新編英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教程（第二版）參考答案 文旭 - 第5-10章

PAGE23PAGEKeystotheExercisesChapterFive1.Definethefollowingterms.1)Referencereferstotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld,i.e.,betweenwordsandthethings,persons,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.2)Senseisdefinedintermsoftherelationshiporsenserelationsinsidethelanguage,orinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.3)Polysemycanbedefinedas“havingorcharacterizedbymanymeanings;theexistenceofseveralmeaningsforasinglewordorphrase”.4)Grammaticalmeaningcanberegardedasthemeaningofalinguisticitemthatdependsonitsroleinasentence.Itisabstractcomparedwiththeitem’soriginallexicalmeaning.Itdenoteslarge,abstractdomainssuchastimeormodality,orabstractgrammaticalrelationssuchas“subjectoftheverb”.5)Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisregardedasbeingidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.2.Thewordsineachofthesepairshavesimilardenotations.Identifythewordwithnegativeconnotationineachpair.1)skinny2)unproven3)cheap4)miserly5)gamble3.Fillintheblankswithadjectivesantonymoustothosegiveninbrackets.1)(light):adarkbluedress;aheavybox2)(old):ayoungman;anewhouse3)(hard):aneasytask;asoftbed4)(soft):adeepvoice;ahardcushion5)(fresh):stalebread;witheredflower6)(clever):asillylittleboy;astupidstudent7)(wild):domesticbirds;culturedflowers8)(straight):acurlyline;aslopingroof9)(rough):asmoothsurface;acivilizedperson10)(lose):togetabook;towinabattle4.Studythefollowingpassagesandexplaintherhetoricuseofhomonyms.1)Intheman’sreply,“meat”isatypicalcaseofhomonymy.Homonymsreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemantsistheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Herethebutchercleverlyemployedthestructureoftheidiomtohisadvantagetogiveahumorouswaythebadqualityofthesausage.Itimpliesthatitisdifficulttoearnmoneywithmoremeatinsausage.2)Theword“swallow”ispolysemous.Itcaneithermeanabirdoranactionofeatingquicklywithoutevenchewing.Duetosuchafact,thissentencemaymean:oneswallowofhotfood(oralcohol)doesnotmakeyousohotasyoufeelinsummer,buttheveryswallowofitdoesmakeyoufeelwarmonacoldwinterday.3)“Week”and“weak”havethesamepronunciationandarehomophonesinthesentence.Theuseof“week”isapun.ItcanmeaneitherthesixdaysapartfromSunday,orlackingstrengthorpower,duetoitsphonologicalsimilaritywith“weak”.4)Both“rose”and“blue”areusedaspunsduetotheirphonologicalsimilarity.“Rose”canbeeitherthepasttenseoftheverb“rise”orthenoun“rose”,apinkcolor.While,bothblew,thepasttenseof“blow”and“blue”meaningacolorarepronouncedthesame.5.Findsynonymsforthewordsintheleft-handlistbychoosingthemostsuitablewordfromtheright-handlist.avaricious:greedycourteously:politelyemancipate:setfreecustomary:usualwidth:breadthadversary:opponentinnocent:sinlessobstacle:obstruction6.Ineachofthefollowingcontexts,twowordsaregivenfortheblank.Inonecasebothwordsareinterchangeableandintheother,onlyonecanbeused.a.I’mafraidtheywill(refuse)ouroffer.b.We(reject,refuse)goodsthatdonotmeettherequiredstandard.a.Our(target,goal)isaprofitof$50,000forthecomingyear.b.Montcrieffscoredafabulous(goal)inthesecondhalf.a.Hisapproachtohisstudiesisrather(shallow,superficial).b.Thewaterisvery(shallow)—Let’spaddle.a.Couldyou(fetch,bring)memyglasses?Theyareonthetable.b.Cometoourpartybutdon’tforgetto(bring)abottle.a.I’mgoingtobelate—I’llhaveto(hurry,rush).b.Thehostagesdecidedtotryto(rush)theterroriststomakehimdrophisgun.ChapterSix1.Manyfamiliarwordshavedifferentmeaningswhentheyareusedindifferentcontexts.Thisisjustifiedbythefollowingillustratingexamples.Studythesentencescarefullyandtrytodefinethewordsinboldtypeineachcontextwiththehelpofadictionaryifnecessary.1)a.Repairormendb.adeterminationoftheplacewheresomethingisc.informaltermsforadifficultsituationd.somethingcraved,especiallyanintravenousinjectionofanarcoticdrug2)a.sectionofaspace-rocketwithaseparateengine,jettisonedwhenitsfuelisusedupb.platformorarea(usu.inatheatre)onwhichplaysareperformedtoanaudiencec.point,periodorstepinthedevelopmentd.carryout3)a.conversationbetweenpeopleorpartieswithdifferentopinionsb.adiscussionintendedtoproduceanagreementc.thelinesspokenbycharactersindramaorfiction2.Placetheappropriatewordfromthelistineachoftheblanksbelow.Donotuseanywordmorethanonce.adroit,articulate,transactions,exasperated,deadlines,dedicated,reliance,formulate3.Studythesentencescarefullyandchoosetherightmeaningofthewordsitalicized.1)B2)A3)A4)B5)A4.FindpossiblesubordinatesofthebasiccategoriesEAT,DRINK,FLOWER,CAR,indictionaries.EAT:chew,swallow,…DRINK:guzzle,sip,…FLOWER:rose,dandelion,carnation,…CAR:saloon,hatchback,…5.Contextandco-textprovideavarietyofcluesforinferenceofword-meaning.Guessthemeaningofthewordsinboldtypeandtellwhatco-textualclueshavehelpedyouinarrivingatthemeanings.1)feelingofhappinessandpleasantexcitement.2)customofhavingmorethanonewifeatthesametime.3)southwestwind.4)personwhodesignsbuildingsandsupervisestheirconstruction5)the15thcentury.6)Industriesandmethodswhicharelabour-intensiveneedalotofworkers.7)happeningafteraperson'sdeath.8)the“()”marksthatareputaroundaword,phraseorsentenceinapieceofwritingtoshowthatwhatisinsidethemshouldbeconsideredasseparatefromthemainpart.ChapterSeven1.Metaphor:Itellyouthepasthaspassedawaywithoutanythingleft.Hyperbole:Ihavenotseenyouforalongtime.Metonymy:Englishisnotourmotherlanguage.(4)Euphemism:Myfatherisacobbler.(5)Litotes:Theywrotetotellmethattheycouldnotoffermeajob.(6)Metonymy:Therowofpeoplewhoworeclotheswithpenguinsatthedinner-tablenoddedapprovalashesatdown.(7)Metaphor:Wewillhavegainedalotofachievementsthisyear.(8)Metonymy:Childrenlikemeatfoodmorethanvegetablefood.(9)Metonymy:farewelltowar.(10)Hyperbole:Sheisdesperatetoknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedtoher.(11)Euphemism:Thevictimwasdeadintheambulanceonthewaytohospital.(12)Litotes:Shewasambitious.(13)Metaphor:Alltheworldislikeastageandwelivejustastheactorstoperform.(14)Ellipsis:Isthetideofvisitorscominginorgoingout?Iwanttogotothebeach(15)Metaphor:Givemeafewminutes.(16)Generalization:Lionisalargeanddangerousanimal.2.Nowadays,“l(fā)aoshi”notonlyreferstoateacherwhoteachesintheschool,itisageneraltermusedasanhonorifictitle.Forinstance,youcanusethiswordtorefertoanyone(whoisusuallyolderthanyou)as“l(fā)aoshi”toexpressyourrespect.Asfor“xiake”,amoregeneralisassignedtoit,whichmeansitnotonlyconveythemeaningofstudentsfinishtheirclassbutalsothemeaningthatsomeone(especiallythosewithpower)lossestheirjobduetohisorherincapability.Themechanismsunderlyingthesemanticchangeofthesetwowordsisgeneralization,theextensionofthewordrange,orthewideningthesemanticscopeofwords.Intheprocessofgeneralization,metaphorandeuphemismhaveinfluencedtheresults.3.A.Somesemanticchangeshappenedquitealongtimeagoandwentthroughaconsiderablelylongperiodofdevelopment.Forexample,wecanfindthesemanticdevelopmentofthewordmilltothemeaningof“textilefactory”withthehelpofadictionarywithetymologicalinformation.Thedictionaryexplainsitlikethis"buildingfittedtogrindgrain,"OldEnglishmylen"amill"(10c.),anearlyGermanicborrowingfromLateLatinmolina,molinum"mill"(sourceofFrenchmoulin,Spanishmolino),originallyfem.andneuterofmolinus"pertainingtoamill,"fromLatinmola"mill,millstone,"relatedtomolere"togrind,"fromPIE*mel-(1)"soft,"withderivativesreferringtogroundmaterialandtoolsforgrinding(sourcealsoofGreekmyle"mill;"seemallet).AlsofromLateLatinmolina,directlyorindirectly,areGermanMühle,OldSaxonmulin,OldNorsemylna,Danishm?lle,OldChurchSlavonicmulinu.Broadersenseof"grindingmachine"isattestedfrom1550s.Othertypesofmanufacturingmachinesdrivenbywindorwater,whetherforgrindingornot,begantobecalledmillsbyearly15c.Senseof"buildingfittedwithindustrialmachinery"isfromc.1500.Theaboveaccountisthediachronicapproachtosemanticchange.B.Peoplearemoreconcernedwiththesynchronicchange,i.e.whatishappeningtothemeaningofawordatagivenpointoftimethantheyarewiththehistoricaldevelopmentofit.Thewordinhasacquireditsmeaningof“popular”recently,especiallyamongyounggenerationandinthecasualconversations.Twostagesmaybedistinguishedinagivenchange:theinitiationofanewusage,andpropagation,i.e.thespreadingofthisnewusagetoothermembersofthespeechcommunity.Wedonotknowwhoisthefirstonetohaveusedittomean“popular”,butthisnewusageisnowspreadingamongyoungpeople.4.villaininhabitantofafarmpejorationnicefoolish,stupid,senselessmeliorationrealtrueorrealsubjectificationarrivereachland,reachtheendofajourneybyseageneralizationammunitionallmilitarysuppliesingeneralspecializationChapter81.Explainthefollowingtermsbriefly.geographicvocabularies:vocabulariesassociatedwithaspecificregionina“geographicdialect”or“regionaldialect”jargon:thelanguagepeculiartoatrade,profession,orothergroup.linguisticcontext:thelinguisticneighborhoodofutterance,ortheverbalorlinguisticenvironment,whichcanbefurtherdividedintolocalco-text,sententialco-textandtopicalco-text.non-linguisticcontext:thecontextthatmainlyincludessituationalandculturalmunalknowledge:thepartofknowledgethatiscommontoacommunityofpeople,exactly,morethantwo.personalknowledge:thespecificknowledgethatanindividualhas.subjectiveknowledge:theknowledgewhichhasbeenacquiredbydirectexperienceandinterpretedbytheexperiencer.Subjectiveknowledgeisn’taboutobjectiverealitythoughthetwoarefrequentlyconfused,itisaboutsubjectiverealityorassomecallit,thesoul.Thetwocanbeverysimilariftheownerismatureenoughtohavecreatedanaccuratemodeloftheworld.networktheories:mentallexiconisasortofconnectedgraph,withlexicalitemsatthenodeswithpathsfromeachitemtotheother.corevocabulary:anumberofwordsthatarefrequentlyusedindailycommunication,morespecificallyindictionarycompilingorsecondlanguageteaching.cognitivelexicalsemantics:theapproachtowordmeaningthatinvestigatesconceptualcontentanditsorganizationinlanguagefollowingtheideathatconceptualcontentorconceptualstructureisreflectedinlinguisticmeaning.Asastudentmajoringinlinguistics,weoftenusethosespecializedvocabulariessuchaspragmatics,semantics,metaphor,metonymy,syntax,utterance,sentence,lexicology,morpheme,syllable,etc.Taketheword“l(fā)exicology”forexample,itwasborrowedfromtheFrenchwordlexicologie,whichcontainstwomorphemes:oneisGreeklexico?n,meaning‘wordbook’;theotherisFrenchlogie,meaning‘thestudyorscienceof.’Sotheliteralmeaningofthetermis‘thescienceofwords.’Asfortherolesofcontextininterpretationofwordmeaning,ontheonehand,itcanresolveambiguity.Ontheotherhand,itisbeneficialtotheunderstandingofdeixis.FromtheconversationbetweenMotherandBilly,wecanlocatepreciselythemessagethattheword“knife”conveys.Thedictionarydefinitionofaknifecouldbe“atoolforcuttingoraweaponconsistingofaflatpieceofmetalwithasharpedgeontheendofahandle”.Eventhoughnofunctionlimitationisgiven,westillknowthe“knife”theMothermentionedmustbetheknifeforeatingnotthepenknifeforcuttingquillpens.Bycoordinationismeantthatwordsofthesamelevelorsametypeareusuallyclusteredtogether,suchasthelinkingofdepressed,happyandsad,whichbelongtotheadjectivesofemotion./Collocationmeansthatwordsfrequentlyrelatedinusearemostlikelytobetraced,suchastakeabus,haveadreamandkeeptabson,etc./Superordinationmeansthesemanticrelationofbeingsuperordinateorbelongingtoahigherrankorclass,suchasthesuperordinate(animal)anditshyponyms(dog,cat,sheep)./Synonymyisthesemanticrelationthatholdsbetweentwowordsthatcanexpressthesamemeaning,suchasrichandwealthy.Yes.Speakersofanylanguagemayhavethesameorsimilarwordsfordailycommunication.EventheinvestigationsconductedbyMorrisSwadeshfailedtograspthecommonfeaturesacrosslanguagesbecauseofthesemanticshift.Forthereasonthathistoricalsemanticshiftalwaysexists,itisdifficulttodeterminewhethertwolanguagesarisefromthesameorigin.Butinviewofthesimilarphysicalstructuresandexperiencesofhumanbeings,itistruethatpeopleindifferentareasmaysharethesimilarwordsindailylife.Thisthrowssomelightonourfutureexplorationofcorevocabulary.A)Thepaintingisoverthemantle.(on)B)Theplaneisflyingoverthehill.(above)C)Samiswalkingoverthehill.(cross)D)Samlivesoverthehill.(ontheotherside）E)Thewallfeltover.(fallingtowardorontotheground)F)Samturnedthepageover.(fromonesidetoanotherside)G)Samturnedover.(repetition)H)Shespreadthetableclothoverthetable.(on)I)Theguardswerepostedalloverthehill.(cross)J)Theplayisover.(end)K)Doitover,butdon’toverdoit.(repetition;toomuch)L)Lookovermycorrections,anddon’toverlookanyofthem.(examine;ignore）M)Youmadeoverahundrederrors.(morethan)Fromthemeaningslistedabove,wecanseethatmostofthemeaningsofabovearespatialmeanings,andthecentralmeaningistheverticalspatialrelation“uptodown”.Chapter91.Completeeachoftheidiomswithonlyoneword.windandweatherwheelinganddealingbreakandentertownandgowntopandtailtimeaftertimerulesandregulationriseandfallhardandfastpuffandblowshortandsweetpeaceandquietoverandaboveebbandflowoffandonneckandneckshouldertoshouldermoanandgroanmilkandwaternowornever2.PuttheEnglishidiomsintoChinese.1)攤牌2)怪相,鬼臉3)自高自大的人4)親屬5)壯年6)完全失敗7)在……找毛病8)中途退出9)勇于承擔(dān)后果10)靠……賺錢/利用11)不舒服的12)未決；渺茫13)非常溫順14)生硬，刻板15)見樹不見林16)左耳進(jìn)，右耳出3.Pickouttheidiomsusedinthefollowingsentencesandrestoretheiroriginalforms.1)stitchintime=Astitchintimesavesnine2)toomanycooks=Toomanycooksspoilthebroth3)hisfingerstillverylargeineverypie...lesspiethanfinger=haveafingerinthepie4)silenceisgolden=Speechissilver,silenceisgolden5)awheelinthemiddleofawheel=wheelswithinwheels6)havenostrawwithwhichtomakehisbricks=makebrickswithoutstraw7)Toomanycooks=Toomanycooks,spoilthebroth8)hasgotabee=tohaveabeeinthebullet.9)Nohelpforspiltmilk=Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.Replacetheitalicizedexpressionswithphrasalverbsbyselectingtheappropriatephrasalverbfromthelistprovided.1)turnup2)makeupfor3)takingmein4)takeove