上課課件-《模具專業(yè)英語》(第三版)

模具專業(yè)英語

(第三版)

MoldProfessionalEnglishConstitutionMoldMaterials

UnitOneTheInjectionMoldDesign

PressProcessandDieDesignManufacturingTechnologyofMold

QuotationandContractforMold&Die

UnitTwoUnitThreeUnitFourUnitFive

UnitOneMoldMaterials

Lesson1PolymersLesson2MoldMaterialsLesson3SelectionoftheSteelLesson1PolymersThewordpolymerliterallymeans“manyparts”.Apolymericsolidmaterialmaybeconsideredtobeonethatcontainsmanychemicallybondedpartsorunitswhichthemselvesarebondedtogethertoformasolid.Twoindustriallyimportantpolymericmaterialsareplasticsandelastomers.聚合物的字面意思是“很多部分”。高分子固體物質(zhì)被認為是一種由很多化學分子和元素聚合成的固體物質(zhì)。兩種重要的工業(yè)高分子材料是塑料和橡膠。Plasticsarealargeandvariedgroupofsyntheticmaterialswhichareprocessedbyformingormoldingintoshape.Plasticscanbedividedintotwoclasses,thermoplasticsandthermosetting.塑料是一種應用廣泛、種類繁多的合成物，可以通過沖壓或注塑加工成型。塑料可分為兩類:熱塑性塑料和熱固性塑料。

Thebasicbuildingblockofaplasticisthepolymermolecule，alongchainofcovalentbondedatoms.Secondarybondsthenholdgroupsofpolymerchainstogethertoformthepolymericmaterial.塑料的基本構(gòu)成是聚合物分子，一條由共價鍵原子組成的長鏈。次級紐帶將聚合物群體連在一起形成高分子材料。Thetubingcomesinawiderangeofsizes，colors，andmaterials.Whenheated，itshrinkstoconformtothesizeandshapeoftheunderlyingmaterial，makinginstallationfastandeasy.熱收縮管分為多種尺寸、顏色和材料，當受熱時，它會自動收縮以順應基本材料的大小和形狀，使安裝方便快捷。Syntheticfabricsaremanmadecopiesofnaturalfabrics.Syntheticfibersdonotoccurinnatureasthemselvesbutareusuallyderivativesofpetroleumproducts.合成纖維織物是人工仿造天然織物的產(chǎn)物。合成纖維通常是石油產(chǎn)品的衍生物，本身性質(zhì)不會發(fā)生改變。

Inaliquidcrystalphase，thepolymermoleculeshaveacertaindegreeoforder.Inthesimplestcase，theNematicphase，themoleculesgenerallypointinthesamedirectionbutstillmovearoundwithrespecttooneanotheraswouldbeexpectedinaliquid.液晶狀態(tài)下聚合物分子有一定的排列順序。最簡單的情況下，在向列相，分子通常向同一方向移動，但也會像在液體中那樣相互周向運動。NewWords：polymeric/7pCli5merik/adj.聚合的elastomer/i5lAstEmE(r)/n.彈性體synthetic/sin5Wetic/n.合成物thermoplastics/7WE:mE5plAstiks/

n.熱塑性塑料molecule/5mClikju:l,5mEu-

/n.分子insulation/7insju5leiFEn

/n.絕緣品liquidcrystaldisplay液晶顯示屏Lesson2MoldMaterialsMoldscanbemadefromaverybroadspectrumofmaterials，However，becausemostprocessesrequirehighpressures，andoftencombinedwithhightemperatures，metalsstillrepresentbyfarthemostimportantmaterialgroup，withsteelbeingthepredominantmetal.模具使用材料多樣，然而，由于大部分加工過程要求高壓并經(jīng)常伴有高溫，到目前為止，金屬仍然是最重要的模具材料，其中鋼是主要的金屬材料。

Incontrasttothepreviouslyusedmethodsbasedontheuseofpatterns，theuseofCADandCIMoftenrepresentsthemoreeconomicalsolutiontoday.與以前制造模型的方法相比，CAD和CIM的應用代表了當今更為經(jīng)濟的制造方法。

althoughhighgradematerialsareoftenused，asarule，standardmaterialsareusedinmoldmaking.New，highperformancematerials，suchasceramics，forinstance，arealmostcompletelyabsent.盡管高級材料也常被使用，但是模具制造通常還是使用標準材料。例如，新型高性能的材料（如陶瓷）幾乎還沒被使用。

Removalofairfromthecavityofamoldisanecessarywithmanydifferentprocessingmethods，andithasbeenproposedmanytimesthatthiscanbeaccomplishedusingporousmetallicmaterials.在許多不同的成型方法中，都必須將型腔中的氣體排除，人們已經(jīng)多次嘗試使用多孔金屬材料來排氣。專門制造的排氣裝置位于熔融物料前鋒相遇的地方，即熔接痕處。

Ventingoftheedge-gatedcavityusedtoproduceacupshapedproductwithacomplexbottomwouldrequireagreatdealoftechnicalefforttoprovideguaranteedremovaloftheairfromthebottomregion.用側(cè)澆口成型帶有復雜底部形狀的杯狀制品時，如何保證將底部的氣體順利排出，其技術難度是非常大的。用多孔材料做型芯和型腔，不需要其他的排氣措施。Itisparticularlydifficulttoremovethenecessaryamountofheatinregionswithlong，narrowcores.

Inthiscase，itispossibletodistributecoldgasviathesystemofmicroporesinthecoreandinthiswayintensifythecooling，withthepossibleresultofachievingashortercycletime.從狹長的型芯中散去大量熱量是非常困難的。既然這樣，讓散布的冷空氣通過型芯微孔，從而加劇冷卻，以縮短生產(chǎn)周期。

NewWords：materialproperty材料性能prototypemold原型模具sinteredmaterial燒結(jié)材料porous/5pC:rEs/adj.多孔的能滲透的airpermeablematerial透氣性材料venting/5ventiN/n.通風，排氣edgegatedcavity側(cè)(邊緣)澆口式型腔

Lesson3SelectionoftheSteel

Steelhastheidealqualifications，becauseitspropertiescanbemodifiedbyalloyingelements，specialproductionprocesses，andheattreatment，anditcanbeadjustedtothealreadyadvantageouspropertiesofthesteels.鋼具有理想的性能，因為它的性能可以通過加入的合金元素、特定的生產(chǎn)工藝及熱處理進行改善，以成為鋼的有利性能。

Thedevelopmentofmoldsteelsthatcanbedividedintothefollowinggroups:nitridingsteels;casehardenedsteels;prehardenedsteels;fullyhardenedsteels;corrosionresistantsteels;maragingsteels;hardmaterialalloys.

模具鋼可分為以下幾種:氮化鋼;表面硬化鋼;預硬鋼;完全硬化鋼;耐腐蝕鋼;馬氏體鋼;超硬材料合金。Nitridingsteelsarepreferredforextruders.Veryhighsurfacehardnessvaluesofatleast950HVareattainedwiththealuminumalloyedsteels34CrAlMo5and34CrAlNi7.氮化鋼是擠出模的首選材料。鋁合金鋼34CrAlMo5和34CrAlNi7氮化后表面硬度值可達到至少950HV。Afterthenecessaryheattreatment，casehardenedsteelsstillhaveatoughcoresaswellasawearresistantsurface.Thehighsurfacehardnessaswellasmoderndeoxidationmethodsofferthebestconditionsforpolishing.經(jīng)過必要的熱處理，表面淬硬鋼心部較韌且表面耐磨性較好。高的表面硬度就如現(xiàn)代真空條件下拋光所得到的表面硬度。

Prehardenedmoldsteelswereoriginallyusedonlyforlargemoldsbuthavenowgainedacceptanceinplasticsprocessingformoldsofallsizes.Prehardenedsteelsforplasticmoldscanbedividedintotwogroups:（1）Prehardenedsteelswithlowsulfurcontent;（2）Prehardenedsteelswithincreasedsulfurcontent.預硬化模具鋼最初只用于大型模具，但現(xiàn)在也用于塑料加工中各種規(guī)格的模具。預硬化塑料模具鋼可分為兩種:（1）硫含量低的預硬化鋼;（2）增加了硫含量的預硬化鋼。

Theadvantagesofusingfullyhardenedtoolsteelsratherthancasehardenedsteelsformoldsareprimarilythesimplerheattreatmentandthepossibilityofmakingcorrectionstothecavityatalatertimewithoutanewheattreatment.在制造模具的過程中，使用完全硬化鋼而不是淬火鋼的主要優(yōu)勢在于簡單的熱處理以及較短的時間加工型腔而在稍后的時間不必進行新的熱處理。Corrosionresistantsteelsaresuppliedineitheraprehardenedconditions，withatensilestrengthof1000N/mm2，orasoft，annealedconditionandarethenheattreatedtoattainadequatestrength.Commoncorrosionresistantsteelsareusuallysortedasfollows:Prehardenedsteels;Annealedsteels.耐蝕鋼用于預硬化狀態(tài)下，其抗拉強度達到1000N/mm2;或在軟的退火狀態(tài)下，然后進行熱處理，以獲得足夠的強度。普通的耐蝕鋼通常分類如下:（1）預硬化鋼;（2）退火鋼。

Maragingsteelsaresuitablefortoolswithparticularlycomplicatedcavities.Thisspecialsteelissuppliedinthesolutionannealedconditionandhasatensilestrengthof1000N/mm2.馬氏體鋼適合制造具有特別復雜型腔的零件。這種特殊鋼主要用于解決退火問題，并具有1000N/mm2的拉伸強度。

Steelswithevenhigheramountsofcarbidescannotbeproducedbymetallurgicalmelting.Insuchcases，hardmetalalloys，producedbypowdermetallurgy，areavailableasamoldmaterial.鋼若含有較多的碳化物則不能冶金熔化。在這種情況下，用粉末冶金生產(chǎn)的硬質(zhì)金屬合金可作為模具材料。

NewWords：toughness/5tQfnis/n.韌性，韌度machinability/mEFi:nE5biliti/

n.機加工性quenched/kwentFd/adj.淬火的heattreatment熱處理wearresistance耐磨性corrosionresistance耐蝕性nitridingsteel氮化鋼UnitTwoTheInjection

MoldDesignLesson4TheInjectionMoldingandMachineLesson5Three-plateInjectionMold

Lesson6FeedSystemLesson7MoldCavitiesandCoresLesson8EjectionSystemLesson9SplitsLesson10MoldCoolingLesson11RunnerlessMoldsNozzleTypesLesson4TheInjection

MoldingandMachine

Injectionmolding（BritishEnglish:moulding）isamanufacturingprocessforproducingpartsfromboththermoplasticandthermosettingplasticmaterials.Materialisfedintoaheatedbarrel，mixed，andforcedintoamoldcavitywhereitcoolsandhardenstotheconfigurationofthemoldcavity.注塑成型是將熱塑性和熱固性塑料加工成零件的制造過程。材料被放入加熱筒中，混合后壓入模腔，冷卻硬化成模腔的形狀。

Injectionmoldingmachinesconsistofamaterialhopper，aninjectionramorscrewtypeplunger，andaheatingunit.Theyarealsoknownaspresses.Theyholdthemoldsinwhichthecomponentsareshaped.模具注塑機由一個料斗、注射活塞或螺旋式活塞以及一個加熱裝置構(gòu)成。它們也被稱為壓力機，內(nèi)含零部件形成的模具。

Moldsaretypicallyconstructedfromhardenedsteel，prehardenedsteel，aluminium，and/orberylliumcopperalloy.Prehardenedsteelmoldsarelesswearresistantandareusedforlowervolumerequirementsorlargercomponents.模具通常由淬火鋼、預硬鋼、鋁或鈹-銅合金制成。預硬鋼模具不耐磨，適用于小批量生產(chǎn)或制造較大的零件。Hardenedsteelmoldsareheattreatedaftermachining.Thesearebyfarthesuperiorintermsofwearresistanceandlifespan.Berylliumcopperisusedinareasofthemoldwhichrequirefastheatremovalorareasthatseethemostshearheatgenerated.淬硬鋼模具加工后要進行熱處理。這類模具在耐磨性和使用壽命方面具有較強的優(yōu)勢。鈹-銅合金適用于制造需快速去熱或消除產(chǎn)生的熱能的模具。Plasticresinentersthemoldthroughasprueintheinjectionmold，thespruebushistosealtightlyagainstthenozzleoftheinjectionbarrelofthemoldingmachineandtoallowmoltenplastictoflowfromthebarrelintothemold，alsoknownascavity.塑料樹脂通過注塑模具的澆道進入模具，澆口套密封緊接在注塑機注射料筒的噴嘴處，讓熔化的塑料從料筒流到模具，也就是型腔。

Trappedairinthemoldcanescapethroughairventsthataregrindedintothepartinglineofthemold.Ifthetrappedairisnotallowedtoescape，itiscompressedbythepressureoftheincomingmaterialandissqueezedintothecornersofthecavity，whereitpreventsfillingandcausesotherdefectsaswell.模具里積存的空氣可以通過模具分型線的通風口排出。如果積存的空氣不能排出，進料的壓力會把它們擠壓到型腔的角落，這會妨礙填充并導致其他問題。NewWords：injectionmold注塑模具moldcavity模具型腔injectionram注射活塞clampingforce鎖模力beryllium-copperalloy鈹-銅合金ElectricalDischargeMachiningprocess電火花加工spruebush澆口套runner/5rQnE(r)/n.流道trapped/trApt/adj.堵塞的

Lesson5Three-plateInjectionMold

Three-plateinjectionmoldsareinjectionmoldspossessingtwopartinglines，havingbeendesignedasdegatingmolds.Thismeansthatthesprueisseparatedfromthepartsinthemold.三板式注射模具是具有兩個分型面的注射模具，這種模具帶有澆口，也就是直澆道在模具中和塑件相分離。

Attheconclusionofinjectionthemoldopensatthefirstpartingline，whichcontainsthesprueandrunnerandseparatedthepinpointgatefromthepart.Onlywhenthesecondpartinglineopened，thepartwouldbereleased.在注射結(jié)束后，模具沿第一層分型面開模，其中包含了注入口、澆道和塑件中分流的針孔型澆口。僅當沿第二層分型面開模時，塑件才脫離型芯。

NewWords：three-plateinjectionmold三板式注射模具spruen.注入口，直澆道pinpointn.針孔型澆口stopn.止動銷，制動銷，限位器retentionsystem滯留系統(tǒng)ejectorplate頂料板protrudingrod凸出桿，伸出桿star-shapedrunner星形流道sprueseparatingarea澆道分離面sprue-strippingplate注料口分模板strippingn.脫模，拆模

Lesson6FeedSystemNormallythefeedsystemcomprisesasprue，runnerandgate.Thesetermsapplyequallytotheflowwayitself，andtothemoldedmaterialwhichisremovedfromtheflowwayitselfintheprocessofextractingthemolding.澆注系統(tǒng)由主流道、分流道和澆口組成。這些術語應用在相應的進料通道本身，以及取出塑件時從進料通道中一同取出的澆注系統(tǒng)凝料。

Asthetemperatureofmoltenplasticisloweredwhilegoingthroughthesprueandrunner，theviscositywillrise;therefore，theviscosityisloweredbyshearheatgeneratedwhengoingthroughthegatetofillthecavity.熔融塑料通過主流道和分流道時溫度降低而使熔體黏度升高，然而當熔體通過澆口填充型腔時，由于剪切作用產(chǎn)生的熱量又使黏度降低。Asprueisachannelthroughwhichtotransfermoltenplasticinjectedfromthenozzleoftheinjectorintothemold.Arunnerisachannelthatguidesmoltenplasticintothecavityofamold.Agateisanentrancethroughwhichmoltenplasticentersthecavity.主流道是將熔融塑料從注塑機噴嘴傳遞到模具型腔的通道。分流道是引導熔融塑料進入模具型腔的通道。澆口是熔融塑料進入型腔的入口。Thepurposeofthecoldslugwell，shownoppositethesprue，istheoreticallytoreceivethematerialthathaschilledatthefrontofthenozzleduringthecoolingandejectionphase.冷料井正對著主流道。理論上，冷料井的作用是用來儲存在塑件冷卻和推出過程中注塑機噴嘴處形成的熔體前鋒冷料。NewWords：flowway進料通道nozzle/5nCzl/n.噴嘴branchrunner分流道injector/in5dVektE/n.注射器solidify/sE5lidifai/vt.(使)凝固，(使)固化backflow/bAkflEu/n.逆流，流向來源coldslugwell冷料井chilled/tFild/adj.已冷的，冷硬了的

Lesson7MoldCavities

andCoresWethenproceededtoindicatealternativewaysbywhichthecavityandcorecouldbeincorporatedintothemoldandwefoundthatthesealternativesfellundertwomainheadings，namelytheintegermethodandtheinsertmethod.Anothermethodbywhichthecavitycanbeincorporatedisbymeansofsplitinsertsorsplits.接下來我們簡要說明選擇哪種方式把型腔和型芯安裝在模具中。這些方式可以歸納為兩大類，即整體式和鑲拼式。另一種組成型腔的方式是加入拼塊或滑塊。Whenthecavityorcoreismachinedfromalargeplateorblockofsteel，oriscastinonepiece，andusedwithoutbolsteringasoneofthemoldplates，itistermedanintegercavityplateorintegercoreplate.當型腔或型芯由一塊大的鋼板或鋼塊加工而成，或者鑄成一體，不需使用支承件而形成一塊模板時，就構(gòu)成整體式型腔板或型芯板。

Ofthemanymanufacturingprocessesavailableforpreparingmoldsonlytwoarenormallyusedinthiscase.Theseareadirectmachiningoperationonaroughsteelforgingorblankusingtheconventionalmachinetools，ortheprecisioninvestmentcastingtechniqueinwhichamasterpatternismadeofthecavityandcore.在模具制造的眾多方法中，用于加工整體式型腔板或型芯板的方法主要有兩種:使用傳統(tǒng)機床對粗鍛鋼材坯料直接加工，或利用精確的熔模鑄造技術將坯料加工成型腔和型芯。Themethodconsistsinmachiningtheimpressionoutofsmallblocksofsteel.Thesesmallblocksofsteelareknown，aftermachining，asinserts，andtheonewhichformsthemalepartistermedthecoreinsertand，conversely，theonewhichformsthefemalepartthecavityinsert.鑲拼式型腔由小鋼塊加工而成。加工后的小鋼塊作為鑲件，形成型芯部分的稱為型芯嵌件，相反地，形成型腔部分的稱為型腔嵌件。

Forsingleimpressionmoldstheintegerdesignistobepreferredirrespectiveofwhetherthecomponentformisasimpleoracomplexone.Theresultingmoldwillbestronger，smaller，lesscostly，andgenerallyincorporatealesselaboratecoolingsystemthantheinsertbolsterdesign.對于單型腔模具，無論是簡單還是復雜，整體式型腔是首選方式。若選擇整體式，則模具的強度高、體積小、成本低，而冷卻系統(tǒng)的設計卻比鑲拼式簡單、方便。Inthemajorityofcasestheinsertbolstermethodofconstructionisused，theeaseofmanufacture，moldalignment，andresultinglowermoldcostsbeingtheoverridingfactorsaffectingthechoice.Forcomponentsofverysimpleformitisoftenadvantageoustouseonedesignforoneofthemoldplatesandthealternativedesignfortheother.大多數(shù)多型腔模具采用鑲拼式結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)加工簡單、裝配容易、模具成本低，這些是影響選擇哪種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的最重要因素。一種非常簡單且具有很多優(yōu)點的設計形式是采用一種形式設計模板，而采用另一種形式設計模具的其他部分。NewWords：integer/5intidVE/n.完整物，統(tǒng)一體，整數(shù)insert/in5sE:t/n.嵌件，鑲件，嵌入split/split/n.拼塊bolster/5bEulstE/n.墊板，上下模板alignment/E5lainmEnt/n.校直masterpattern原始模型，母型，主模investmentcasting熔模鑄造fasten/5fB:sn/vt.拴緊，使固定，系，強加于

Lesson8EjectionSystemAmoldingisformedinmoldbyinjectingaplasticmelt，underpressure，intoanimpressionviaafeedsystem.Itmustthereforeberemovedmanually.Furthermore，allthermoplasticmaterialscontractastheysolidify，whichmeansthatthemoldingwillshrinkontothecorewhichformsit.塑料熔體在壓力作用下經(jīng)過澆注系統(tǒng)進入模具型腔形成塑件，因此塑件成型后必須手動取出。而且所有熱塑性熔體凝固時都會收縮，這意味著塑件將包緊在型芯上。

Facilitiesareprovidedontheinjectionmachineforautomaticactuationofanejectorsystem，andthisissituatedbehindthemovingplaten.Becauseofthis，themold'sejectorsystemwillbemosteffectivelyoperatedifplacedinthemovinghalfofthemold，i.e.thehalfattachedtothemovingplaten.注塑機為推出系統(tǒng)提供了自動推出力，其推出動力裝置安裝在注塑機移動板的后面。因此，模具的推出系統(tǒng)安裝在動模部分將獲得最大效率，例如，這部分可以安裝在移動模板上。

Theejectorgridisthatpartofthemoldwhichsupportsthemoldplateandprovidesaspaceintowhichtheejectorplateassemblycanbefittedandoperated.Thegridnormallyconsistsofabackplateontowhichismountedanumberofconvenientlyshapedsupportblocks.推出支架是模具的一部分，用來支承模板，為推板的裝配和運動提供空間。推出支架通常由動模座板和幾塊支承塊組成，支承塊安裝在動模座板上，且便于加工成型。Theejectorplateassemblyisthatpartofthemoldtowhichtheejectorelementisattached.Theassemblyiscontainedinapocket，formedbytheejectorgrid,directlybehindthemoldplate.Theassemblyconsistsofanejectorplate，aretainingplateandanejectorrod.推板裝配機構(gòu)也是模具的一部分，用來安裝推出零件。推板裝配機構(gòu)安裝在推板支承架內(nèi)，直接裝在模板后面。裝配機構(gòu)由推板、推桿固定板和注塑機推桿組成。

Whenamoldingcools，itcontractsbyanamountdependingonthematerialbeingprocessed.Foramoldingwhichhasnointernalform.Thebasicejectiontechniquesareasfollows:pinejection，sleeveejection,stripperplateejectionandairejection.塑件冷卻后，其收縮狀態(tài)取決于塑料熔體的成型過程。基本的推出方式有推桿脫模推管脫模、推件板脫模和氣動脫模。

NewWords：impression/im5preFEn/n.印記，壓痕shrink/FriNk/vt.&vi.收縮;退縮actuation/AktjueiFEn/n.刺激，沖動ejectorgrid推出支架retainingplate固定板ejectorrod頂出桿pinejection推桿脫模stripperplateejection推件板脫模Lesson9SplitsSlidingSplits

滑塊

Inthisdesign，thesplitsaremountedinguidesonaflatmoldplateandtheyareactuatedinoneplanebymechanicalorhydraulicmeans.Thesplitsarepositivelylockedintheirclosedpositionbyheelswhichprojectfromtheothermoldhalf.在這種設計中，滑塊安放在有導向作用的模板上，并且能在機械力或液壓力作用下沿平面運動?；瑝K由模具另一塊模板上的鍥緊塊牢固地鎖緊在適當?shù)奈恢?。Angled-liftSplits斜滑塊

Inthisdesign，thesplitsaremountedinachasebolsterwhichformsthepartofthemovinghalfofthemold.Thesplitsarecausedtomoveoutwithanangularmotion，theoutwardcomponentofwhichrelievestheundercutportionofthemolding.在這種設計中，滑塊安裝在動模套板中，動模套板構(gòu)成了模具的運動部分。滑塊沿傾斜方向向外移動，使塑件側(cè)凹凸部位完成抽芯運動。

Thealignmentofthesplits，whenclosed，isaccomplishedbybeingseatedinthechasebolster.Themainrequirementoftheguidingsystemisthatthesplitmustberestrainedtomovesmoothlyintherequiredplane.合模后，滑塊機構(gòu)被動模套板固定在適當位置上。導向系統(tǒng)需滿足的條件是滑塊必須被限制在模板上，且沿指定方向移動。NewWords：undercut/5QndEkQt/n.側(cè)向分型angledliftsplits斜滑塊fingercam斜導柱camtrack斜槽滑塊ejectorsystem脫模系統(tǒng)chasebolster動模套板splits/splits/n.滑塊angledguidedowel斜導銷Coolingconditionsaffectcycletime，partdimensions，surfacefinish，andwarpage.Criticaldimensions，surfacefinish，andpartwarpageareallaffectedbycoolingconditions.冷卻條件影響循環(huán)時間、零件尺寸、表面光潔度和翹曲。冷卻條件會影響到模具的關鍵尺寸、表面光潔度和零件翹曲。

Lesson10MoldCoolingTurbulentflowbeginswhenthevelocityoffluidinachannelincreasestoacriticallevel.Abovethiscriticalvelocity，vigorousinternalmixingofthefluidoccursasitflows.Thisimprovesheattransferbymixingwarmerfluidnearthewallofthecoolingpassagewiththerelativelycoolerinteriorfluid.當液體在通道內(nèi)的速度達到一個臨界點時，便形成了湍流。超過臨界速度，通道內(nèi)的液體流動時便會產(chǎn)生劇烈的混合。通過將溫度較低的液體與冷卻管壁周圍溫熱的液體混合，加快熱傳導速度。Theprecisevelocityforturbulentflowdependsonseveralvariables，includingthecoolingpassagegeometry，fluidviscosity，androughnessofthepipewalls.湍流的精確速度取決于幾個變量，包括冷卻通道的幾何形狀、液體黏度以及管壁粗糙度。Goodcoolingperformancerequireswell-placedpassagesinthemoldaswellasgreaterflowratestocarryawaytheheat.Anditistruethatthefastertheflowrate，themoretotalheatyouremove，eventhoughthechangeinthetemperatureofthewaterflowingthroughthemoldisveryslight.良好的冷卻性能不僅需要合理地放置管道，還需要更大的流速以帶走熱量。流速越快，水流帶走的熱量越多，即使流過模具的水溫變化并不大。NewWords：cycletime周期surfacefinish表面光潔度warpage翹曲，扭曲hydraulics水力學hose軟管turbulentflow湍流velocity速度

Lesson11RunnerlessMoldsNozzleTypes

Thepurposeofthenozzleistoprovideaflowpathfortheplasticmeltedfromthemachine'scylindertothemold.Inthesimplestdesignthenozzlebuttsontothespruebushofthemold.噴嘴的作用是為塑料熔體從注塑機螺桿處進入模具提供通道。在簡單的設計中，噴嘴安裝在模具的澆口套上。

Thehotrunnerunitismountedadjacenttothecavityplateandaccommodatedinasuitablydesigngrid.Thepolymermaterialentersviaacentrallypositionedspruebush，passesthroughtheflowwayandleavestheunitviaasecondarynozzleinlinewiththeimpression.Whenthemoldisopenedthemoldingispulledfromthecavity，andthesprueisbrokenatthesmalldiameterend.Theremainderofthefeedsystemremainsheatedwithintheunit，readyforthenextshot.熱流道系統(tǒng)安裝在型腔板附近，由適當?shù)哪＞咧Ъ苤С小＞酆喜牧贤ㄟ^澆口套的中心位置進入流道，然后經(jīng)過二級噴嘴離開熱流道系統(tǒng)進入型腔。開模時，塑件從型腔中脫出，主流道在直徑較小的末端斷裂。澆注系統(tǒng)余料在熱流道系統(tǒng)內(nèi)保持加熱（熔融）狀態(tài)，準備下一次注塑（循環(huán)）。

Aninsulatedrunnermoldisoneinwhichthemeltflowsthroughalargediameterrunnermachinedinthebuttingsurfacesofthecavityplateandthefeedplateofathreepartmold.Thetwoplatesareattachedtogetherbyquickreleaseswinglatchesduringthenormalmoldingoperation.絕熱流道模具屬于三板模，注塑時熔體通過大直徑分流道進入型腔，分流道加工在型腔板和進料板相接觸的表面。注塑成型時，兩塊模板被快速鎖緊裝置連在一起。Polymermeltflowsfromastandardorextendednozzleintoalargediameterrunner，andfinallyintotheimpressionviathereversetaperedsprueandgate.Themoldisoperatedasasimpletwopartmoldinthattherunnersystemisnotremovedduringthenormalcycleofoperations.Asthemoldopens，themoldingisextractedfromthecavityandthegateisbrokenatitsjunctionwiththereversetaperedsprue.熔融聚合體從標準或延伸式噴嘴進入大直徑分流道，最后通過倒錐形的主流道和澆口進入型腔。注塑時，絕熱流道模具作為簡單的兩板模操作，因為在正常的生產(chǎn)循環(huán)過程中澆注系統(tǒng)是不能分開的。開模時，塑件從型腔中脫出，澆口在倒錐形主流道的連接處斷開。Thereisalwaysthepossibility，therefore，thatthemeltwillfreezeatthegateandtherebyinterruptproduction.Toachievebettercontroloftemperatureintheoutletregion，aninsulatedrunnermoldwithheaterprobeshasbeendeveloped.

由此可知，即使在分流道內(nèi)聚合體外層固化殼提供了極好的絕熱條件，出口處熔體的溫度也比剛離開噴嘴熔體的溫度低很多。因此，總有熔體在澆口處凝結(jié)而中斷生產(chǎn)的可能。為更好地控制出口區(qū)域熔體的溫度，帶有加熱棒的絕熱流道模具得到發(fā)展。NewWords：runnerlessmold無流道模具nozzle/5nCzl/n.噴嘴具butt/bQt/vt.抵撞，碰撞seating/5si:tiN/vt.(使)就座，座套flatend平直端bore/bC:/

n.槍膛，孔extendednozzle延伸式噴嘴manifold/5mAnifEuld/n.流道板，流道polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合體UnitThreePressProcess

andDieDesignLesson12BlankingLesson13Extrusion

Lesson14ForgingDie

Lesson12Blanking

Cuttingisashearingprocessthatonepartoftheblankiscutfromtheother.Itmainlyincludesblanking，punching，trimming，partingandshaving，wherepunchingandblankingaremostwidelyused.Blankingandpunchingaretheprocessestoseparatesheetmetalalongaclosingoutline.沖裁是指使板料產(chǎn)生分離的剪切工藝過程。主要包括落料，沖孔，切邊，切斷，切口等，其中落料和沖孔應用最多。落料和沖孔是沿著封閉輪廓將板料分離的工藝過程。Punchingistopunchaneededholeinablankorworkpiece，andthematerialpunchedfromtheblankisthewaste，thatis，thepartoutoftheclosingoutlineistheworkpiece，andthepartintheclosingoutlineisthewaste.Oppositely，blankingistopunchaworkpieceorblankwithneededshapeintheplate，thatis，thepartintheclosingoutlineistheworkpiece.Thepartoutoftheclosingoutlineisthewaste.沖孔是在毛坯或工件上沖出所需形狀的孔，沖去的部分為廢料，即封閉的外輪廓部分為工件，內(nèi)輪廓為廢料。相反地，落料指從板料上沖下所需形狀的工件或毛坯，即封閉的內(nèi)輪廓為工件，而封閉的外輪廓則為廢料。

1.BlankingDeformationProcessAblankingprocessinvolvesplacingtheblankonthedie，movingthepunchdownwardtodeformandseparatetheblankwiththeedgesofthepunchanddie.AclearanceZisexistedbetweenthepunchanddie.Theforcesofthepunchanddieapplyingontheblankaremainlyconcentratingontheedgesofthepunchanddie.1.沖裁變形過程沖裁指將板料放置在凹模上，在壓力機的作用下，凸模逐漸下降，直至使材料發(fā)生變形并產(chǎn)生分離。凸、凹模之間存在間隙Z。凸、凹模施加在材料上的作用力主要集中在模口周圍的材料上。Undertheactionsofthepunchanddiewithsharpcuttingedgesandanappropriateclearance，deformationprocessundergoesthreestages，namely，elasticdeformation，plasticdeformationandfractureseparatingstages.在凸、凹模鋒利刃口作用下以及間隙合適時，板料的變形過程經(jīng)歷了三個階段，即彈性變形、塑性變形和斷裂分離階段。

2.BlankingWorkpieceQualityThequalityoftheblankingworkpiecemainlyreferstothequalitiesofthecuttingcross-sectionandworkpiecesurface，shapetoleranceanddimensionalaccuracy.Thecuttingcross-sectioncanbedividedintofourregions:thesmoothshearedzone，fracturezone，rolloverzoneandburrzone.2.沖裁件的質(zhì)量沖裁件的質(zhì)量主要是指斷面質(zhì)量、工件表面質(zhì)量、形狀公差以及尺寸精度。沖裁件的斷面有四個特征區(qū):光亮帶、斷裂帶、塌角帶和毛刺。NewWords：punchingn.［計］穿孔;拳打trimmingn.整理;修飾elasticdeformation［力］彈性變形compressionn.壓縮，濃縮perpendicularto...垂直于……rollovern.翻轉(zhuǎn)slidingdeformation滑移變形indentationn.壓痕，［物］刻痕;凹陷dimensionalaccuracy尺寸精度burrn.毛邊，毛頭，毛刺Lesson13ExtrusionExtrusionistheprocessinwhichmaterialisforcedbycompressiontoflowthroughasuitablyshapedapertureinadie，usuallytogiveaproductofasmallerbutuniformcrosssectionalarea.擠壓是指在壓力作用下將金屬坯料從凹模上相應形狀的孔中擠出，(使金屬產(chǎn)生塑性變形)而獲得制品的工藝過程。擠壓件的尺寸較小，具有相同的橫截面。