2024年+寒假語法：現(xiàn)在完成時人教版八年級英語下冊

Lesson10時態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時一、定義：1.表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或結果。 2.表示從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。二、構成：肯定式：主語+has/have+過去分詞+其他。eg:Ihavecleanedtheroom.(我已經(jīng)打掃過房間了。)否定式：主語+has/have+not(hasn’t/haven’t)+過去分詞+其他。eg:Ihaven’tcleanedtheroom.(我還沒有打掃過房間了。)疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他。eg:Haveyoucleanedtheroom?(你打掃過房間了嗎?)(4)簡略答語：Yes,主語+have/has./No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.eg:Yes,Ihave.(是的，已經(jīng)打掃過了。)/No,Ihaven’t.(不，還沒有打掃過。)過去分詞1.規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構成規(guī)則相同。四點變化規(guī)則：(1).一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”。work—worked—worked,visit—visited—visited(2).以“e”結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“d”。live—lived—lived,(3)、以“輔音字母+y”結尾的動詞，將y變?yōu)閕，再加“ed”。study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”。stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped2.不規(guī)則動詞：cost—cost—costshut—shut—shutspread—spread—spreadread—read—read(read原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過去式和過去分詞發(fā)音為/red/)come—came—comeburn—burnt—burntcatch—caught—caughtdig—dug—dugfeel—felt—feltfight—fought—foughtmake—made—madebreak—broke—brokenchoose—chose—chosenwrite—wrote—written四、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法及標志1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。(表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒有發(fā)生。)eg:Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Have

you

had

lunch

yet?

Yes,

I

have.

I've

just

had

it.

注意：already用于肯定句。Hehasalreadyknownit.yet用于否定句或疑問句。Haveyoudonetheworkyet?常見的標志語：already,yet,neverever,just,before,sofar,bynow，tillnow,uptonow，recently,lately，inthepast/lastfew(或其它數(shù)字)years，overtheyears2.動作或狀態(tài)從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。（通常與表示段時間的時間狀語連用）常見的標志語：for,since.eg:HehaslivedinChengdufor5years.eg:Ihaveworkedintheschoolsince1989.注意：(1)for+段時間。如：fortwoweeks.(長達兩個星期）(2)since+時間點（sincetwodaysago/sincelastyear/since9:00/sinceFriday)since+從句。（主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時）eg:Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.=Hehasbeeninthearmysincethreeyearsago.Hehasbeeninthearmysinceheleftschool.(3)since和for引導的肯定句的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞。eg:Hehasboughtthecarfortwoweeks.（錯）Hehashadthecarfortwoweeks.（對）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉換成相應的延續(xù)性動詞：arrive

→be

heredie

→be

dead begin(start)→be

oncome

back

→be

backleave

→be

awayfall

ill(sick,

asleep)→be

ill(sick,

asleep)get

up

→be

up

open

→be

openjoin→bein或

be

a

member

of…

close

→be

closedborrow

→keep

go

to

school

→be

a

studentcome

to

work

→workbuy

→havecatch(acold)→have(a

cold)get

to

know

→knowbegin

to

study

→study

注意：be+adj/adv都是延續(xù)性動詞。Eg:Hehasjoinedthearmy.→He

has

been

a

soldier

for

three

years. His

father

hasdied.→His

father

has

been

dead

for

two

years.

The

film

hasbegun.→The

film

has

been

on

for

ten

minutes.Wehavebeguntostudy.→We

have

studied

English

for

three

years.

3.表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗。（一般譯為漢語“過”，常帶有twice,

ever,

never,

three

times等時間狀語）。

Eg:

I

have

been

to

Beijing

twice.我去過北京兩次。注意：(1)have

been(to)與have

gone(

to)的區(qū)別：have

been(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；have

gone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時某人不在當?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once

,never,

several

times等連用，后者則不能。如：They

have

been

to

Beijing

twice.他們去過北京兩次。

He

has

gone

to

Beijing

.

他去北京了。如單純表示一段時間，或強調一段時間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時。

如：It

is

two

years

since

his

father

died.

=His

father

has

been

dead

for

two

years.他父親去世已有兩年了。

（3）終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。

如：I

haven't

left

here

since

1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。

（4）在提問現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語時通常用

how

long。

How

long

have

you

lived

here?

注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長時間時，根據(jù)終止時間的不同，時態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如：

I

lived

here

for

a

week

last

summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。

I

have

lived

here

for

a

week

by

now.

到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。五、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過去時表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關系。

1.過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調的是影響。Eg:I

saw

this

film

yesterday.

（強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。）

I

have

seen

this

film.

（強調對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內容已經(jīng)知了。）Ilostmynewpen.（強調丟失的動作發(fā)生了。）Ihavealreadylostmypen.

（強調筆丟失了，現(xiàn)在還沒有找到。）2.現(xiàn)在完成時與for或since引起的短語連用時，表達從過去開始的動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)至今，而一般過去時與“for＋一段時間”連用時，只指過去的動作或狀態(tài)在過去延續(xù)了多長時間。

Eg:We___________(stay)

here

for

three

weeks.

I

think

we

are

going

to

stay

another

two

weeks.（說話時人還在）

havestayed

He

__________(stay)

here

for

three

weeks

last

year.（并不表示現(xiàn)在是否在）

stayed

3.過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。

一般過去時的時間狀語:

yesterday,

last

week，…ago,

in1980,

in

October,

just

now現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語:

for,

since,

so

far,

ever,

never,

just,

yet,

till

/

until,

up

to

now,

in

past

years

共同的時間狀語:

this

morning,

tonight,

this

April,

now,

once,before,already,

recently,lately

Eg:I

__________(come)

the

day

before

yesterday.came4.現(xiàn)在完成時所帶時間狀語包含說話時在內,如today,this

week(month,year),these

days(years)或與說話時非常接近，如recently,just,in(during)

the

past

three

years

Eg:Great

changes

____________(take)

place

in

the

last

ten

years.havetaken

We_________________manytreesthisyear.haveplanted5.如果一件事情發(fā)生在過去并且延續(xù)到說話的這個時刻，就需要使用現(xiàn)在完成時。

Eg:They

have

lived

here

for

a

long

time

.6.一般過去時比現(xiàn)在完成時更能表達事情的結果。Eg:John

has

taught

math

for

twenty

years.

保留了約翰繼續(xù)教數(shù)學的可能性

John

taught

math

for

twenty

years.

表明約翰已經(jīng)不再教數(shù)學了，他可能退休了，換工作了，或者去世了。

【即講即練】一、句型轉換He

died

10

years

ago.

—He

_________________

for

10

years

/

since

10

years

ago.He

borrowed

the

book

2

weeks

ago.

—He

___________________the

book

for

2

weeks.

He

bought

the

motorbike

a

month

ago.

—He

___________________the

motorbike

for

a

month.He

arrived

here

three

days

ago.——He

____________________here

since

three

days

ago.

They

turned

off

the

light

2

hours

ago.

——

The

light

___________________for

2

hours.

He

left

here

2

years

ago.——

He

__________________from

here

for

2

years.The

film

began

30

minutes

ago.

——The

film

___________________

for

30

minutes.They

opened

the

door

an

hour

ago.

——

The

door

____________________

for

an

hour.

They

closed

the

door

an

hour

ago.

——The

door

____________________for

an

hour.

He

joined

the

army

last

year.

——He

_____________

a

___________

for

a

year二、用所給動詞的恰當形式填空。1.yourfriend(be)totheSpaceMuseumbefore?2.Myfather(keep)thiscarforonemonth.3.Yourfatherjust(finish)hiswork.4.you(buy)adictionaryyet?Yes,I.Whereyouit?I(buy)itinabookstore.【中考鏈接】()1.I_________thebookLittleWomen,butI’llletyoureaditfirst.（2015成都）A.haven’tread B.don’tread C.won’tread()2.HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?（2013成都） Yes.LastmonthI__________there.A.havebeen B.went C.willgo()3.Jack,let’sgotoseethemovieHarrypotter.（2012成都） Oh,I_________itmanytimes.SoIdon’twanttoseeit.A.haveseen B.see C.willsee()4.Great

see

you

again.Iyou

for

three

years.（2017武侯二診） A.don't

see B.haven't

seen C.didn't

see()5.DoesPeterstill

feellonelyinChina?（2017錦江二診）

No,he

a

lot

of

friends

over

these

years.

A.makes B.

made C.hasmade()6.Mygrandmother________alotofchangesduringherlifetime.（2017成華二診）A.wasseeing B.hasseen C.sees()7.Theoldphotowillrecordmydeepestloveofmyoldschooldaysassoonasit_________.(2016武侯區(qū)診斷題)A.isenjoyed B.hasenjoyed C.willbeenjoyed()8.Manyrivers_________inthelastfewyears,soweshouldtryourbesttoprotecttheenvironment. (2016七中育才中考診斷題)A.hadbeenpolluted B.werepolluted C.havebeenpolluted綜合訓練單選。1.—Hi,Tom!______youever______theBird’sNest?—Yes,Ihave.It’sfantastic.A.Have,beentoB.Have,gonetoC.Did,goto2.Asanexchangestudent,Alan______Qiqiharforoneandahalfyears.A.hasbeentoB.hasbeeninC.hasgoneto3.—WhereisCatherine?Ihaven'tseenherfordays.—She______Wuhan.She’llbebacknextweek.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeento4.Iatesomefruit,whichI______sinceIwasachild,andthevegetablesfrommygarden.A.haveenjoyedB.enjoyedC.enjoyD.hadenjoyed.5.—Iseveryonehere,Jonathan?—No,Sir.Millieisabsent.She_______fortwodays.hasfallenillB.hasbeenillC.fellillD.wasill6.—WhyisGrace’sChinesesogood?—Becauseshe______Chinafortenyears.AhasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hascometoDhasbeenin7.TheshopinWandaSquare_______forsixyears,butI______theresofar.A.hasopened;haven’tgoneB.hasbeenopened;haven’tbeenC.hasbeenopen;haven’tgoneD.hasbeenopened;haven’tbeen8.John_____methebooktwoweeksago,soI______itfortwoweeks.A.borrowed;haveborrowedB.lent;haveborrowedC.borrowed;havehadD.lent;havekept9.Meltingice(融冰)cancausesealeveltorise.Since1993,sealevel_____ataspeedof3.2cmevery10years.A.roseB.hasrisenC.risesD.rise10.AbingisbestknownforplayingtheErhuandhismusicoftenmakesus_____aboutthepainthatwe______inthepastfewyears.A.think;experiencedB.tothink;experiencedC.thinking;haveexperiencedD.think;haveexperienced完形。Onceuponatime,therewasalazypoormanlivinginasmallhousewithspider(蜘蛛)websonthewallsandmicerunningaround.People

didn’tcomeintosuchadirtyplaceandthepoormanwas1andsadeveryday.Hethoughtitwaspoverty(貧窮)thatled

tohisunhappylife.

Oneday,thepoormandroppedinonawiseoldmanandaskedhimfor2aboutchanginghislife.Theoldmangavehimabeautifulvase(花瓶)and

said,“Thisisamagicvasethatwillbringyou

3

.”

Thepoormanlookedatthevasesurprisingly.He

4

whyheneedavaseinhispoorhouse.However,hedidn’twantto

5

suchabeautifulvase,sohebroughtithomeandputitonthetable.

“It’snotrightforsomethingsobeautifultobeempty,”thepoormanlookedatthevaseandthought.Thenhepickedsomewildflowersandput

6

intoit,makingitevenmorebeautiful.

7

hewasstillnotsatisfied(滿意的).“Itisnotgoodforsuchabeautifulthingtostandnexttoaspiderweb.”Atthis,hestartedtodosome

8

inthehouseandpaintthewalls.

Hishouseturnedintoa

9

placerightnow.Thepoormancheeredup.Hesuddenly

10thatinthepastitwashis

lazinessthatmadehimpoorandunhappy.Fromthenon,heworkedhardandhislifegotbetterandbetter.

（）1.A.happy

B.lonely

C.busy

D.strange

（）2.A.condition

B.success

C.service

D.advice

（）3.A.sadness

B.happiness

C.kindness

D.satisfaction

（）4.A.knew

B.believed

C.wondered

D.explained

（）5.A.throw

away

B.takedown

C.closeto

D.checkout

（）6.A.it

B.him

C.them

D.her

（）7.A.And

B.But

C.Because

D.So

（）8.A.work

B.cleaning

C.job

D.cooking

（）9.A.strange

B.large

C.dirty

D.comfortable

（）10.A.hoped

B.realized

C.thought

D.found閱讀。Youmaynotrealizeit,butyouaredoingmuchmorethanjuststudyingwhenyouareatschool.Schoolisalsotheplacewhereyoulearntogetonwellwithpeople.Butthisisnotalwayseasy.Whatcanyoudoifyoujustdon'tlikeoneofyourclassmates?

Ifyoudiscover（發(fā)現(xiàn)）thatyouhaveproblemsgettingonwithyourclassmatesorfriends,themostimportantthingtolearnistolerance（寬容）.Toleranceistheabilitytorealizeandrespect（尊重）thedifferencesinothers.Wecannotchangethewaythatotherpeopledo,soitisimportanttolearntolivehappilywiththem.

Tolerancewillmakeeveryonegetonbetterwitheachother.Gettingtoknowsomeonemayhelpyouunderstandwhyhedoesthingsdifferently.Somethingdifferentdoesnotexactlymeanthatitisbad.Toleranceteachesustokeepatemperateandopenmind.

Youneedtorememberanoldsaying,“Treatothershowyouwanttobetreated.”Ifyoutoleratesomething,itdoesnotmeanthatyouhavetolikeit.Nooneisaskingyoutochangewhoyouareorwhatyoubelievein.Tolerancejustmeansthatyoushouldrespectthedifferencesinothersandnottrytomakethemchange.

Itisimportanttopracticetolerance,becauseitwillmakeeveryone’slifeeasier.Learntoacceptpeoplefortheirdifferentabilitiesandinterests.Theworldisverydifferent,andpracticingtoleranceinyourownschoolandcitycanhelpmakeadifference.

（）1.Thispassageistryingtotellus________.

A.what'simportantforastudent

B.whatstudentsshoulddoatschool

C.howtotreat（對待）peopledifferentfromus

D.howtogetotherstodothingsintherightway

（）2.Fromthefirstparagraph（段落）weknowthatatschool________.

A.it’seasierforsomeonetohateothers

B.gettingalongwithothersisnotdifficult

C.moststudentsaregettingonwellwitheachother

D.studentsarelearningotherthingsbesidesstudying

（）3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“temperate”mean?

A.溫和的

B.不禮貌的

C．活躍的

D．有責任心的（）4.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat________.

A.tolerancecanonlybelearnedatschool

B.livingwithpeopleofthesameinterestsiseasier

C.practicingtoleranceatschoolcanhelpmakeabetterworld

D.peopleindifferentcountrieshavedifferentinterestsandabilities完成對話。A:Hi,Jack!1.B:Yes,Idid.Ijoinedthebookclublastweek.A:2.B:Ihavereadtwobooks.A:3.B:IhavereadTomSawyerandHarryPotter.A:4.B:Well,IthinkHarryPotterwasexciting,butTomSawyerwasalittleboring.Bytheway,whatbookshaveyoureadrecently?A:IhavereadLittleWomen.Ithinkitwasveryinteresting.B:5.A:Itisaboutfoursistersgrowingup.Itwasreallygood.Youcanreaditwhenyouarefree.B:OK.Iwill.選詞填空。writejobsentpopularcompletelyonmoneydreambecomelanguagesHaveyoueverreadHarryPotterandthePhilosopher’sStone?Itmustbethemost1bookforalmostallthechildrenintheworld.TheideaforthebookcametoJ.K.Rowlingin1990.Ittookhersevenyearstofinish2it.Duringthosesevenyearsshehadanumberof3,forexample,beinganEnglishteacherinPortugal（葡萄牙）.Rowling4thebooktofourpublishers(出版商)beforeoneofthemboughtit.Shewasveryhappytosellherbookbecauseitwasher5tobeawriter.Beforeshesoldherbook,Rowlingwaslivinginasmallhousewithherdaughterandwasverypoor.Shedidn’thaveenough6topayforheat（暖氣）inwinter.HarryPotter7afavoritewithchildrenandadultsinEnglandandthenaroundtheworld.Itwasputinto(被譯成)morethanthirty-five8.Afterhersecondandthirdbookswerepublished,thethreeHarryPotterbooksfilledthetopthreeplaces9manynewspaperslistsofthemostpopularbooks.Withoutanyquestion,Rowling’slife10changedandshebecameoneofthemostfamouswomenwritersintheworld.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.HomeworkHomework改寫句子，每空一詞。1.Ihaveborrowedanewbookfromtheschoollibrary.I________________anewbookfromtheschoollibrary