本科課件-新編外貿(mào)英語教程

ChapterOne新編外貿(mào)英語教程InternationalTradeContentsTeachingObjectivesTextAnalysisChapterOneTechnicalTermsExercises新編外貿(mào)英語教程

TeachingObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapter,youwillUnderstandwhatinternationaltradeisKnowthereasonsforengagingininternationaltradeLearnthemajorcategoriesofinternationaltradeDistinguishthedifferencesbetweendomesticandinternationaltradeRecognizethebenefitsofinternationaltradeIntroductiontotheChapterFocusofthechapterLearnseveralaspectsofinternationaltrade,includingtheitsdefinition,thereasonsforengaginginit,itsmajorcategories,thedifferencesbetweendomesticandinternationaltradeandthebenefitsitbrings.

TeachingmethodsTheoreticalillustration&practicalapplication

IntroductiontotheChapterThischapterwillfocusonthediscussionofthebasicknowledgeofinternationaltrade.Afterthedefinitionofinternationaltradeinthefirstpart,thesecondpartdealswithwhypeopleindifferentcountriesmustdobusinesswithothercountries.Followingthedifferencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomesticbusinessinthethirdpart,thefourthparttellsusthedifferentformsofinternationaltrade.Thelastpartdealswiththebenefitsofinternationaltrade.

TextAnalysis1.1InternationalTrade1.2DefinitionofInternationalTrade1.3ReasonsforInternationalTrade1.4TheDifferencesbetweenITandDT1.5FormsofInternationalTrade1.6BenefitsofInternationalTrade1.1InternationalTrade

InternationaltradecanbedatedbackasfarastotheMiddleAges.Theprogressofcommunicationandtransportationtechnologyhasmademarketsmoreaccessibleandtheworldofbusinessmoregloballyinterdependentinthepastdecades.Thetrendtowardaglobaleconomybringspeopleandproductstogetherfromallaroundtheworld.

Forexample,U.S.internationaltradehasmorethandoubledeverydecadesince1960,anditnowexceeds$2.9trillionannually,ormorethanfiftytimeswhatitwasjustfortyyearsago.U.S.tradeasapercentageofgrossworldproductsrosefrom15percentin1986tonearly27percentin2006.In2007,theU.S.tradewithChina,theUnitedStates’secondleadingtradepartner,accountedfornearly$500billion.1.1InternationalTrade1.2DefinitionofInternationalTrade

Internationaltradeistheworldwideexchangeofgoodsandservicesamongnations.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangesofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.Internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexporttradeandincludesthepurchaseandsalesofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.1.3ReasonsforInternationalTrade1.3.1ResourceReasons

Nonationcanbeisolatedfromtheotherpartoftheworld,andcanbecompletelyself-sufficient.Theyareinterdependent.Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesaroundtheworldissomewhathaphazard:somenationspossessnaturalresourcesinexcessoftheirowndemandswhileothernationshavenone.

Theconditionissimilarforotherkindofresources.Thedevelopedcountriesarefullofskilledlabor,capitalandhightechnologyresources,whilethedevelopingworldmaylackthemandneedstoimporttheseresourcesortechnologyfromothercountries.1.3.1ResourceReasons1.3.1ResourceReasonsInshort,theunevendistributionofresources,includingnatural,humanandtechnologicalresourcesintheworld,isoneofthemajorreasonswhynationstradewitheachanother.

1.3.2EconomicReasons

Therearoseanotherincentivefornationstotradewiththeotherswiththedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,i.e.economicbenefits.Itisfoundthatitmakeseconomicsenseforanationtospecializeincertainactivitiesandproducethosegoodsbecauseithasthemostadvantages,andtoexchangethosegoodsfortheproductsofothernationswhichhaveadvantagesindifferentfields.Butaboveall,docountriesgainorlosefromtradingwithothernations?1.3.2EconomicReasonsThekeytosuchquestionslargelyliesinthetheoryofdevelopedbyDavidRicardo.AccordingtoRicardo,internationaltradeismutuallybeneficial,evenwhenonenationismoreefficientintheproductionofallgoods,aslongastherearedifferencesintherelativecostsofproducingthevariousgoodsinthetwopotentialnations.比較利益，相對利益comparativeadvantageabsoluteadvantagecomparativeadvantage人均年產(chǎn)量甲國乙國計(jì)算機(jī)5010汽車4020甲國乙國計(jì)算機(jī)5010汽車20401.3.2EconomicReasons1.3.2EconomicReasons

China,forexample,hasenjoyedalonghistoryoftextileproduction.Hence,itcanproducelargequantitiesoftextileproductsatmuchlowercostthansomeothercountries.Inotherwords,ithasthecomparativeadvantageintheproductionoftextileproductsandthuswillbenefititseconomy.

Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions,independentoftheendowmentofthenature.

1.3.2EconomicReasons

Inaword,transactionsareconductedmainlyforeconomicbenefit.Whenthedomesticmarketisunabletohelpthetradersgeneratemoreprofitorwhentheyarenotsatisfiedwiththebenefitfromthedomesticmarket,theytendtoopenupnewmarketsinothernations.1.3.2EconomicReasons1.3.3OtherReasonsTherearemanyotherfactorswhichcanpromotetradebetweennations,andpoliticalobjectiveisone.Politicalobjectivesareotherfactorsinpromotingtradebetweennations.Onenationmighttradewithanothertosupportagovernmentwhichupholdsthesamepoliticaldoctrine.Oritmightdosoforthepurposeinpoliticalaffairs.

Thisislargelybecauseofthedifferencesintastes,preferencesorconsumptionpatternstobesatisfied.Thisappliesmainlytoconsumergoods,clothingandfoodstuffs.Itmanifestsitselfthroughculture,anditisstimulatedbytravelandeducation.1.3.3OtherReasons

Inaword,thedevelopmentoftradebetweennationsisattributedtotheimbalancebetweennationsintermsofnaturalresources,technologyresources,humanresources,costofproduction,politicalstrength,tastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns,etc.1.3.3OtherReasons1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeThemaincharacteristicthatmakesinternationaltradedifferentfromdomestictradeisthat

internationaltradeinvolvesactivitiesthattakeplaceacrossnationalborders.Thuswhenthebusinessisexecutedbeyondnationalfrontiers,itisinvariablysubjecttothepolitical,social,economicandenvironmentalpoliciesofnations.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Inparticular:Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormorepartieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeignlaw.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeDifferentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartiesconcernedwillhavetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregardsconventionetc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.

1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTradeCulturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengagedininternationaltrade.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Itmighthavehigherrisklevelsinforeignmarketthanindomesticmarket.Therisksincludepoliticalrisks,commercialrisks,financialrisksandtransportationrisks.Tobeagoodbusinessperson,oneneedstobesensitivetovariousrisksininternationaltradeandlearnwaystominimizethenegativeimpactsonhisbusiness.1.4TheDifferencesBetweenInternationalTradeandDomesticTrade

Comparedtodomesticbusiness,itismoredifficultfordealersininternationaltradetogetthenecessaryinformationofaparticularfirminaforeigncountry.Controlandcommunicationsystemsarenormallymorecomplexforforeignthanfordomesticoperations.Itisalsofarmoredifficulttoobserveandmonitorthetrendsandactivitiesinforeigncountries.

1.5FormsofInternationalTradeWealsoneedtoknowwhattypesoftradeweareenteringinto,whichwillshapetheparticularstepsweneedtofollowinordertofulfillatradeactivity.Therearevariousformsofinternationaltradeandtheycanbeclassifiedintovariouscategoriesaccordingtoanumberofdifferentcriteria.1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade

Intermsofthedirectionofcargoflow,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintoexporttrade,importtradeandtransittrade.meanstransportthegoodswhichareproducedandprocessedindomesticmarkettointernationalmarketforsale.Ontheotherhand,importtradeismadeinthereversedirection;itreferstothetransactiontotransportthegoodsfromforeigncountriestodomesticmarketsforsaleoruse.出口貿(mào)易ExportTrade1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTradeIfgoodsaretransportedfromtheproducingcountrytotheconsumingcountryviaathirdcountry’sborder,thisisknownas.Transittradecanbefurtherdividedintodirecttransittradeandindirecttransittrade.

transittrade轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade

means

thatthegoodsarenotplacedinthebondedwarehouseofthethirdcountry,butfurthertransportedtowardoutsidealongthedomestictransportationlineundersupervisionofthecustomsofthethirdcountry.Inthissense,thethirdcountryearnsitsprofitmainlybyimposingimportandexportdutiesonthegoodswhentheyenterintoorleavetheboundaryofthethirdcountry.Directtransittrade直接過境貿(mào)易

Ontheotherhand,referstothefactthatgoodsarefirstplacedinthebondedwarehouseofthethirdcountryandthentransportedfurthertotheimportingcountrywithoutanyadditionalprocessing.Underthissituation,thethirdcountryisabletoearnthewarehousechargesbesidestheabovementionedcustomsduties.Eventhough,underneithercaseshallthethirdcountryobtainprofitsfromgoodsprocessingorassembling.間接過境貿(mào)易indirecttransittrade1.5.1Export,ImportandTransitTrade1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

TradeFromthenumberofparticipantsinvolved,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintodirecttrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade.Directtrademeansthatthegoodsaretransporteddirectlyfromtheproductioncountrytotheconsumingcountry.Inthiscase,onlytwopartiesareinvolvedinthetransaction,namelytheexporterandtheimporter.1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

Trade

Indirecttrade,ortradethroughintermediatecountries,ontheotherhandoccurswhengoodspassthroughanintermediatecountryotherthantheproducingandconsumingcountry,remaininginthatcountryforsomelengthoftimebeforeshipmenttothedestination.Threepartiesareinvolvedinindirecttrade:theexporter,theimporterandtheintermediatecountry.1.5.2Direct,IndirectandEntrepot

Trade

referstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandre-exportingthegoodsabroad.Entrepottradeinvolvesonlyoneparty,whoistheimporter,theprocessorandalsotheexporteratthesametime.Entrepottrade轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Fromtheformofthegoods,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintovisiblegoodstradeand無形貿(mào)易invisiblegoodstrade.1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

referstotheexchangeofphysicallytangiblegoodssuchascars,wines,shoesbetweencountries,involvingtheexport,import,andre-exportofgoodsatvariousstagesofproduction.Visiblegoodstrade有形貿(mào)易1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Invisiblegoodstradeisknownasintangiblegoodstradeorservicetrade,whichinvolvestheexportandimportofintangibleitems(thosethatarenotvisible)suchasservicesandtechnology(e.g.shippingandeducation).1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade

Sowemustnotforgettheimportantroleplayedthesedaysbyinvisibletrade.Itconsistsofsuchitemsastransportationandinsuranceservicesthatweprovideforforeignersorthosetheyprovideforus;tourists’expendituresabroad;remittancesthatimmigrantssendbackhome;netdividendandinterestearningfrominvestmentsabroad,andsoon.

Onreflection,Invisibletradecanbeasimportanttosomecountriesasvisibletradeistoothers.Inreality,thekindsoftradeacountrydealsinarevariedandcomplex,andoftenareamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.

1.5.3VisibleGoodsandInvisibleGoodsTrade1.5.4BarterandFree-liquidationTrade

Astothesettlementinstrumentinvolved,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintobartertradeandfree-liquidationtrade.

referstothedirectexchangeofgoodsorservices—withoutaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoney—eitheraccordingtoestablishedratesofexchangeorbybargaining.Itisconsideredtheoldestformoftrade.meanstheexchangeofgoodsorserviceswithaninterveningmediumofexchangeormoneyaccordingtoratesofexchange.Cashtradeisoneformoffree-liquidationtrade.易貨貿(mào)易BartertradeFree-liquidationtrade自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易現(xiàn)匯貿(mào)易（Cash－LiquidationTrade）又稱自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易，是用國際貨幣進(jìn)行商品或勞務(wù)價(jià)款結(jié)算的一種貿(mào)易方式。買賣雙方按國際市場價(jià)格水平議價(jià)，按國際貿(mào)易慣例議定具體交易條件。交貨完畢以后，買方按雙方商定的國際貨幣付款。1.5.4BarterandFree-liquidationTradeInadditiontotheabove-mentionedformsofinternationaltrade,therearealsosomeothertypesofinternationaltradethatareclassifiedunderothernormsorcriteria.Forexample,accordingtothemodeoftransportation,internationaltradecanbeclassifiedintoTradebyRoadway,TradebySeaway,TradebyAirwayandTradebyMailOrder.1.5FormsofInternationalTrade1.6Benefitsofinternationaltrade

Countriesgetgreatbenefitsbytradinginternationally,whichpartlyexplainstheeverexpandingvolumeinvolvedininternationaltrade.Generallyspeaking,anationislikelytogetthefollowingbenefitsfromtradingwithothernations:1.6.1EconomicGrowth

Internationaltradehasbecomemoreandmoreimportantasitcreatesjobs,whicharegreatlysignificanttotheeconomicgrowthofindividualcountriesaswellastheadvancementofthewholeworld.Bytradingwithothernations,nationscangainmoremarketshareonitsexportedgoodsandtakeadvantageof.economicofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)1.6.1EconomicGrowth

Economiesofscale:Itcharacterizeaproductionprocessinwhichanincreaseinthescaleofthefirmcausesadecreaseinthelongrunaveragecostofeachunit.Inotherwords,wheneconomiesofscaleisrealized,eventhoughtheaveragecostofeachunitisreduced,moreprofitsareabletobegeneratedfromsellingmoreunitstomoremarkets.1.6.2CheaperGoodsandServices

Aswehavementionedabove,oneofthemajorreasonsforcountriestotradewithoneanotheristhatthereisacostadvantage.Anditisthiscostadvantageofthesupplyingcountriesthatenablesthemtobuycertaingoodsorservicesofthesamequalityorhigherqualityatlowerpricesthanthecostinvolvedinproducingthemintheirowncountries.

1.6.2CheaperGoodsandServices

Furthermore,theeverdevelopingtechnologyinvariousfieldsandtheeverescalatingcompetitionintheworldmarketinthisnewmillenniumhavebeenmakingpricesofthegoodseverlower,whichbenefitsconsumerstoalargerdegree.Consumersthusareabletoenjoygoodsatamuchlowerprice.1.6.3GreaterVariety

Differenttastesandpreferencesoftheconsumersurgeinternationaltradetogoevenfurther.Asaresult,internationaltrademakesitpossibleforanationtoprovideawidervarietyofproductsforitsconsumersandthushelptoimprovethelivingstandardsofitspeople.

Moreandmorenationsaredrivenbythereasonsandbenefitsmentionedabove.However,astherearegreatdifferencesbetweeninternationalanddomestictrade,beginnersininternationaltrademaybebewilderedbyitscomplexityanddifficulty.1.6.3GreaterVarietyTechnicalTerms

bartertrade易貨交易comparativeadvantage比較利益directtrade直接貿(mào)易directtransittrade直接過境貿(mào)易，直接轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易domestictrade國內(nèi)貿(mào)易economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)entrepottrade轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易，中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易exporttrade出口貿(mào)易free-liquidationtrade自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易，自由結(jié)算貿(mào)易TechnicalTermsimporttrade進(jìn)口貿(mào)易indirecttrade間接貿(mào)易indirecttransittrade間接過境貿(mào)易，間接轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易surplus余額，順差transittrade過境貿(mào)易，轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易visibletrade有形貿(mào)易ExercisesI.Questionsfordiscussion.1.Whatdoesinternationaltradereferto?2.Canyoutellthedifferencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomesticbusiness?3.Whydoesacountryconducttradewithoneanother?4.Whatarethemajorbenefitsthatresultfrominternationaltrade?II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,internationaltradehasbecomeanimportanteconomicforce.

20世紀(jì)后半葉，國際商務(wù)成了推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要力量。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.2.EvenChina,withitsvasthumanandnaturalresources,hasnotbeenabletoremainalooffromtheworldeconomy.

即使是像中國這樣有著豐富人力和自然資源的國家，也不能孤立于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)之外。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.3.Internationaltradeisbusinessconductedinmorethantwocountries,includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.國際商務(wù)是兩國或更多國家間進(jìn)行的商務(wù)活動(dòng)，包括買賣貨物和服務(wù)。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.4.Insum,internationaltradeincludesallthepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,butattheinternationallevel.總之，國際商務(wù)包括一個(gè)國家進(jìn)行的所有商務(wù)活動(dòng)，只不過這些活動(dòng)是在國際間進(jìn)行的。5.

Internationaltradeoperateswithinthecontextofinternationaland,sometimes,regionalrulesandregulationssetbyappropriateorganizations.國際商務(wù)是在有關(guān)組織制定的國際性或區(qū)域性法規(guī)的條件下進(jìn)行的。II.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.國際貿(mào)易是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國家，通過使用兩種或兩種以上的貨幣，進(jìn)行的公平的、有目的的商品或服務(wù)的交換。Internationaltradereferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangesofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2.簡要地說，世界范圍內(nèi)的自然資源和人力技術(shù)發(fā)展的分配不均衡是國家與國家之間進(jìn)行交易的主要原因之一。Inshort,theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesanddevelopmentofhumanandtechnologicalresourcesaroundtheworldisoneofthemajorreasonswhynationstradewithoneanother.

3.這些問題的答案大部分來自于大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖創(chuàng)立的比較利益理論。ThekeytosuchquestionslargelyliesinthetheoryofcomparativeadvantagedevelopedbyDavidRicardo.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.4.在使用外匯的過程中，往往存在不穩(wěn)定因素甚至是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.5.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易是從國外進(jìn)口貨物進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步加工或裝配，再出口國外的貿(mào)易。Entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabroad.IIITranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.ChapterTen新編外貿(mào)英語教程InsuranceContentsTeachingObjectivesTextAnalysisSpecimenLettersChapterSevenSkillTrainingExercises新編外貿(mào)英語教程

TeachingObjectivesUponcompletionofthischapter,youwillKnowthefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsuranceUnderstandtherisksandlossesinmarinetransportationGraspthetypesofinsuranceGetabasicunderstandingoftheinsurancepractice

TextAnalysisIntroductiontotheChapter10.1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance10.2RisksandLossesinCargoTransport

10.2.1Risks

10.2.2Loses

10.2.3Expenses10.3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC.I.C

10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

10.3.2AdditionalRisksCoverage

10.4InsurancePracticeofInternationalTrade

10.4.1InsuredAmount

10.4.2InsurancePremium

10.4.3InsuranceDocumentsIntroductiontotheChapterFocusofthechapterThefundamentalprinciplesofcargoinsuranceSeveralperspectivesofcargoinsurance:

risks,losses,expenses,thecoverageTeachingmethods

Theoreticalillustration&practicalapplicationofnegotiatingandacceptingtermsofinsurance

10.1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance

Marinecargoinsuranceispracticedsubjecttosomefundamentalprinciples.AccordingtotheInsuranceLawofThePeople’sRepublicofChinaissuedin1995,therearemainlysixprinciples.

PrincipleofInsurableInterest可保利益原則PrincipleofUtmostGoodFaithPrincipleofIndemnityDoctrineofProximateCausePrincipleofSubrogationPrincipleofShare最大誠信原則損失賠償原則代位求償原則重復(fù)保險(xiǎn)的分?jǐn)傇瓌t近因原則

Whilethecargotravelingtoanothercountry,itislikelytoencountervariouss,whichwillindispensablybringpotentiallossesandincurcertainexpenses.10.2RisksandLossesinCargoTransportperil[‘peril,

’per?l]危險(xiǎn)10.2.1Risks

Risksrefertotheperilswhichoccurinthetransit.Generallyspeaking,itcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:perilsoftheseaandexternalorrisks.extraneousextraneous[eks'treini?s]外來的10.2.1Risks

PerilsoftheseaaccidentsRisksGeneralextraneousrisksExtraneousrisksSpecialextraneousrisks

Figure10-1TypesofMarineRisksFortuitousfortuitous[f?:'tju:it?s]偶然的，意外的

Naturalcalamities自然災(zāi)害10.2.2Losses

Oceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses:totallossandpartialloss.Totallossthelossoftheentirevalueofthesubjectmatter.Itcanbeclassifiedintoactualtotallossor.Partiallossthetotallossofpartoftheinsuredcargo(e.g.,thelossofonecaseoutofashipmentoftwenty)orthedamagetoallorpartoftheinsuredcargo.Itcanbeclassifiedinto.constructivetotalloss推定全損generalaverageparticularaverage

and共同海損單獨(dú)海損10.2.2Loses

(1)GeneralAverage(G.A.)Generalaverageisbasedonarelationshipbetweentheship-ownerandtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardthesameship.Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredtorescueashipanditscargofromimpedingdangerorforthecommonsafetyoftheadventurewhenthewholeshipisatrisk.Inordertosavethevesselandcargo,thereisnootherchoicebuttoabandonpartoftheshiporgoods.Inthatcase,anactofgeneralaveragewillbedeclared.10.2.2Losses(2)PartialAverage(P.A.)Partialaveragemeansthataparticularcargoisdamagedbyanyreasonandthedegreeofdamagedoesnotreachatotalloss.Itfallsentirelyontheparticularownerofthecargowhichhassufferedthedamage.Heshouldrefertohisinsurancecompanyifsuchlossiscoveredbyaninsurancepolicy.10.2.2Losses

ActualtotallossTotallossConstructivetotallossLossesGeneralaverage

PartiallossPartialaverageFigure10-2TypesofMarineLosses

10.2.3Expenses

Marinecargoinsurancealsoincludestheexpensesincurredtoavoidorreducethedamagetoorlossofthesubjectmatterinsured.twomajortypesofcharges...

sueandlaborexpenses施救費(fèi)用

salvagecharges救助費(fèi)用10.3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC.I.C

Thoughinsuranceisvitaltothecargo,itisunnecessarytocovereveryriskintheinsurance.Whenenteringintothecontract,boththebuyerandsellershouldselectthecoverageeconomicallyandeffectively.InChina,ChinaInsuranceClauses(CIC)isthemostlycommonusedtermsincargoinsurance.Accordingtowhich,theinsurancesforOceanMarineTransportationcanbecategorizedintotwotypes:basicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverage.10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

（基本險(xiǎn)）

Theelementaryinsurancesfortheoceanmarinetransportationcanbedividedintothreecategories:FPA,WPA/WA,andAllRisks.1.Thisinsuranceisaverylimitedformofcargoinsurancecover.Itonlycoversthetotallosscausedbytheperilsoftheseaandgeneralaveragecausedbytheactualoceanrisks.Undersuchinsurance,particularaveragecannotberecoverable.TheliabilityscopeofFPAisasfollowing:

FPA(FreefromParticularAverage)平安險(xiǎn)（單獨(dú)海損不陪）10.3.1BasicRisksCoverage

TheliabilityscopeofFPA:Actualtotallossorconstructivetotallossoftheconsignmentcausedbynaturalcalamitiessuchasheavyweather,,earthquake,floodandsoonTotalorPartialLosscausedbyaccidentstheconveyancebeinggrounded，,sunkorincollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjectsasfireorexplosionPartiallossoftheinsuredgoodsattributabletoheavyweather,lightening,tsunami,wheretheconveyancehasbeenstranded,sunk,orburned,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventorevents