Unit3ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION【速記清單】（原卷版）

Unit3ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONUnit3話題環(huán)境保護(hù)詞匯1．starvevi.&vt2．sustainvt.3．frequentlyadv.4．restrictvt.5．harmoniousadj.6．submitvt.&vi.7．sensitiveadj.8．conservationn．9．inspectionn10．toleratevt.短語1．carbondioxide二氧化碳2．fossilfuel化石燃料(如煤或石油)3．onbehalfof代表(代替)某人4．dozensof許多；很多句型1．ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.毫無疑問，地球正在不斷變暖。2．Withoutthisprocess，Earthcouldnotsustainlife.如果沒有這個(gè)過程，地球就不能維持生命。3.Withthesemeasures，itisbelievedthatthebeautyoftheLiRiverwillbepreservedforgenerationstoe.有了這些措施，人們相信，漓江的美會(huì)被保留下來給后代。語法直接引語和間接引語寫作有關(guān)環(huán)境問題的報(bào)告考點(diǎn)1.starvevi.&vt.(使)挨餓；餓死Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody，thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.一位研究北極熊多年的專家說，從北極熊尸體的位置看，它似乎是餓死的?！就卣埂?1)starvefor渴望……；極需要……starvetodeath餓死starvesbtodeath使某人餓死starvetodosth渴望去做某事(2)starvationn.饑餓；餓死；絕食【經(jīng)典練】①Theygotlostinthedesertand.他們?cè)谏衬忻粤寺?，饑餓而死。②Thestudentsingfromthecountrywerestarvingthefriendshipfromthosewhoefromthecity.來自農(nóng)村的學(xué)生渴望得到來自城市學(xué)生們的友誼。③Hestarved(see)heronceagain.他渴望能再見她一面。考點(diǎn)2.releasevt.&n.排放；釋放；發(fā)布Theheatisreleasedbackintospaceatlongerwavelengths.熱量以更長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng)釋放回太空。【拓展】releasesb/sthfrom...從……釋放某人/某物o...把……釋放到……goonrelease上映；發(fā)行【經(jīng)典練】①TheStateCouncilGuidelinesonConductingPreventionandControlonanOngoingBasis.國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布了持續(xù)開展疫情防控的指導(dǎo)意見。②Hewasreleasedprisonthreeyearslater三年后他被從監(jiān)獄里釋放出來。③Hestoppedandfacedher，(release)herwrist他停下來面對(duì)著她，放開了她的手腕。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④to“”，inwhichyoucanputthebooksintheappointedplace，andotherparticipantscanhavefreeaccesstothem.我寫信是想申請(qǐng)“自由分享”，在這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)中，你可以把書放在指定的地方，其他參與者可以自由使用?？键c(diǎn)3.restrictvt.限制；限定；束縛Weasindividualscanalsoreduceour“carbonfootprint”byrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce我們也可以通過限制生活方式產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳量來減少我們的“碳足跡”?！就卣埂縭estrictionn.限制規(guī)定；限制法規(guī)；約束berestrictedto限制(在某范圍)restrictsbto(doing)sth約束某人(做)某事【經(jīng)典練】①Havingsmallchildrentendstoyourfreedom.有年幼的孩子往往會(huì)限制你的自由。②Thereisnorestrictionthenumberofpeople.人數(shù)不限。③Thetournament(restrict)toplayersundertheageoftwenty.這場(chǎng)比賽只允許20歲以下的選手參加?？键c(diǎn)4.seizevt.抓?。粖Z?。豢刂艻tisourresponsibilitytoseizeeveryopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming，alongwithitscausesandimpacts，becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.我們有責(zé)任抓住每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)教育每個(gè)人，使他們了解全球變暖，它的原因和影響，因?yàn)檫@是影響我們地球上所有人最嚴(yán)重的問題?！就卣埂縮eizesthfrom...從……抓取/奪取某物seizeachance/anopportunity抓住機(jī)會(huì)/機(jī)遇seizesbbythe＋部位抓住某人……beseizedwith被(強(qiáng)烈的情感、愿望等)影響【經(jīng)典練】①Ithinkthatthereisnoreasonwhyweshouldnotthisopportunity.我認(rèn)為沒有任何理由讓我們不去抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)。②Themen(seize)astheyleftthebuilding.這些人在離開大樓時(shí)被逮捕。③Heseizedthelettermyhandandbegantoreadoutloud.他從我手里奪過信，開始大聲讀起來。[名師提醒]seize指突然一把“抓住”某人或某物時(shí)，可直接用被抓的部位作賓語，也可用“seizesbbythe＋部位”結(jié)構(gòu)，但表示部位的名詞前不可用物主代詞。考點(diǎn)5.harmoniousadj.和諧的；協(xié)調(diào)的；和睦的...promoteaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature，buildasustainableenergysystem，andadvocateamoderate，green，andlowcarbonlifestyle.……倡導(dǎo)人與自然和諧相處，構(gòu)建可持續(xù)能源體系，倡導(dǎo)適度、綠色、低碳的生活方式。【拓展】harmonyn.融洽；和諧inharmonywithsb/sth與……協(xié)調(diào)；與……相配outofharmonywithsb/sth與……不協(xié)調(diào)live/workinharmony生活/工作得很融洽【經(jīng)典練】①Onlywhenwerealizetheimportanceofhelpingeachothercanwebedevotedtobuildingasociety.只有當(dāng)我們意識(shí)到互助的重要性，我們才能致力于建設(shè)和諧社會(huì)。②Whenchildrengrowup，theirideaswillbetheirparents’.孩子們長(zhǎng)大后，他們的想法會(huì)和父母的想法有出入。③Inaddition，everystudentcanbeforeignfriends.另外，每個(gè)學(xué)生都和外國(guó)友人和睦相處。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Withthehelpofthisrule，Iamsurethatinthenearfuturewewillputmoreeffortsintostudyand.在這個(gè)規(guī)則的幫助下，我相信在不久的將來，我們將投入更多的努力來學(xué)習(xí)，有一個(gè)和諧與和平的氣氛?？键c(diǎn)6.submitvt.&vi.提交；呈遞；屈服Accordingtothereportsubmittedbyresearchers，between20and25percentofallannualcarbondioxideemissionsarecausedbythedestructionoftropicalforests.根據(jù)研究人員提交的報(bào)告，每年20%到25%的二氧化碳排放是由熱帶森林的破壞造成的?！就卣埂縮ubmitto...向……屈服/認(rèn)輸submitoneselfto...順從；屈服于……submit...to...把……提交給……【經(jīng)典練】①Youweresupposedtoitonthe14th，June.你應(yīng)當(dāng)在6月14日提交它。②Heisthelastmantosubmitanother’sopinion.他決不會(huì)服從他人的意見。③I(submit)myresumetothemanagerbeforetheinterview.面試之前我向經(jīng)理遞交了我的簡(jiǎn)歷。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Thelengthofthearticleshouldbelimitedto400wordsorso.Itisimportantthatbefore28th，June.文章的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)該限制在400字左右。你必須在6月28日前提交你的文章，這一點(diǎn)很重要?？键c(diǎn)7.sensitiveadj.敏感的；善解人意的；靈敏的Whyisnuclearpowerasensitivetopic?為什么核能是一個(gè)敏感話題？【拓展】(1)besensitiveto對(duì)……敏感besensitiveabout介意……；在乎……(2)sensen.感覺；意識(shí)；理智vt.感覺到；意識(shí)到makesense有意義；講得通makesenseof弄懂……的意思(3)sensibleadj.明智的；理智的；合理的；可感覺到的【經(jīng)典練】①M(fèi)ylegissensitivechangesintemperature.我的腿對(duì)溫度的變化很敏感。②Sheisverysensitiveherappearance.她對(duì)自己的相貌很在乎。③Thesentencedoesn’tatall.這個(gè)句子根本沒有意義。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Firstly，ourcostumes，featuringeleganceand，willleaveadeepimpressiononouroverseaspeersthatChinaisagreatcountrywithagloriouscivilizationandmagnificentculture.首先，我們的服飾，具有優(yōu)雅和歷史感，將給我們的海外同行留下深刻的印象，中國(guó)是一個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家，有光榮的文明和燦爛的文化?？键c(diǎn)8.resultin導(dǎo)致；造成Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlonglastingchangestotheglobalclimate.持續(xù)的溫室氣體排放將導(dǎo)致全球氣候進(jìn)一步變暖和長(zhǎng)期的變化?！就卣埂縭esultfrom由……引起asaresult結(jié)果asaresultof因?yàn)?；由于；作為……的結(jié)果【經(jīng)典練】①Ifbreathedin，thepoisonousgasescanillnessorevendeath.如果這些有毒氣體被吸入，它們就可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病甚至死亡。②Hisfailureintheexamresultedhiscarelessness.他考試不及格是由粗心造成的。③Itrainedheavily.aresult，wehadtoputoffthesportsmeeting.雨下得很大，結(jié)果我們不得不推遲運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Frommyperspective，Internetvotingcan.在我看來，網(wǎng)上投票會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些負(fù)面影響?？键c(diǎn)9.onbehalfof代表(代替)某人＝onsb’sbehalfI’mdoingaprojectonbehalfofmyschoolaboutglobalwarming.我正在代表學(xué)校做一個(gè)關(guān)于全球變暖的項(xiàng)目?！窘?jīng)典練】①M(fèi)yhusbandcouldnotbeheretonight，butIwanttothankyouhisbehalf.今晚我丈夫有事不能前來，我代表他向你們致謝。[易混辨析]onbehalfof介詞短語，意為“代表……”representv.用來表示“代表某人/某個(gè)團(tuán)體(政府等)”“某種標(biāo)志代表什么”“某物表現(xiàn)的是什么”和“把某人(物)描繪成什么”standfor動(dòng)詞短語，往往用來表示“(字母、數(shù)字、符號(hào)等)代表什么”②Iwilltakepartinthesportsmeetingourschool.＝Iwillourschooltotakepartinthesportsmeeting.我將代表我們學(xué)校參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子③So，，Isincerelyinviteyoutobeamemberofourteam.所以，我代表我們的興趣小組，誠摯地邀請(qǐng)您成為我們團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員?？键c(diǎn)10.originatevt.&vi.起源；發(fā)源；創(chuàng)立Theexpression“smog”originatedinBritainandmeansbinationof“smoke”and“fog”.“煙霧”一詞起源于英國(guó)，意思是“煙”和“霧”的組合?！就卣埂縪riginn.起源；起因；由來originatein起源于originatefrom來自于【經(jīng)典練】①ThegoodslistedinthiscontentoriginateTaiwan.本目錄內(nèi)所列的商品原產(chǎn)地為臺(tái)灣。②Alltheoriesoriginatepracticeandinturnservepractice.任何理論都來源于實(shí)踐，反過來為實(shí)踐服務(wù)。③Hillwasforcedtoreturntohiscountryof.希爾被迫返回出生國(guó)。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Weintroducedanditslonghistorytothem.我們向他們介紹了中國(guó)茶的起源和悠久的歷史?？键c(diǎn)11.concernedadj.擔(dān)心的；關(guān)注的Localofficialswereconcernedthatthepollutionwasdamagingthenaturalenvironmentandfeltthaturgentstepsshouldbetakentorestoretheriver’soriginalbeauty.當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T擔(dān)心污染正在破壞自然環(huán)境，并認(rèn)為應(yīng)采取緊急措施恢復(fù)河流的原貌?！就卣埂?1)beconcernedabout/over/for關(guān)心；掛念beconcernedwith/in...牽扯進(jìn)/參與……as/sofaras...beconcerned就……而言(2)concernn.關(guān)心；關(guān)注；憂慮vt.涉及；使擔(dān)憂；對(duì)……感興趣show/expressconcernabout/for...對(duì)……表示關(guān)心concernoneselfabout/with...擔(dān)憂/關(guān)心……(3)concerningprep.關(guān)于；有關(guān)【經(jīng)典練】①，ridingbicyclesisagoodsolution.就我個(gè)人而言，騎自行車是個(gè)好的解決方法。②Honestlyspeaking，Ihavenoconcernthatmatter.誠實(shí)地說，我與那事無關(guān)。③Sincethereisalwaysheavyfog，manypeoplebegintoconcernthemselvesairpollution.因?yàn)榇箪F經(jīng)常發(fā)生，很多人開始關(guān)心空氣污染問題。[名師提醒]位置不同，含義有別：concerned為形容詞，作前置定語時(shí)，意為“憂慮的；擔(dān)憂的；擔(dān)心的”；作后置定語時(shí)，意為“有關(guān)的；涉及的”。例如：aconcernedlook擔(dān)憂的表情；thepeopleconcerned有關(guān)的人員。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④I’mwritinginstantlytoexpressmyperspectives，whichisusefulforyousinceyouareplanningtopayavisittoaChinesefriend.我馬上寫信是想表達(dá)我對(duì)中國(guó)習(xí)俗的看法，這對(duì)你很有用，因?yàn)槟愦蛩闳グ菰L一位中國(guó)朋友?？键c(diǎn)12.toleratevt.忍受；包容；容許Thevillagerscouldnolongertoleratethesituation.村民們?cè)僖膊荒苋淌苓@種情況了?！就卣埂?1)eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(toleratesbdoingsth,standsbdoingsth,bearsbdoing/todosth))容忍/忍受某人做某事(2)tolerancen.容忍；允許tolerantadj.寬容的；容忍的betolerantof/towards對(duì)……寬容(3)putupwith(＝tolerate)忍受；容忍【經(jīng)典練】①Thissortofbehaviorwillnot(tolerate).這種行為是不能容許的。②Anexcellentteacherwon’ttolerate(cheat)intheexaminations.優(yōu)秀的老師是不會(huì)容忍考試作弊的。③Weshould，therefore，learntobetolerantothers.因此，我們應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)他人要寬容?？键c(diǎn)13.contributeto有助于；導(dǎo)致；把時(shí)間投入到……Manytourboatscontributedtotheproblemtoo.許多游船也造成了這個(gè)問題?！就卣埂?1)contributevt.捐助(金錢、物品等)；貢獻(xiàn)(時(shí)間、精力等)vi.有助于；促成contributesthto向……捐獻(xiàn)/捐贈(zèng)/捐助；向……投稿(2)contributionn.貢獻(xiàn)；捐獻(xiàn)makeacontribution/contributionsto對(duì)……做出貢獻(xiàn)；捐款【經(jīng)典練】①Regularexercisewillyourhealth.有規(guī)律的鍛煉會(huì)有助于你的健康。②Everyoneshouldmakeacontributionto(protect)theenvironment.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)為保護(hù)環(huán)境做出貢獻(xiàn)。③Hehascontributedanumberofarticlesthemagazine.他給這家雜志社撰寫了許多文章。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Ihopeyourpresentationwill.我希望你的介紹能有助于我們更好地理解印象派。考點(diǎn)14.endup最終；結(jié)果Waterpollutionlevelsincreased，withmorehouseholdandmercialwasteendingupintheriver.隨著更多的家庭和商業(yè)廢棄物流人河中，水污染更嚴(yán)重了?！就卣埂縠ndupdoing以……結(jié)束/告終endinsth以……結(jié)尾；以……告終endupin...結(jié)果為【經(jīng)典練】①Becarefulwhileyouaredriving，oryouwillendinanaccident.開車時(shí)你要小心一些，否則你會(huì)出事的。②Anyonewhogetsintothebadhabitoftakingdrugsissuretoprison.任何一個(gè)染上吸毒惡習(xí)的人都一定會(huì)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。③Ifyoutrytoremembereverythingyouwillendup(remember)nothing.如果你試圖記住所有的事情，結(jié)果你會(huì)什么也記不住。[名師提醒]endupin后接表示結(jié)果的名詞?？键c(diǎn)15.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).毫無疑問，地球正在變得越來越暖。【拓展】Thereisno/littledoubtthat...“毫無疑問……”，其中that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(1)doubtn.懷疑；疑惑without/beyonddoubt毫無疑問indoubt感到懷疑的；不確定的nodoubt無疑地；很可能Thereisnodoubteq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(that...,aboutsth))毫無疑問(2)doubtvt.懷疑；不信(3)doubtfuladj.可疑的【經(jīng)典練】①Thereisnodoubthisinnocence.毫無疑問他是清白無辜的。②Idon’tdoubthecanfinishthetaskontime.我不懷疑他能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)。③Idoubttheycanswimacrosstheriver.我懷疑他們是否能游過這條河。[名師提醒](1)doubt用作名詞時(shí)，在肯定句中用whether(不可用if)引導(dǎo)同位語從句；在否定句中用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(2)動(dòng)詞doubt在肯定句中，后多跟if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；在否定/疑問句中后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④scienceandtechnologyplayavitalpartinacountry’sdevelopment.毫無疑問，科學(xué)技術(shù)在一個(gè)國(guó)家的發(fā)展中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。考點(diǎn)16.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere，suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide，trapsomeoftheheat，keepingEarth’sclimatewarmandhabitable.大氣中的溫室氣體，如甲烷和二氧化碳，會(huì)捕獲一些熱量，使地球氣候保持溫暖并適宜居住?！就卣埂烤渲衚eepingEarth’sclimatewarmandhabitable是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。除此之外，現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中還可以作時(shí)間、原因、伴隨等狀語?！窘?jīng)典練】①Thecupdroppedtotheground，(break)intopieces.杯子掉在地上，摔成了碎片。②(tell)manytimes，hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.盡管告訴了他很多次，但他仍然重復(fù)著相同的錯(cuò)誤。③，theygotexcited.聽到這個(gè)消息，他們很興奮。[名師提醒](1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句；表示伴隨情況，相當(dāng)于并列句。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(v.ing)表示該動(dòng)作與句子的謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生。(3)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having＋v.ed)表示該動(dòng)作在句子謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Atlast，alltherunnersmanagedtocrossthefinishline，.最后，所有的選手都成功地到達(dá)了終點(diǎn)線，得到了來自四面八方的歡呼?？键c(diǎn)17.Withoutthisprocess，Earthcouldnotsustainlife.沒有這個(gè)過程，地球就無法維持生命?！就卣埂勘揪鋡ithout表示一個(gè)含蓄條件，主句為與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣。(1)在含蓄虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反的假設(shè)，則主句謂語動(dòng)詞用would/could/might＋do；如果與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，則主句謂語動(dòng)詞用would/could/might＋havedone。(2)含蓄條件句還可以用butfor，otherwise，or，but等詞來引導(dǎo)。【經(jīng)典練】①Icouldnothavefinishedtheworksosoonyourhelp.沒有你的幫助我不可能這么快完成工作。②Butforthecaptain，theship(sink)withallonboard.要不是那位船長(zhǎng)，船和船上的人當(dāng)時(shí)都會(huì)沉沒的。③Heisill，hestillbeinsteadoflyinghere.他生病了，否則他會(huì)仍然在工作而不是躺在這兒。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Shealwayshelpsmewithmystudy，especiallyinEnglish.Withoutherhelp，.她總是幫助我學(xué)習(xí)，尤其是在英語方面。沒有她的幫助，我不會(huì)取得這么大的進(jìn)步?？键c(diǎn)18.Thereisstrongandprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide，notonlycausingseriousdamage，butalsocostinghumanlives.有充分和全面的證據(jù)表明，氣溫上升已導(dǎo)致世界范圍內(nèi)極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害的增加，這不僅造成嚴(yán)重的破壞，而且還造成生命損失。【拓展】本句中notonly...butalso...連接兩個(gè)并列成分。(1)notonly...butalso...用于連接兩個(gè)表示并列關(guān)系的成分，著重強(qiáng)調(diào)后者，意為“不僅……而且……”；其中的also有時(shí)可以省略。(2)notonly...butalso...連接兩個(gè)句子，且notonly位于句首時(shí)，notonly后面的句子要用部分倒裝。(3)notonly...butalso...連接的兩個(gè)成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致，即就近原則?！窘?jīng)典練】①ItwasnotuntilIcameherethatIrealizedthisplacewasfamous，foritsbeautyitsweather.直到我來到這里才意識(shí)到這個(gè)地方很有名，不僅是因?yàn)樗拿利愡€有它的天氣。②Notonlyweforgettoturnoffthelightsinthekitchen，butwe(also)failedtolockthefrontdoor.我們不僅忘記關(guān)廚房的燈，而且也忘了鎖前門。③Notonlythechildrenbut(also)theircoach(like)playingfootball.不僅是孩子們，他們的教練也喜歡踢足球。[名師提醒]類似notonly...but(also)...連接并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)依據(jù)“就近原則”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：neither...nor，either...or，not...but...。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Theactivitywashighlyspokenof，becausenotonly，butalsomadeusmorecohesive.這次活動(dòng)受到了大家的好評(píng)，因?yàn)樗粌H給我們提供了鍛煉的機(jī)會(huì)，而且讓我們更有凝聚力。考點(diǎn)18.Waterpollutionlevelsincreased，withmorehouseholdandmercialwasteendingupintheriver.水污染水平上升，更多的家庭和商業(yè)廢物最終流入河中?！就卣埂勘揪渲械膚ithmorehouseholdandmercialwasteendingupintheriver.是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語。with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)如下：【經(jīng)典練】①Withalotofthings(settle)，Ican’tgotoseeafilm.有許多問題要解決，我不能去看電影。②Shecametoarivergreengrassandredflowersonbothsides.她來到了一條兩岸長(zhǎng)著紅花綠草的河邊。③Alittleboywithtwoofhisfrontteeth(miss)ranintothehouse.一個(gè)掉了兩顆門牙的小男孩跑進(jìn)了房子里。[鏈接寫作]補(bǔ)全句子④Everyrunnertriedtheirbesttofinishthetask，.每個(gè)跑步者都盡力完成任務(wù)，他們的同學(xué)在路上給予他們必要的幫助和鼓勵(lì)。考點(diǎn)19.Withthesemeasures，itisbelievedthatthebeautyoftheLiRiverwillbepreservedforgenerationstoe.有了這些措施，人們相信漓江的美麗將世世代代保存下來。句中“Itisbelievedthat...”句型，可譯為“人們認(rèn)為/相信”，可轉(zhuǎn)換為“bebelievedto＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)Itissaid/believed/reported/thought/supposed/hoped/expectedthat...據(jù)說/相信/報(bào)道/認(rèn)為/推斷/希望/預(yù)計(jì)……(2)Peoplebelieve/think/suppose/hope/expectthat...人們相信/認(rèn)為/推斷/希望/預(yù)計(jì)……(3)Itisknown(toall)that...眾所周知……【經(jīng)典練】①ItisbelievedthatVeniceisamostbeautifulcity.→Veniceis(believe)tobeamostbeautifulcity.威尼斯被認(rèn)為是一座很美麗的城市。②wisdomisbornwithaman.據(jù)說智慧是與生俱來的。③toallthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.眾所周知，太陽東升西落。語法精講——直接引語和間接引語1.“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary，”saidAnne.→Annesaidthatshedidn’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary.2.“Canyoulendmetwoyuan？”heaskedme.→HeaskedmeifIcouldlendhimtwoyuan.3.“Whatdoyoucallyourdiary？”Anne’ssisteraskedher.→Anne’ssisteraskedherwhatshecalledherdiary.4.HesaidtoAnn，“Tellmeyourproblem.”→HetoldAnntotellhimherproblem.5.“Becarefulwiththedog，boys，”shesaid.→Shewarnedtheboystobecarefulwiththedog.6.Shesaid，“Don’tmakesomuchnoise，children！”→Shetoldthechildrennottomakesomuchnoise.【自主發(fā)現(xiàn)】1.直接引語為陳述句時(shí)，間接引語變成that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。直接引語為一般疑問句時(shí)，間接引語變成if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。直接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語仍由原來的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句。2.如果直接引語為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，通常采用“動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的引述動(dòng)詞有tell，order，ask，warn。如果轉(zhuǎn)述的祈使句為否定式，則在不定式(to)前加not或never。直接引述別人的原話叫直接引語；用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語。間接引語在多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句。直接引語如果改為間接引語，需在連接詞、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、狀語、個(gè)別指示代詞和動(dòng)詞等方面做相應(yīng)的變化。1.連接詞的選擇(1)直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，常變成由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。在口語中that可以省略。Thelittleboysaid，“Iwasplayingwithmytoyswhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.”小男孩說：“我在玩我的玩具，這時(shí)有人敲門?！薄鶷helittleboysaid(that)hewasplayingwithhistoyswhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.小男孩說，他在玩他的玩具，那時(shí)有人敲門。(2)直接引語是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句或反意疑問句時(shí)，間接引語中用whether(...or...或...ornot)或if引導(dǎo)。Mothersaidtoherdaughter，“Areyousatisfiedwithyournewroom？”媽媽對(duì)她的女兒說：“你對(duì)你的新房間滿意嗎？”→Motheraskedherdaughterwhether/ifshewassatisfiedwithhernewroom.媽媽問她女兒是否對(duì)她的新房間滿意。(3)直接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語仍用原句中的特殊疑問詞來引導(dǎo)，其余的變化遵照直接引語和間接引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則來進(jìn)行?！癢henwillthesportsmeetbeheld？”hesaid.他說：“什么時(shí)候舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)？”→Heaskedwhenthesportsmeetwouldbeheld.他問什么時(shí)候舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。[名師提醒](1)直接引語是陳述句時(shí)，若變?yōu)殚g接引語，主句謂語動(dòng)詞“saidtosb”常改為toldsb。(2)如果主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是said，則將其改為asked。(3)疑問句的直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，要把疑問語序變成陳述語序?！窘?jīng)典練】將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語①Cathyalwayssays，“I’lldoitbetternexttime.”→.②Sarahasked，“Whatwereyoudoingfromninetoeleventhismorning？”→.③Iaskedhim，“Willyoustayathomeorgotoafilmtonight？”→.2.人稱的變化(記憶口訣)一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱代詞要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述人立場(chǎng)的變化作相應(yīng)的改變。(1)“一隨主”。指在直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。Marysaid，“Iwanttohaveaputerofmyown.”瑪麗說，“我想有一臺(tái)我自己的電腦?！薄鶰arysaidthatshewantedtohaveaputerofherown.瑪麗說她想擁有一臺(tái)自己的電腦。(2)“二隨賓”。指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱或被第二人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語一致。Hercolleaguesaidtoher，“Whodidyouaskforaleave？”她的同事對(duì)她說，“你向誰請(qǐng)了假？”→Hercolleagueaskedherwhoshehadaskedforaleave.她的同事問她向誰請(qǐng)了假。(3)“第三人稱不更新”。指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱一般不需要變化。Theworkerssaid，“Theleadersoftenmaketheworkersworkextrahours.”工人們說：“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)經(jīng)常讓工人們加班?！薄鶷heworkerssaidthattheleadersoftenmadetheworkersworkextrahours.工人們說領(lǐng)導(dǎo)經(jīng)常讓工人們加班?！窘?jīng)典練】把下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語，注意人稱變化①Hesaid，“Shewilleheretohavealongholiday.”→Hesaidthatwouldgotheretohavealongholiday.②Shesaidtome，“Youplaybasketballbetterthanme.”→Shetoldmethatplayedbasketballbetterthanher.③“Iboughtthispairofshoesformyfather，”Katesaid.→Katesaidhadboughtthatpairofshoesforherfather.④Myfathersaid，“IhopeyouwillgrowuptobePresident.”→MyfathersaidthathopedIwouldgrowuptobePresident.3.時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語變間接引語時(shí)句子時(shí)態(tài)變化如下表：直接引語間接引語句子時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)(不變)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)Hisfriendsaidtohim，“Weareplanningtohaveapicnic.”他的朋友對(duì)他說：“我們計(jì)劃去野餐。”→Hisfriendtoldhimthattheywereplanningtohaveapicnic.他的朋友告訴他說，他們計(jì)劃去野餐。Theorganizersaid，“Wehavebegunourplan.”組織者說：“我們已開始了我們的計(jì)劃?！薄鶷heorganizersaidthattheyhadbeguntheirplan.組織者說，他們已開始了他們的計(jì)劃。[名師提醒]在下面幾種情況中，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不發(fā)生變化。(1)直接引語是客觀真理、諺語和格言時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)不變?！癟heearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth，”theteachertoldme.→Theteachertoldme(that)theearthmovesaroundthesunandthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.(2)直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。Tomsaid，“IwasbornonApril21，1980.”→TomsaidhewasbornonApril21，1980.【經(jīng)典練】把下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語，注意時(shí)態(tài)變化①Hesaid，“Isawthefilmyesterday.”→Hesaidthathethefilmthedaybefore.②Shesaid，“Ihaveseenthefilm.Itisgood.”→Shesaidthatshethefilm，andthatitwasgood.③Heasked，“Isitraining？”→Heaskedifit.④Theteachersaid，“Iwillgivemystudentsafewholidaysattheendofthismonth.”→Theteacherpromisedthathehisstudentsafewholidaysattheendofthatmonth.⑤“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound，”myfathertoldme.→Myfathertoldmelightmuchfasterthansound.⑥“Whendidyouehere？”sheasked.→Sheasked.4.指示詞、狀語及動(dòng)詞的變化指示代詞thisthesethatthose時(shí)間狀語nowtodaytonightyesterdaytomorrowlastmonth(week)nextmonth(week)thedaybeforeyesterdaythenthatdaythatnightthedaybeforethenext/followingdaythemonth(week)beforethenextmonth(week)twodaysbefore地點(diǎn)狀語herethere動(dòng)詞ebringgotake【經(jīng)典練】將直接引語改為間接引語①Henrysaid，“Ihaven’tseenhertoday.”→.②Helensaidtome，“Thishappenedyesterday.”→.③Shellysaid，“Iarrivedtwodaysago.”→.5.引述祈使句通常用“動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如果祈使句為否定句，在不定式的前面加上not。引述表示命令的祈使句，常用動(dòng)詞order，tell，warn；引述表示請(qǐng)求的祈使句常用動(dòng)詞ask，beg；引述表示建議、勸告的祈使句常用動(dòng)詞advise等。Hesaid，“Pleaseehereagaintomorrow.”→Heaskedmetogothereagainthenextday.他讓我第二天再到那兒去。Hesaid，“Dohavealookyourselffirst.”→Headvisedmetohavealookmyselffirst.他建議我自己先看一看。Hesaid，“Don’tmakesomuchnoise，boys.”→Hetoldtheboysnottomakesomuchnoise.他叫那些男孩不要弄出那么多的噪音。[名師提醒]祈使句變間接引語，遵循“一改二變?nèi)铀娜ァ痹瓌t：一改：said(to)改為asked或told二變：saidto的賓語變成asked等的賓語三加：即在動(dòng)詞原形前加to，使其成為動(dòng)詞不定式四去：去掉please【經(jīng)典練】將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接賓語①Theteachersaidtotheboy，“Openthedoor，please！”→Theteachertheboythedoor.②Hisfathersaidtohim，“Don’tleavethewindowopenwhenyouareout.”→Hisfatherhimthewindowopenwhenhewasout.③“Pleaseexplainwhyyou’relate，”thebosssaid.→Thebosshimwhyhewaslate.【經(jīng)典練】Kitchentechnologyhasreachednewheights.Sofar，astronautsontheInternationalSpaceStation1.____________(make)theuniverse’sfirstspacebakedcookies.Theyare2.____________veryfirstkindoffoodtobebakedinspacefromrawingredients.Theastronautssaid3.____________(eat)freshlybakedfoodwillmakethemhappywhileonthespacestation.Itwillbeaforting4.____________(remind)ofhome.ThiswillbeimportantforastronautsgoingtothemoonoronthelongjourneytoMars.Bakingthespacecookiesonce5.____________(think)extremelydifficult.OnEarth，cookiestakeabout20minutes6.____________(bake)inanovenheatedto150degreesCelsius(302degreesFahrenheit).Thatwasnotlongenoughinspace.Thefirstcookiecameout7.____________(total)undercooked.Thespacebakersturned8.____________theoven’stemperatureandbakedthedoughfor9.____________(long)untiltheyweresuccessful.Thefifthcookietheymadetook130minutestobake.ThespacebakedcookiesarenowinalaboratoryinHouston，Texas.Scientistswilltestthemtosee10.____________theyaresafetoeat.二．寫作精講——有關(guān)環(huán)境問題的報(bào)告一、寫作分析報(bào)告是一種應(yīng)用文體，是在對(duì)特定對(duì)象深入考察了解的基礎(chǔ)上，經(jīng)過歸納整理，分析研究，進(jìn)而揭示事物的本質(zhì)，得出符合實(shí)際的結(jié)論，用文字形式表現(xiàn)出來。二、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)首段：陳述事實(shí)，簡(jiǎn)要說明反映的問題；中段：詳細(xì)介紹問題的內(nèi)容；尾段：表明自己的觀點(diǎn)并提出建議。三、語言特點(diǎn)寫作時(shí)要注意知識(shí)的科學(xué)性，行文的條理性和語言的準(zhǔn)確性。一、常用詞匯1.be/liveinharmonywith與……和諧共處2.bring...undercontrol把……控制住3.be/beeawareof意識(shí)到4.raisetheawarenessof提高……意識(shí)5.livealowcarbonlife過低碳生活6.developnewandcleanenergy發(fā)展新型清潔能源7.harmoniousenvironment和諧的環(huán)境8.contributeto對(duì)……起作用；對(duì)……作貢獻(xiàn)二、常用句式介紹問題1.Withtheglobalwarmingbeingmoreandmoreserious，...willprobably...2.Nowadays，theissueof...isbeingmoreandmoreimportant.3....arebeingpollutedsothattheenvironmentinwhich...isdestroyed.4....hascausedpeoplemuchinconvenienceandtrouble，especiallyforthosewho...解決問題1.Measureshavebeentakentodealwith...bythegovernment.2.Onlyinthiswaycanwecreate...3.Weshouldbalanceadvantagesagainstdisadvantagesof...4.It’stimetoraisepeople’sawarenessof...andappealto...假設(shè)你是新華中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示，針對(duì)你的家鄉(xiāng)近兩年頻繁遭受沙塵暴襲擊的情況，向某英語報(bào)社投稿，呼吁大家植樹造林，保護(hù)環(huán)境。1.過去家鄉(xiāng)樹木成林；2.如今人們毀林種地建房；3.氣候變化，土地荒漠化；4.植樹造林，人人有責(zé)。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出，但不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。DearEditor，I’mastudentatamiddleschoolofShanxi.I’mlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.Yours，LiHua第一步審題謀篇體裁應(yīng)用文時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主主題環(huán)境保護(hù)人稱第一、三人稱布局首段：對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)過去的介紹；中段：對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)現(xiàn)狀的描寫；尾段：提出建議。第二步要點(diǎn)翻譯1.我寫信是想表達(dá)我對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境的看法。I’mwritingtoexpressmyviewstheinmyhometown.2.茂密的森林和綠草隨處可見。Thickforestsandgreengrass.3.為了防止沙漠化的進(jìn)程，我希望所有的人愛護(hù)森林，種植更多的樹木，而不是砍伐它們。desertification，Ihopeallthepeopletakegoodcareoftheforestsandplantmoretrees.第三步詞句升級(jí)1.用because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句合并句子。Peopleinmyhometownhavebeencuttingdowntreesanddiggingupgrassinordertobuildhousesandplantmorecrops.Landgraduallybeesdesert.→peopleinmyhometownhavebeencuttingdowntreesanddiggingupgrassinordertobuildhousesandplantmorecrops，landgraduallybeesdesert.2.用非限制性定語從句合并句子。Sandstormsoftenstrikemyhometown.Peoplesufferalotfromsandstorms.→Sandstormsoftenstrikemyhometown，peoplesufferalot.第四步連句成篇DearEditor，I’mastudentatamiddleschoolofShanxi.I’mwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerningtheenvironmentinmyhometown.Myhometownusedtobeabeautifulplace.Thickforestsandgreengrasscouldbeseeneverywhere.However，nowadays，becausepeopleinmyhometownhavebeencuttingdowntreesanddiggingupgrassinordertobuildhousesandplantmorecrops，landgraduallybeesdesert.Sandstormsoftenstrikemyhometown，fromwhichpeoplesufferalot.Topreventtheprocessofdesertification，Ihopeallthepeopletakegoodcare