalrelationships.

C)Allworkersexperiencesomeemotionalstress.

D)Humorcanhelpworkersexcelatroutinetasks.

11.A)Smashthetoystoreleasetheirbottled-upresentments.

B)Takethebossdollapartaslongastheyreassembleit.

C)Designandinstallstress-reducinggadgets.

D)Strikeatthebossdollashardastheylike.

Questions12toISarebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

12.A)Therecentfindingofachangedgeneinobesemice.

B)Abreakthroughinunderstandinggenemodification.

C)Anewlydiscoveredwayforpeopletoloseweight.

D)Theself-repairingabilityofageneinobesemice.

13.A)Itrendersanorganismunabletofightdiseases.

B)Itpreventsthemice'sfattytissuesfromgrowing.

C)Ithelpsorganismsadapttoenvironmentalchanges.

D)Itrendersmiceunabletosensewhentostopeating.

14.A)Humanbeingshavemoreobesitygenesthanmostmicedo.

B)Halfofaperson'stotalweightvariationcanbecontrolled.

C)Peoplearcbomwithatendencytohaveacertainweight.

D)Thefunctionoftheobesitygenesisyettobeexplored.

15.A)Theworseningofnaturalenvironment.

B)Theabundantprovisionofrichfoods.

C)Theacceleratedpaceofpresent-daylife.

D)Theadverseimpactofthefoodindustry.

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalks

followedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonly

once.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorresponding

letteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

16.A)Similarityininterests.

B)Mentalstimulation.

C)Openness.

D)Compassion.

17.A)Thewillingnesstooffertimelyhelp.

B)Thejoyfoundineachother"scompany.

C)Personalbonds.

D)Emotionalfactors.

18.A)Failuretokeepapromise.

B)Lackoffrankness.

C)Feelingsofbetrayal.

D)Lossofcontact.

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

19.A)Alongthelow-lyingColoradoRiver.

B)AttheDinosaurNationalMonument.

C)AlongtheborderoftheU.S.andCanada.

D)Atmuseumsofnaturalhistoryinlargecities.

20.A)Volcanicexplosionscouldbringwholeanimalspeciestoextinction.

B)Somenaturaldisasterkilledawholeherdofdinosaursinthearea.

C)Thepitshouldbecarefullypreservedforthestudyofdinosaurs.

D)Thewholeregionmusthavebeenstruckbyadevastatingflood.

21.A)Theyfloateddownaneastwardflowingriver.

B)Theylayburieddeepinthesandformillionsofyears.

C)Theywereskeletonsofdinosaursinhabitingthelocality.

D)Theywereremainsofdinosaurskilledinavolcanicexplosion.

Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

22.A)Indulginginseekingleisureandmaterialcomfort.

B)Attachingtoomuchimportancetoindependence.

C)Failingtocareforparentsinthetraditionalway.

D)Leavingtheirparentsonthevergeofstarvation.

23.A)Theyhavegreatdiflicultylivingbythemselves.

B)Theyhavelittlehopeofgettinganyfamilycare.

C)Theyhavefbndmemoriesoftheirgoodolddays.

D)Theyhaveasenseofindependenceandautonomy.

24.A)Peopleinmanypartsoftheworldpreferredsmall-sizefamilies.

B)Therehavebeenextendedfamiliesinmostpartsoftheworld.

C)Manyelderlypeoplewereunwillingtotakecareoftheirgrandchildren.

D)SomanyyoungAmericansrefusedtolivetogetherwiththeirparents.

25.A)Leavetheiryoungergenerationsalone.

B)Avoidbeingaburdentotheirchildren.

C)Stayhealthybyengaginginjoyfulactivities.

D)Viewthingsfremtheirchildren"sperspective.

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredto

selectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbank

followingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemaking

yourchoices.Eachchoiceinthehankisidentifiedbyaletter.Please

markthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnsuvrSheet2witha

singlelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthe

bankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

TheUnitedNationsissuedareportlastweekwarningthathumansaredestroying

natureatsucharatethatlifeonEarthisatrisk.Whenthereportcameout,itnaturally

26headlines.Butobviouslyitdidn'thijackthenewsagendainthemannerofa

majorterroristattackor27ofwar.

ThereportfromtheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversity

andEcosystemServices(IPBES)isclearonwhat'sat28andwhatneedsto

change.IPBESchairRobertWatsonsaysthe"29evidence”anpresents

、‘ominous(兇兆的)picture''.**Thchealthofecosystemsonwhichweandallother

speciesdependis30morerapidlythanever,''RobertWatsonsaid.Wcarc__31

theveryfoundationsofoureconomies,live-lihoods,fbodsecurity.healthandquality

oflifeworldwide."Thereportsaysit"snottoolateifwemake'*transformative

change',―■fundamental,system-widereorganization-ateverylevelfromlocal

toglobal,andweneedtofocusonhowtomakethathappen.

First.don'tindulgeindespair,becausedespairleadstoinertiaanddoing

nothingmeanscertain32.Everyactiontosavenaturewillimproveourcollective

andpersonalfuturesandtheonlywaytorespondtoathreatofthisscaleiswith_33

actionrootedinheadstrongoptimism-Second,weneedrelentlessfocus,justlike

whenparamedics(救護人員)arriveonasceneandusetheconceptoftriage(傷員

鑒別分類)"toensurethemost34casesgettreatedfirst.Savingthenaturalworld

needsthatkindofthinking.Wedon'thavethe35todoeverythingatonce.Wc

needtomakehardchoices.

A)capacity

B)declaration

C)deteriorating

D)determined

E)disaster

F)eroding

G)grabbed

H)inventory

I)junction

J)monotonous

K)overwhelming

L)stagnation

M)stake

N)stifled

O)urgent

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatements

attachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneofthe

paragraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.

Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarked

withaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletter

onAnswerSheet2.

ChildrenUnderstandFarMoreAboutOtherMindsThanLoagBelieved

[A]Untilafewdecadesago,scholarsbelievedthatyoungchildrenknowvery

little,ifanything,aboutwhatothersarcthinking.SwisspsychologistJeanPiaget,

whoiscreditedwithfoundingthescientificstudyofchildren,'sthinking,was

convincedthatpreschoolchildrencannotconsiderwhatgoesoninthemindsofothers.

Theinterviewsandexperimentsheconductedwithkidsinthemiddleofthe20th

centurysuggestedthattheyweretrappedintheirsubjectiveviewpoints,incapableof

imaginingwhatothersthink,feelorbelieve.

[B]Muchofthesubsequentresearchonearlychildhoodthinkingwashighly

influencedbyPiaget!sideas.Scholarssoughttorefinehistheoryandempirically

confirmhisviews.ButitbecameincreasinglyclearthatPiagetseemedtohave

gravelyunderestimatedtheintellectualpowersofveryyoungkidsbeforetheycan

makethemselvesunderstoodbyspeech.Researchersbegantodeviseevermore

ingeniouswaysoffiguringoutwhatgoesoninthemindsofbabies,andtheresulting

pictureoftheirabilitiesshowssubtlevariations.Consequently,theoldviewof

children'segocentric(自我中心的)natureandintellectualweaknesseshas

increasinglyfallenoutoffavorandbecomereplacedbyamoregenerouspositionthat

seesabuddingsensenotonlyofthephysicalworldbutalsoofotherminds,evenin

theyoungestyoung.M

[C]Historically,childrendidn'treceivemuchrespectfortheirmentalpowers-

Piagetnotonlybelievedthatchildrenwere“egocentric"inthesensethattheywere

unabletodificrcntiatcbetweentheirownviewpointandthatofothers:hewasalso

convincedthattheirthinkingwascharacterizedbysystematicerrorsandconfusions.

Whenplayingwithothers,theydon'tcooperatebecausetheydonotrealizethereare

differentrolesandperspectives.Hewasconvincedthatchildrenliterallycannotget

theiracttogether":insteadofplayingcooperativelyandtrulytoge:her,theyplayside

byside,withlittleregardfbrothers.Andwhenspeakingwithothers,ayoungchild

supposedlycannotconsiderthelistener'sviewpointbut1'talkstohimselfwithout

listeningtoothers."

[D]Piagetandhisfollowersmaintainedthatchildrengothroughsomethinglike

adarkageofintellectualdevelopmentbeforeslowlyandgraduallybecoming

enlightenedbyreasonandrationalityastheyreachschoolage.Alongsidethis

enlightenmentdevelopsanevergrowingunderstandingofotherpersons,including

theirattitudesandviewsoftheworld.

[E]Today,averydifferentpictureofchildren'smentaldevelopmentemerges.

Psychologistscontinuallyrevealnewinsightsintothedepthofyoungchildren's

knowledgeoftheworld,includingtheirunderstandingofotherminds.Recentstudies

suggestthateveninfantsaresensitivetoothers1perspectivesandbeliefs.

[F]PartofthemotivationtorevisesomeofPiaget'sconclusionsstemmedfrom

anideologicalshiftabouttheoriginofhumanknowledgethatoccurredinthesecond

halfofthe20thcentury.Itbecameincreasinglyunpopulartoassumethatabasic

understandingoftheworldcanbebuiltentirelyfromexperience.Thiswasinpart

promptedbytheoristNoamChomsky,whoarguedthatsomethingascomplexasthe

rulesofgrammarcannotbepickedupfromexposuretospeech,butissuppliedbyan

inbornlanguagefaculty."Othersfollowedsuitanddefinedfurthercoreareas"in

whichknowledgeallegedlycannotbepiecedtogetherfromexperiencebutmustbe

possessedatbirth.Onesuchareaisourknowledgeofothers'minds.Someevenargue

thatabasicknowledgeofothers'mindsisnotonlypossessedbyhumaninfants,but

mustbeevolutionariiyoldandhencesharedbyournearestlivingrelatives,thegreat

apes.

[G]Toprovethatinfantsknowmoreinthisrealmthanhadbeenacknowledged,

researchersneededtocomeupwithinnovativewaysofshowingit.Abigpartofwhy

wenowrecognizesomuchmoreofkids"intellectualcapacitiesisthedevelopmentof

muchmoresensitiveresearchtoolsthanPiagethadathisdisposal.

[H]Insteadofengagingbabiesindialogorhavingthemexecutecomplexmotor

tasks,thenewermethodscapitalizeonbehaviorsthathaveafirmplaceininfants'

naturalbehaviorrepertoire:looking,listening,sucking,makingfacialexpressions,

gesturesandsimplemanualactions.Theideaoffocusingonthese“smallbehaviors',

isthattheygivekidsthechancetodemonstratetheirknowledgeimplicitlyand

spontaneouslywithouthavingtorespondtoquestionsorinstructions.Forexample,

childrenmightlooklongerataneventthattheydidnotexpectiohappen,orthey

mightshowfacialexpressionsindicatingthattheyhavesympatheticconcernfbr

others.Whenresearchersmeasuretheselessdemanding,andofteninvoluntary,

behaviors,theycandetectasensitivitytoothers'mentalstatesatamuchyoungerage

thanwiththemoretaxingmethodsthatPiagetandhisfollowersdeployed.

[I]Inthe1980s,thesekindsofimplicitmeasuresbecamecustomaryin

developmentalpsychology.Butittookawhilelongerbeforethesetoolswere

employedtomeasurechildren'sgraspofthementallivesofothers.

[J]Inasetofexperiments,mycolleaguesattheUniversityofSouthern

CaliforniaandIfoundevidencethatbabiescanevenanticipatehowotherswillfeel

whentheirexpectationsaredisappointed.Weactedoutseveralpuppet(木偶)showsin

frontoftwo-year-oldchildren.Inthesepuppetshows,aprotagonist(CookieMonster)

lefthispreciousbelongings(cookies)onstageandlaterreturnedtofetchthem.What

theprotagonistdidnotknowwasthatanantagonisthadcomeandmessedwithhis

possessions.Thechildrenhadwitnessedtheseactsandattentivelywatchedthe

protagonistreturn.Werecordedchildren'sfacialandbodilyexpressions.Childrenbit

theirlips,wrinkledtheirnoseorwiggled(扭動)intheirchairwhentheprotagonist

cameback,asiftheyanticipatedthebewildermentanddisappointmenthewasabout

toexperience.Importantly,childrenshowednosuchreactionsandremainedcalm

whentheprulagonisthadseentheeventshiinsclfandthusknewwhaltuexpect.Our

studyrevealsthatbythetenderageoftwo,kidsnotonlytrackwhatothersbelieveor

expect;theycanevenforeseehowotherswillfeciwhentheydiscoverreality.

[K]Studieslikethisrevealthatthereismuchmoregoingoninsmallkids'and

eveninfants'mindsthanwaspreviouslybelieved.Withtheexplicitmeasuresusedby

Piagetandsuccessors,thesedeeperlayersofkids'understandingcannotbeaccessed.

Thenewinvestigativetoolsdemonstratethatkidsknowmorethantheycansay:when

wescratchbeneaththesurface,wefindanemergingunderstandingofrelationsand

perspectivesthatPiagetprobablydidnotdrcamof

[L]Despitetheseobviousadvancesinthestudyofyoungchildren'sthinking,it

wouldbeagravemistaketodismissthecarefulandsystematicanalysescompiledby

Piagetandothersbeforethenewtestsdominatedthescenebecausetheoriginal

methodsrevealedessentialfactsabouthowchildrenthinkthatthenewmethods

cannotuncover.

[M]There'snoconsensusintoday'ssciencecommunityabouthowmuchwecan

inferfromalook,afacialexpressionorahandgesture.Thesebehaviorsclearly

indicateacuriosityaboutwhatgoesoninthemindofothers,andprobablyasetof

earlyintuitionscoupledwithawillingnesstolearnmore.Theypavethewaytoricher

andmoreexplicitfomsnfunderstandingnfthemindsofothersRuttheycaninno

wayreplacethechild、growingabilitytoarticulateandrefineherunderstandingof

howpeoplebehaveandwhy.

36.Piagetbelievedthatsmallchildrencouldnotcollaboratewithotherswhile

playing.

37.Theauthorandhiscolleagues*studyshowstwo-ycar-oldmaybeableto

predictotherpeople'sfeelings.

38.Inthelatterhalfofthelastcentury,fewerandfewerpeoplebelievedthe

basisforourunderstandingoftheworldiswhollyempirical.

39.ResearchconductedbyJeanPiagetinthelastcenturysuggestedbabieswere

insensitivetoothers'*thinking.

40.Ourimprovedunderstandingofbabies,intellectualpowerisattributableto

betterresearchtools.

41.Ithasbeenfoundinrecentresearchthatevensmallbabiesaresensitiveto

otherpeople'spointsofview.

42.Scientistsarestilldebatingwhatinferencecanbedrawnfromcertain

physicalexpressionsofachild.

43.Thenewerresearchmethodsfocusoninfants'simplebehaviorsinsteadof

requiringthemtoanswerquestions.

44.Withtheprogressinpsychology,thetraditionalviewofchildren's

self-centerednatureandlimitedthinkingabilitieshasbecomelessandlessinfluential

45.Eventhoughmarkedadvanceshavebeenmade?itiswrongtodismiss

Piaget'sfundamentalcontributionstothestudyofkids'cognitiveabilities.

SectionC

Directions:thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysome

questionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemthereareJour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice

andmark：hecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline

throughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arcbasedonthefollowingpassage.

Peopleoftendiscussthedangersoftoomuchstress,butlatelyaverydifferent

viewofstressisgainingpopularity:thisviewofstress,heldbymembersofthe

positivestressmovement.arguesthatstressmightactuallybebeneficialThepositive

stressmovementismadeupofpeoplesuchasZacharyRappwhoarelookingforan

edgeinacompetitiveworld,andRapp'sroutineisagoodexampleoffollowersofthe

movement.Hewakesupmostmorningsatdawn,goesforarun,sipsblackcoffee

whilerippingthroughemails,andthenstepsintoafreezingcoldshower.Thisisa

routinedesignedtoreducethestressofrunningsimultaneouslythreedifferenthealth

andbiotechnologycompaniesfor18hoursaday.

AlthoughRapp'spracticesmaysoundextreme,heispartofagrowingmovement,

consistinglargelyoftechindustryworkerswhoclaimthatsuchradicaltacticswill

helpthemlivebetterandlonger.Inspiredbyinfluentialfiguresindifferentfields,

includingentertainers,athletes,entrepreneursandscientists,positivestress

practitionersseekoutsomecombinationofextremetemperatures,restrictivediets,

punishingexerciseroutinesandgeneraldiscomfort.

Rapparguesthatpositivestresskeepshimbalanced.Inadditiontorunningand

freezingshowers,Rappusesicebaths,hotyoga,andunconventionaleatingpractices

suchaseliminatingdairy,sugar,alcoholandvariousotherfoodshighin

carbohydrates.Hebelievesthatthesepractices?whichputstressonhisbody,actually

makehimfeellessstressfromwork.However,Rappdocsnotcreditanyonein

particularforhischoiceshesaidhestartedusingthesemethodsincollege7wherehe

gotintothehabitoftakingicebathstorecoverfromsports.Hegotbackintoitwhile

tryingtogethisthreecompaniesofftheground.

Rappworkslonghcursandsleepsonlyfivetosevenhoursanightbuthesaidhe

onlygetssickonceayear.Forhim,thedifferencebetweenday-to-daystress,likethe

kindwefeelwhenmovingapartments,andpositivestressisthatthelatterinvolves

pushingthebodytoextremesandforcingittobuildupatolerance.

OnethoughtleaderinthepositivestressworldisDutchextremeathleteWim

Hof,whoearnedthename"iceman"forhisabilitytowithstandseverecoldusing

deepbreathingexercises.Hofsideashavebecomepopularamongtechindustryelites

and,thankstoHof,coldshowersarenowatrend;indeed.someevencallitaformof

therapy.

Butitisimportanttonotethatnoteveryoneagreeswiththesepractitioners:

indeed,somemedicalprofessionalsarguethatpositivestressisnotforeveryone,and

thatitmightevenbedangerousforpeoplewhoareunhealthyorolder.

46.Whatdowelearnaboutfollowersofthepositivestressmovement?

A)Theyareusuallyquitesensitivetodiflerenttypesofstress.

B)Theyholdadifferentviewonstressfiomthepopularone.

C)Theyderivemuchpleasurefromlivingaveryhecticlife.

D)Theygainacompetitiveedgebyenjoyinggoodhealth.

47.Whatdofollowersofthepositivestressmovementusuallydotoputtheir

ideasintopractice?

A)Theykeepchangingtheirlivinghabits.

B)Theynetworkwithinfluentialfigures.

C)Theyseekjobsintechindustries.

D)Theyapplyextremetactics.

48.WhatdoesZacharyRappsayabouthisunconventionalpractices?

A)Theyhelphimcombatstressfromwork.

B)Theyenablehimtocutdownlivingexpenses.

C)Theyenablehimtorecoverfrominjuriesandillnesses,

D)Theyhelphimgetthreecompaniesenlistedallatonce.

49.VVhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutday-to-daystress?

A)Itisharmfultoone'sphysicalandmentalhealth.

B)Itdoesnotdifferinessencefrompositivestress.

C)Itissomethingeverybodyhastolivewith.

D)Itdoesnothelpbuildupone'stolerance.

5O.VVhatdosomemedicalprofessionalsthinkofpositivestress?

A)Itstrueeffectremainstobeverified.

B)ItssidecfTectshouldnotbeignored.

C)Itseffectvariesconsiderablyfrompersontoperson.

D)Itspractitionersshouldnottakeitasaformoftherapy.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Ishuntinggoodorbadfortheenvironment,Likesomanyhotbuttonissues,the

answertothisquestiondependsuponwhoyouask.Ontheonehand,somesay,

nothingcouldbemorsnaturalthanhunting,andindeedjustabouteveryanimal

species一includinghumans一hasbeencitherpredatororpreyatsomepointinits

evolution.And,ironicasitsounds,sincehumanshavewipedoutmanyanimal

predators.someseehuntingasanaturalwaytoreducetheherdsofpreyanimals(hat

nowreproducebeyondtheenvironment'scarryingcapacity.

Ontheotherhand,manyenvironmentalandanimaladvocatesseehuntingas

savage,arguingthatitismorallywrongtokillanimals,regardlessofpractical

considerations.AccordingtoGlennKirkoftheCalifbmia-bascdTheAnimals*Voice,

hunting"causesimmensesufferingtoindividualwildanimals..."andis'Mrrationally

cruelbecauseunlikenaturalpredation(捕食),hunterskillforpleasure...”Headds

that,despitehunters'claimsthathuntingkeepswildlifepopulationsinbalance,

hunters'licensefeesareusedtomanipulateafewgamespeciesintooverpopulationat

theexpenseofamuchlargernumberofnon-gamespecies,resultinginthelossof

biologicaldiversity,geneticintegrityandecologicalbalance.',

Beyondmoralissues,otherscontendthathuntingisnotpractical-Accordingto

theHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates,thevastmajorityofhuntedspecies—

suchaswaterfowl,rabbits.uplandbirdsandmourningdoves-----"provideminimal

nutritionanddonotrequirepopulationcontrol."

AuthorGaryE?Varnersuggestsinhisbook,InNature'sInterests.thatsome

typesofhuntingmaybemorallyjustifiablewhileothersmaynotbe.Hunting

“designedtosecuretheaggregatewelfareofthetargetspecies,theintegrityofits

ecosystem,orboth"—whatVarnerterms'therapeutichunting'—isdefensible,while

subsistenceandsporthunting—bothofwhichonlybenefithumanbeings-isnot.

Regardlessofone'sindividualstance,fewerAmericanshunttodaythaninrecent

history.DatagatheredbytheU.S.Fish&WildlifeServicein2006showthatonly

fivepercentofAmericans—some12.5millionindividuals-considerthemselves

hunterstoday,downfromninepercentin2001and15percentin1996.

Publicsupportforhunting,however,isontherise.A2007surveyby

ResponsiveManagementInc.foundthateightypercentofrespondentsagree