課件英語選擇性必修四Unit5Usinglanguage

Unit5IntotheunknownUsinglanguageReview:nounclausesBYMICHELLEGrammar01Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.aAlthoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.bButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.c

WhyMayacivilisationcollapsedremainsamystery.1

Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatserves

asthesubjectofthesentence?2Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatserves

astheobjectofthesentence?3Whichsentence

containsaclause

thatgives

furtherinformationaboutthe

subjectinthesentence?4Whatdo“how”,“what”and“why”ineachsentencereferto?Insentencea,“how”referstotheextentofpowerofAncientMayacivilization’ssecrets.Insentencec,“why”referstothereasonthatMayacivilizationcollapsed.Insentenceb,“what”referstothethingthatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.1.IntriguedbyMayacivilizationfromaveryyoungage,15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.(OC)2.Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespondtothepositionsofthestars.(OC)3.Basedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.(OC)Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.4.

Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresis

howtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.(SC&PC)

5.ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitivemakesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious.(AC)6.Bychangingthelandscapeinthisway,itispossiblethattheMayapeopleunknowinglyreducedtheirabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters.(SC)Nowlookformoresentenceswithnounclausesinthereadingpassage.7.Somerecentstudieshavefoundthattherewerefarfewertropicalcyclonesthanusualbetween700ADand1000AD.(OC)8.ManyscientistsbelievethatthesedroughtswerethemainreasonwhyMayacivilisationbegantocollapseatdifferentratesindifferentplaces.(OC)Review:nounclause名詞性從句概述定義在句子中起名詞作用的從句類型主語從句SC、賓語從句OC、表語從句PC、同位語從句AC連接詞連接詞that,whether,if連接代詞what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever連接副詞when,where,how,why名詞性從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句一個句子放于主語的位置上一個句子放于賓語的位置上一個句子放于表語的位置上一個句子放于同位語的位置上What’spastisprologue.Tomorroworanaccident-youneverknowwhichwillcomefirst.Thatitwillnevercomeagainiswhatmakeslifesosweet.Ihaveadreamthatonedaylittleblackboysandgirlswillbeholdinghandswithlittlewhiteboysandgirls.分類在從句中的作用常見詞連接詞連接作用，不充當(dāng)成分that,whether,if連接代詞連接作用+充當(dāng)n.成分what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever連接副詞連接作用+充當(dāng)狀語when,where,why,howIdon’tknowwhat

you’retalkingabout.That

Imissyouisobvious.Doyouknowwhyyou’relearningEnglish?從句成分：*不缺任何成分??連接詞 *缺主賓表??連接代詞 *缺狀語意義??連接副詞名詞性從句要點(diǎn)主語從句that從句位于句首時,that不能省略。

That

theorymustgohandinhandwithpracticeisaprincipleweshouldalwayskeepinmind.有時可用形式主語it代替主語從句,將it放在句首,主語從句放在句末,以避免句子頭重腳輕。Itisnotknownyetwhereshehasgone.賓語從句當(dāng)賓語從句后有賓語補(bǔ)足語時,需要用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。Imadeitclearthatweweredeterminedtocarryouttheplan.當(dāng)主句主語是第一人稱，且謂語為think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞時,如果賓語從句表示否定意思,通常否定前移,即否定主句的謂語。Idon’tthinkthere’sacomputerstoreinthetown.Idon’tbelievethatshe’severbeentoHongKong.賓語從句也可用作介詞或形容詞的賓語。Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.賓語從句引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that在口語中可省略,但在下列情況中，that需保留。主、從句之間有表示時間等的狀語時that不能省略,否則會產(chǎn)生歧義。Thegeographyteachertoldusyesterdaythat

thenearestneighbouroftheearthisthemoon.主、從句之間有插入語時不可省去that?！狪t’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.—ButIstillremember,believeitornot,that

wegotlostonarainynight.引導(dǎo)兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時,第二個以及第二個以后的賓語從句中的連詞that不能省略。FromwhatiswrittenhereIcanseeyouhadaverybadcoldthreeyearsagoandthat

youalsohadasmalloperationlastyear.表語從句當(dāng)主語是reason且后面的表語從句表示原因時通常用that引導(dǎo);而當(dāng)it,this或that作主語,后面的表語從句常用because或why引導(dǎo)。Myreasonisthatthecostwillbetoohigh.Ihadtocatchthefirsttrain.That/This/ItwaswhyIleftsoearly.表語從句還可由asif/asthough引導(dǎo)。asif/asthough引導(dǎo)表語從句時,主句中的動詞可用be,seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。Shelooks

asif/asthoughshehadseenaghost.Thismeattastes

asif/asthoughithasalreadygonebad.同位語從句同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo),但whether,who,where等有時也可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。Tearsfilledhereyesatthethoughtthatshemightneverseehim.IhavenoideawhetherIshouldbuyacarornot.可接同位語從句的通常是一些表示抽象意義的名詞,常見的有news,idea,fact,belief,message,conclusion,decision,doubt,hope,chance,thought等。Thefactthattheagreementwassignedwasimportant.同位語從句有時不直接跟在它所解釋說明的名詞后面,而是被其它成分隔開。

Thequestioncameupatthemeeting

whetherwehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞辨析what與thatwhat引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時不僅起連接作用，而在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等。Whatmakestheschoolproudisthatmorethan90%ofitsstudentshavebeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.Hehasfullyliveduptowhathepromised.Iwanttoknowwhatthedifficultyisnow.Jackcollectedwhatinformationhecouldfind.that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時只起連接作用,在從句中不作任何成分。whether與ifwhether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可位于句首或句尾,而if不能引導(dǎo)位于句首的主語從句。Whetheritrainsornotdoesn’tconcernme.It’sstilluncertainif/whetherhe’scomingornot.whether可引導(dǎo)表語從句和同位語從句,if則不能。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Weoughttodiscussthequestionwhetherweshoulddoit.whether可引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句,if則不能。HewasworriedaboutwhetherhepassedtheEnglishexamination.whether后可直接跟ornot,if則不能。Ireallydon’tcarewhetherornothewillstay.whoever與whomever在正式語體中,whomever是whoever的賓格形式;在非正式語體中,人們用whoever來代替whomever。Whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.Giveittowhoever/whomeveryoulike.whatever與whichever與whatever相比，whichever常有明確的選擇范圍。Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.Allthebooksarehere.Youmayborrowwhicheveryoulike.考點(diǎn)歸納名詞性從句考查要點(diǎn)主要是連接代詞和副詞的正確使用，主語、謂語的語序，雙重連接詞以及特殊句型的使用等。其考點(diǎn)主要包括：1.名詞性從句的連接詞。如：有詞義的連接代詞who,whose,whom,what,which;連接副詞when,where,why,how;從屬連詞that,whether,if,asif;無詞義的that在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略。2.名詞性從句的語序和時態(tài)。3.it作形式主語、形式賓語的情況。It+be+形容詞+that從句It+be+過去分詞+that從句It+be+名詞+that從句It+不及物動詞(appear,happen等)+that從句4.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣。Itis(was)+essential(important,natural…)+that…；Itis(was)suggested(demanded,wished,desired…)that…5.what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。what=thethingthat/anythingthat…what=theplacethat…what=thetimethat…what=thepersonthat…6.whoever,whatever,whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的語義功能和語法功能。1（2022新高考II卷）“Idon’tknow___________tothankhim.”2（2022年浙江1月）Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeak___________shecoulddosoremotely.3（2021新課標(biāo)I卷）________issobreathtakingabouttheexperienceistheout-of-this-worldscenes.4（2021年北京卷）Thepoorwomanwasn’tabletogivehimanyinformationabout________shelived．5（2021年天津卷）WhatpuzzlesLily’sfriendsis________shealwayshassomanycrazyideas.A.whether B.why C.what D.whenhowwhether/ifWhatwhereB6（2021年天津卷）ItseemedthatIhadbecome________myparentshadwantedmetobe.A.when B.where C.what D.whether7(2019全國卷Ⅰ)Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°，thereisevidence________theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.8(2018全國卷Ⅲ)I’mnotsure________ismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.9(2020全國新高考I）Writeapoemabout________courage,determination,andstrengthhavehelpedyoufacechallengesinyourlife.10(2018全國卷I）TenyearsaftermychessclasswithAshley,I’mstillputtingtouse________hetaughtme.CthatwhohowwhatCompletethepassageusingnounclauseswithwordsinbrackets.Looklike?<>xDINOSAURSWhatdidlooklike?Therearemanymysteriesaboutdinosaurstowhichwelongtofindexplanations.Youmaythinkthatdinosaurswerebig,greenandscaly,right?Infact,itseemsthattheyappearedverydifferentform1____________(think).Inrecentyears,scientistshaveworkedout2___________________________

_________(look):manyofthemweresmallwithfeathers.However,3_______________(have)feathersstillisn’tclear—itmighthavebeenforcommunicatingorforstayingwarm,butnotjustforflight.Scientistsalsobelievethatmanydinosaurshadbrightcolours.Itseems4

_________________(dependon)theirhabitats.Thatis,dinosaurswhichcouldflywouldhavehaddifferentcolourstothoselivinginthesea.whatwethinkwhattheylookedlike/howtheylookedwhethertheyhadthatdependedonTalkaboutwhatcausedthedisappearanceofdinosaursusingnounclauseswhereappropriate.Youmayusethenotestohelpyou.Amongthemanyunsolvedmysteriesaboutdinosaurs,whatreallyinterestsmeistheirdisappearance.Onepossibleexplanationisthat…TheCretaceous-Tertiaryextinctionevent,ortheK-Textinctionevent,isthenamegiventothedie-offofthedinosaursandotherspeciesthattookplacesome65.5millionyearsago.Formanyyears,paleontologistsbelievedthiseventwascausedbyclimateandgeologicalchangesthatinterruptedthedinosaurs’foodsupply.However,inthe1980s,father-and-sonscientistsLuisandWalterAlvarezdiscoveredinthegeologicalrecordadistinctlayerofiridium—anelementfoundinabundanceonlyinspace—that

correspondstotheprecisetimethedinosaursdied.Thissuggeststhatacomet,asteroidormeteorimpacteventmayhavecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.Inthe1990s,scientistslocatedthemassiveChicxulubCrateratthetipofMexico’sYucatánPeninsula,whichdatestotheperiodinquestion.Doresearchintoanotherextinctcreature.Shareyourideasaboutwhyitdisappearedusingnounclauseswhereappropriate.TheGoldenToadTheAmericanCheetahTheEskimoCurlewTheBlackfinCiscoSchomburgk’sDeerBroad-FacedPotorooEveryoneknowsthatbirdsdescendedfromdinosaurs—and,likedinosaurs,birdshavebeensubjecttothekindsofecologicalpressures(lossofhabitat,climatechange,humanpredation)thatcanrenderaspeciesextinct.Initsheyday,thePassengerPigeonwasthemostpopulousbirdintheworld.ItsvastflockshadbillionsofbirdsandliterallydarkenedtheskiesoverNorthAmericaduringtheirannualmigrations.Huntedandharassedbythemillions—andshippedinrailroadcars,bytheton,tothestarvingcitiesoftheeasternseaboard—thePassengerPigeondwindledbeforevanishingbythelate19thcentury.ThelastknownPassengerPigeon,whowasnamedMartha,diedincaptivityattheCincinnatiZooin1914.VocabularyBuilding02FacingtheunknownReadthepassageandanswerthequestions.Payattentiontothewordsandexpressionsinbold.Whensomethingstrangeorunfamiliarhappens,theflightinstinct

cankickin.Often,makingaquickgetaway

isasensible

and

understandablenaturalresponse,datingbacktoatimewhenour

ancestors

wererunningfortheirlivesfromdangers,suchas

wild

animals,lightningandfire.Sowhileyoumaybetemptedtocheck

outastrange

object

ortotestthewatersofanewsituation,itcan

besafertosteerclearof

theunfamiliar.快速逃離為了躲避危險而拼命奔跑核實(shí)，檢查試水，試探避開，繞開However,noteveryonechoosesto

followthisinstinct.Insteadof

retreatingto

their

caves,

some

of

ourancestors

chose

to

subdue

their

fearsandpursue

theunknown-and

thiscuriosityledthemto,

for

instance,discovertheuse

offire.Inmorerecenttimes,Norwegianexplorer,RoaldAmundsenenduredoneofthemosthostileenvironmentsonEarthwhenhesetoutintounchartedterritorytoreachtheSouthPole-aregionoftheplanetripeforexploration.撤退到征服忍耐，忍受打算，著手Thesereactionshelphumankinddelveintotheunknownandadvancetowardsamoreprogressiveandcivilisedsociety.Ofcourse,explorationdoesn’thavetomeanblindlythrowingourselvesintotheunknown,andit’sneverwrongtothinktwicebeforetakingaction.Whilethereisnoneedforusto

shrinkfrom

newsituations,weshouldalways

lookintothingsfirstandconsiderouroptions.鉆研，探究三思而后行采取行動回避，避免調(diào)查考慮我們的選擇Whatistheflightinstinct?Whydosomepeoplereactthatwayinthefaceoftheunknown?Whatotherreactionscouldpeoplehavewhenfacingtheunknown?Flightinstinctisourinstinctivereactiontogetawayfromastrange,unfamiliarordangeroussituation.Somepeoplereactthatwayinthefaceoftheunknownbecauseitisasensibleandunderstandablenaturalresponse.Somepeoplechoosetoovercometheirfearsandfacetheunknown.PutthewordsandexpressionsinActivity5intothetable.Addanymoreyoucanthinkof.AvoidingExploringOvercomingHesitatingmakingaquickgetawayrunningfortheirlives

fromsteerclearofretreatingtoshrinkfromcheckouttestthewatersofsetoutintodelveintotakingactionsubdueenduredthinktwicelookintoconsiderouroptionsListening&Speaking03Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.Whatfunctionsofthebrainarementionedinthepassage?What