英語(yǔ)文章開(kāi)頭句型

第一章文章開(kāi)頭句型I對(duì)立法文章開(kāi)頭首先引出人們對(duì)要討論的問(wèn)題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個(gè)看法。對(duì)立法的句型多用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題。Whenaskedabout...,Whenaskedabout...,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofmost/many/quiteafewpeoplesaythinkbelieveanswerthat....Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkof...as....Ithink/viewquite/abitdifferently.1.1Whenaskedaboutthebiggestproblemtoday,manypeoplesaythatitistheseriousenergycrisis.Theyareafraidthattheworldwillsoonrunoutofoilandrunshortoffood.Butotherpeopleholdoptimisticviews:theyregarditasanaturalresultoftheeconomicdevelopmentandbelieveitwillbeonlysolvedwithfurtheradvancesineconomyandtechnology.當(dāng)問(wèn)起世界上現(xiàn)在最大的問(wèn)題是什么，許多人說(shuō)是嚴(yán)重的能源危機(jī)。他們擔(dān)心人類不久會(huì)用完石油、發(fā)生食品短缺!但有些人則持樂(lè)觀的看法。他們把能源危機(jī)看成是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的自然結(jié)果，而且只有隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展才能得以解決。1.2Whenaskedwhatkindofcareertheywillpursueupongraduation,mostofcollegestudentssaythattheywouldchooseajobwhichwillbringthemalotofmoneyandacomfortablelife.Workinginabigbankorcompanyiswhattheydesire.ButIthinkquitedifferently.Iwouldpreferacareerwhichwillhelprealizemypotentials.當(dāng)問(wèn)起畢業(yè)后干什么，大多數(shù)大學(xué)生說(shuō)，他們會(huì)找一個(gè)能給他們帶來(lái)許多錢和舒適生活的工作。在一家大銀行或大的公司里工作是他們所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要選擇一個(gè)能夠發(fā)揮我的才能的職業(yè)。2Whenitcomesto...somepeople2Whenitcomesto...somepeoplethinkbelievethat....Othersargueclaimthatthe,but....argumentsstatementsinbothistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthoppositereverse2.1WhenitcomestointernationalsportsuchastheOlympicGamesandtheWorldCupsoccergame,somepeoplebelievethatitcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thoseinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablyalittlebitoftruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.當(dāng)說(shuō)到國(guó)際體育比賽，諸如奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和世界杯足球賽，有些人認(rèn)為它能增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友善。如果許多國(guó)家在一起比賽交流，他們就會(huì)知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人則持相反的觀點(diǎn)。他們認(rèn)為國(guó)際體育競(jìng)賽只會(huì)造成虛假的民族自豪感，導(dǎo)致相互間的誤解和仇恨。這兩種觀點(diǎn)可能都有點(diǎn)道理，但是從最近幾年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)來(lái)看，很少能證明體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友好感情。2.2Inthelastdecades,advancesinmedicaltechnologyhavemadeitpossibleforpeopletolivelongerthaninthepast.Yetwhenitcomestothedesirabilityofextendingthelifeoftheterminallyill,somepeople,includingsomedoctors,saythatthequalityoflifeisasimportantaslifeitself,andthatpeopleshouldnotbeforcedtogoonlivingwhentheconditionsoflifehavebecomeunbearable.Theyarguethatpeopleshouldbeallowedtodiewithdignityanddecidewhentheywanttodie.Howeverthosewhoareinfavouroflife-extendingmeasuresarguethatlifeunderanycircumstancesisbetterthandeathandthatthedutyofdoctorsisalwaystoextendlifeaslongaspossible.Thereisprobablysometruthonbothsides,butrecentlythepublicclamourforthelegalizationofvoluntaryeuthanasiascansincreasinglystrong.在最近幾十年，醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得人類有可能比過(guò)去活得長(zhǎng)了。但是當(dāng)論及延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)無(wú)可挽救、瀕臨死亡的人的生命是否必要時(shí)，有些人，包括有些醫(yī)生認(rèn)為生命的質(zhì)量和生命本身同樣重要；當(dāng)病情已變得不堪忍受了，就不應(yīng)迫使這些人再活下去。他們堅(jiān)持說(shuō)應(yīng)允許一個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)地死去，允許他們決定什么時(shí)候死。但是贊成采取延長(zhǎng)生命的方法的人認(rèn)為在任何情況下生總比死好；一個(gè)醫(yī)生的責(zé)任就是盡可能延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)人的生命。或許雙方都有點(diǎn)道理，但是最近公眾要求對(duì)自愿安樂(lè)死合法化的呼聲似乎越來(lái)越高。2.3Whenitcomestowhatmakestheworldgoround,somepersonssaythatitislove.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn'tlove;itismoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.當(dāng)說(shuō)及什么是推動(dòng)世界的力量時(shí)，有的人認(rèn)為是愛(ài)。而另一些不夠浪漫、更為實(shí)際的人則說(shuō)不是愛(ài)，而是錢。但事實(shí)是能量才推動(dòng)世界向前。......that....problemissueof....ThosewhocriticizeopposeobjecttoPublicgeneralmuchdebatediscussioncontrovesytodaynowadaysonaboutoverastothe...,ontheTheybelievethat....ButpeoplewhoAdvocatefavour3ThereisaContendarguemaintainassertotherhand,thmaintainassert3.1Thereismuchdiscussiontodayaboutwhetherfasteconomicgrowthisdesirable.Thosewhocriticizeeconomicgrowtharguethatwemustslowdown.Theybelievethatsocietyisapproachingcertainlimitsongrowth.Theseincludethefixedsupplyofnaturalresources,andthepossiblenegativeeffectsofindustryonthenaturalenvironment.Peoplewhowantmoreeconomicgrowth,ontheotherhand,arguethatevenatthepresentgrowthratetherearestillmanypoorpeople.Theymaintainthatonlycontinuedgrowthcancreatethecapitalneededtoimprovethequalityoflifeandprovidethefinancialresourcesrequiredtoprotectournaturalsurroundingsfromindustrialization.現(xiàn)在圍繞快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是否應(yīng)該正開(kāi)展一場(chǎng)熱烈的討論。那些持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)者認(rèn)為我們必須放慢發(fā)展速度。他們說(shuō)發(fā)展已接近某種極限!這其中包括有限的自然資源供應(yīng)和工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的消極影響。然而要求更快發(fā)展的人則認(rèn)為，即使按目前的發(fā)展速度還是有許多窮人。他們認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展才能創(chuàng)造提高生活質(zhì)量所必需的資本，才能提供用來(lái)保護(hù)環(huán)境不受工業(yè)化破壞的資金3.2Thereisageneraldebateonthecampustodayoverthephenomenonofcollegestudents'doingapart-timejob.Thosewhoobjecttoitarguethatstudentsshouldnotspendtheirprecioustimeinthisway.Butpeoplewhoadvocateit,ontheotherhand,claimthat,bytakingamajor-relatedpart-timejoborsummerjob,studentscannotonlyimprovetheiracademicstudies,butgainmuchexperience,experiencetheywillneverbeabletogetfromthetextbooks.關(guān)于大學(xué)生打工這一現(xiàn)象，校園里正展開(kāi)一場(chǎng)討論。反對(duì)大學(xué)生打工的人指出大學(xué)生不應(yīng)該把寶貴的時(shí)間化在這上面。然而贊成者則認(rèn)為，通過(guò)從事一些與專業(yè)有關(guān)的工作，可以提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)，還可獲得書本上得不到的許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。44Now,itiscommonlygenerallywidelybelievedthoughtheldacceptedfeltrecognizedacknowledgedthat....Theywhether....wonderdoubtthat....ButIclaimbelieveargue4.1Itiscommonlybelievedthattheriseinteenagesmokingistheinevitableresultofeconomicdevelopment.TheyarguethatiftherearenocigaretteadvertisementonTV,nocigarettesavailableeverywhere,andnoadequatepocketmoney,teenagersareunlikelytotakeupthehabitofsmoking.ButIdoubtthatitisasatisfactoryexplanation.Whileconcedingtheeffectofadvertisingandothercommercialfactors,Ithinkthattheprimarycauseissocialandindividualratherthaneconomic.人們普遍認(rèn)為青少年吸煙人數(shù)上升是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不可避免的結(jié)果。他們認(rèn)為：如果電視上沒(méi)有香煙廣告，香煙不是到處可買得到，孩子的零用錢不是很多的話，青少年不太可能染上吸煙的習(xí)慣。但我懷疑這是否是一個(gè)滿意的解釋。雖然有廣告和其它商業(yè)因素的影響，我認(rèn)為主要原因是社會(huì)和個(gè)人因素而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的。4.2Itiswidelyfeltthatthereisafearplainlyuppermostinthemindsofmostpeopletoday.Theyareafraidofthefuture,andifyouaskthemwhy,theyconvenientlyblametheatomicbomb.ButIsuspectthatthenuclearweaponisonlythescapegoatforourfears.Wearenotafraidofthefuturebecauseofabomb.Weareafraidofbombsbecausewehavenofaithinthefuture.Ibelievepeoplenolongerhavefaithinourabilitytocontrolourownfuture.人們普遍感到現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人明顯地有一種恐懼感。他們怕將來(lái)。如果問(wèn)他們?yōu)槭裁磁拢麄儠?huì)很隨意地怪原子彈。但我懷疑，核武器不過(guò)是我們害怕的替罪羊。我們怕將來(lái)不是因?yàn)橛辛嗽訌?，說(shuō)我們怕原子彈，實(shí)際上是對(duì)未來(lái)沒(méi)有信心。我認(rèn)為人們對(duì)自己是否有能力控制將來(lái)已喪失信心了。4.3ItisgenerallyagreedthattheAmericaneducationalsystemisindeeptrouble.Everyoneisawareofthehorriblefacts:schoolsarerunningoutofmoney,teacherscan'tspell.Mostofusknow,orthinkweknow,whoistoblame:schoolboards,governmentregulations.Itiseasytoselectavillain.Butpossiblytheproblemliesnotsomuchinourinstitutionsasinourattitude.Itissadthatalthoughmostofusprofesstobelieveineducation,weplacenovalueonintellectualactivity.人們普遍認(rèn)為美國(guó)教育制度問(wèn)題很大。所有的人都意識(shí)到這些令人擔(dān)憂的事實(shí)：學(xué)校資金短缺，教師不會(huì)拼寫。我們大多數(shù)人知道，或認(rèn)為知道該責(zé)怪誰(shuí)：學(xué)校董事，政府政策，很容易挑出一個(gè)替罪羊。但問(wèn)題恐怕不在制度上，而是在我們的態(tài)度上。令人悲傷的是，雖然我們大多數(shù)人相信我們的教育，但我們并不重視智力活動(dòng)。5Manyofus5Manyofusbelieveclaimthat...;andthat....Noteveryone,howeverersharesagreeswiththisopinionview..5.1Manyofushaveavaguefeelingthatthingsaremovingfaster.Doctorsandexecutivesalikecomplainthattheycannotkeepupwiththerapiddevelopmentsintheirfields.Hardlyameetingorconferencetakesplacetodaywithoutsometalkaboutthechallengeofchange.Amongmanythereisanuneasymood--asuspicionthatchangeisoutofcontrol.Noteveryone,however,sharethisanxiety.我們?cè)S多人隱約地感到變化越來(lái)越快。醫(yī)生和行政管理人員抱怨他們跟不上自己領(lǐng)域里的快速發(fā)展。如今沒(méi)有一個(gè)會(huì)議的召開(kāi)不是談變化帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。許多人中有一種不自在的感覺(jué)，擔(dān)心變化是否己失去控制。然而，不是每個(gè)人都有這種擔(dān)憂。5.2Manypeoplebelievethatforthefirsttimeinhistorymancongowhereverhelikes.Moonlandingistrulytheclimaxofmodernscienceandtechnology,anditcanatleastsatisfyourcuriosityaboutspace.Yetitisonlyabeginning.Wemustkeepspaceexplorationgoing,notjusttosatisfyourprideandcuriosity,itisimportantforthewelfareofmankind.Noteveryone,however,agreeswiththepointofview.許多人認(rèn)為在人類歷史上人第一次想到哪里去就到哪里去。月球登陸是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的最高表現(xiàn)。它至少能滿足人們對(duì)宇宙的好奇。但這只是開(kāi)始。我們必須繼續(xù)進(jìn)行宇宙的探索，不僅僅是滿足我們的自豪和好奇，更重要是為了造福人類。但是，不是每個(gè)人都同意這種觀點(diǎn)。TothegeneralpublicTothegeneralpublicTomostpeopleTothepopularmindInmostpeople'sopinion,....ButdespiteinspiteofforallIbelieveoneshould........666.1Tothepopular,mind,itisimmediatelyassumedthatwhenmoralsarediscussed,itissexualmoralsthataremeant.Themoralsofsalesmen,doctors,andtaxidriversareonlymoderatelyinterestingtothegeneralpublic,whiletherelationsbetweenmenandwomenarefrequentthemesinnovelsandmovies,themeswhichnoamountofrepetitionmakesstale.Yetinspiteofthisimmensepreoccupationwithsex,muchattentionshouldbedrawntothegeneralmoralstandards.當(dāng)討論起道德問(wèn)題時(shí)，大多數(shù)人會(huì)立即認(rèn)為是指性道德。一方面售貨員、醫(yī)生和出租車司機(jī)的職業(yè)道德不大為公眾所關(guān)心，而另一方面男女間的關(guān)系卻是小說(shuō)和電影中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的主題，再怎么不斷重復(fù)也不會(huì)失去其新鮮感。因此盡管人們對(duì)兩性問(wèn)題津津樂(lè)道，我認(rèn)為應(yīng)注意整個(gè)道德水平。6.2TomostChineseparents,collegeisaplacetheirchildrenshouldgo.Andtheirchildren,forthemostpart,arealsoanxioustogo.ItisinChinesetraditionthatthereissomethingaboutacollegethattransfersanordinarychildintoasuperioradult.Butinspiteofthisbelief,menandwomenwhohavebeentocollegesuspectthatthisisnotthecase.在大多數(shù)中國(guó)父母看來(lái)，大學(xué)是他們的子女應(yīng)該去的地方。而他們的孩子在大多數(shù)情況下也渴望上大學(xué)。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是大學(xué)能把一個(gè)普普通通的孩子培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)超人一等的人。但是盡管人們有這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，凡是讀過(guò)大學(xué)的人卻認(rèn)為情況并非如此。6.3Tomostpeopletoday,theimageofthescientistisofonewhocollectsdatainanimpartialsearchfortruth.Scienceissorespectedthatinanydebate--overintelligence,schooling,energy–thephrase"sciencesays"usuallycrushestheopposition.Butnowresearchershavefoundtheexistenceofafinaglefactor--atendencybymanyscientiststogiveahelpfultouchtothedatatoproducedesiredresults.對(duì)今天許多人說(shuō)來(lái)，科學(xué)家給人們的形象是他們收集數(shù)據(jù)，客觀地追求真理?？茖W(xué)是如此受到尊重，以至在任何關(guān)于智力、教育、能源等話題的辯論中只要一句話廣科學(xué)這樣說(shuō)的”就會(huì)把反對(duì)意見(jiàn)壓下去。但是，盡管如此，現(xiàn)在研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)存在弄虛作假的因素，即許多科學(xué)家對(duì)所得資料加以修改，使之有利于產(chǎn)生本人期望的結(jié)果的傾向。7Now7Nowalotofthemajorityofmany/mostpeoplebelievethinkfeelthat......ButalthoughAdmittedly,....thereisno/littleevidenceitisquestioned/doubtedthat....7.1Alotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchildren.Afewyearsago,thesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.Butalthoughchildpsychologistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyingthisproblem,thereisnotmuchevidencethattelevisionbringsaboutjuveniledelinquency.許多人都認(rèn)為電視會(huì)給孩子帶來(lái)危害。前幾年，對(duì)電影也有類似的指責(zé)。然而盡管青少年心理學(xué)者化了許多時(shí)間來(lái)研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題，卻很少有證據(jù)表明電視造成了青少年犯罪。7.2Mostpeoplebelievethatoursocietyofconsumptioncreatesthegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumber.Althoughthisviewiswidelyheld,thereislittleevidencethatmoneybringsabouthappiness.Instead,wefindourpresentwayoflifeleadstoincreasinganxiety,helplessness,and,eventually,tothedisintegrationofourculture.Irefusetoidentifyconsumptionwithjoyandfunwithhappiness.許多人認(rèn)為，我們這個(gè)消費(fèi)社會(huì)給絕大多數(shù)人帶來(lái)了最大的幸福。盡管人們普遍這樣認(rèn)為，卻很少有證據(jù)表明錢能給人帶來(lái)幸福。相反，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的生活方式使人越來(lái)越感到焦慮不安，孤立無(wú)援，最終導(dǎo)致我們文化的崩潰。我不認(rèn)為消費(fèi)就是快樂(lè)，玩樂(lè)就是幸福。7.3Thereissomefeelingnowadaysthatreadingisnotasnecessaryasitoncewas.Radioandespeciallytelevisionhavetakenovermanyofthefunctionsonceservedbyprint.Admittedly,televisionservessomeofthesefunctionsextremelywell;thevisualcommunicationofnewsevents,forexample,hasenormousimpact.Theabilityofradiotogiveusinformationwhileweareengagedindoingotherthings--forinstance,drivingacar--isremarkable,andagreatsavingoftime.Butitmaybeseriouslyquestionedwhethertheadventofmodemcommunicationsmediahasmuchenhancedourintellectualskills.現(xiàn)在有些人覺(jué)得，閱讀沒(méi)有像過(guò)去那樣有必要了。無(wú)線電廣播，尤其電視已代替了曾經(jīng)由印刷所起的許多作用。確實(shí)，電視極好地發(fā)揮了其中的一些功能，如新聞通過(guò)圖像來(lái)傳送有很大的影響。無(wú)線電廣播能使我們邊干事，如開(kāi)車，邊收聽(tīng)消息，真是了不起，且可節(jié)約許多時(shí)間。但是人們或許會(huì)認(rèn)真發(fā)問(wèn)，這些現(xiàn)代傳播媒體的出現(xiàn)是否已提高了我們的知識(shí)技能。88....Intothe,somepeople....reactionresponseanswereventphenomenonideaquestionSaythinkButdotheyrealize...?8.1Nowmostpeoplegettheirnewsandinformationaboutthethingsthatarehappeningathomeandabroadfromtelevision.Theybelievethethingstheyhearandseeontelevision.Probablymostoftheinformationistrue,andwecanbelieveit.Butshallwealwaysbelievetheinformationwhichtelevisiongivesus?Doweneversuspectthatthegiveninformationmightbeslanted,distortedorthetruthtotallydenied?現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人都是從電視上知道國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)生的事和新聞的。他們都相信在電視上看到和聽(tīng)到的事。大多數(shù)消息可能是真的，我們能相信。但是我們是否總是要相信電視給我們的消息呢?難道我們從不懷疑所給的消息可能有偏見(jiàn)，或已歪曲了，或真相已被徹底隱瞞了?8.2Inthevastfewyearsbigbusinesshasfallentoalowlevelinpublicesteem.ArecentGalluppollshowsthatbigbusinesscameinlast,intermsofthequalityoftheproducts,amongalltheenterpriseswhichsellhouseholdappliancesinShanghai;atthetopofthelistweresmallbusinessorbusinessfromsmalltowns.Inresponsetothepoll,manybusinessmenarguethatthispublicattitudeisduetotheinadequacyoftheiradvertisingandcanbecuredbysteppinguptheiradvertisingcampaigns.Theyareonlyfoolingthemselves.Dotheyrealizethattherealproblemfortheirlossofpublicrespectiswhattheyhavebeendoing,notwhattheyhavebeensayingaboutthemselves?在過(guò)去幾年里，大企業(yè)在公眾中的信譽(yù)已下降到一個(gè)低水平。最近的蓋洛普民意測(cè)驗(yàn)表明，就產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量來(lái)說(shuō)在上海出售家用電器的所有企業(yè)中，大企業(yè)位居榜末，而小企業(yè)或鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)名列前茅。對(duì)此許多大企業(yè)人士認(rèn)為公眾的這種態(tài)度是由于廣告宣傳不夠造成的，只要加大廣告宣傳聲勢(shì)，就會(huì)扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。這是在自欺欺人。難道他們沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到失去公眾信譽(yù)的真正問(wèn)題在于他們所做的，而不是所說(shuō)的?99...isaof...,butisitaone?isnowbeingbymoreandpopularwidespreadcommonmethodwayfairwisereasonableTheItsmethod/wayvalue/wisdomquestionedchallengedmorepeople.9.1Throwingcriminalsinjailisanancientandwidespreadmethodofpunishment,butisitawiseone?Itdoesseemreasonabletokeepwrongdoersinaplacewheretheyfindfeweropportunitiestohurtinnocentpeople,andwheretheymightdiscoverthatcrimedoesn'tpay.Thesystemhaslongbeenconsideredfairandsoundbythosewhowanttoseetheguiltypunishedandsocietyprotected.Yetthevalueofthisformofjusticeisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmorepeople.把罪犯丟進(jìn)監(jiān)獄是個(gè)古老又被廣泛采用的懲罰方法。但這個(gè)方法是否明智?把做壞事的人關(guān)在一個(gè)地方，使他們沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)再損害無(wú)辜的人，使他們感到犯罪劃不來(lái)，似乎確實(shí)有道理。這種制度一直被那些希望罪惡得到懲罰，社會(huì)得到保護(hù)的人視為公平而有效。但是這種司法形式的合理性現(xiàn)在正受到越來(lái)越多的人的質(zhì)疑。9.2Requiredclassattendance,likeanoldcustom,issocommoninChinesecollegesanduniversitiesthatmanyteachersandevenstudentsthemselvessimplyassumeitisagoodthing.Butisitawisemethod?Itdoescontributetotheriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingclass.Butisthereanyprovencorrelationbetweenattendanceandperformanceinacourse?Thevalueofrequiredattendanceisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmoreteachersandstudents.上課點(diǎn)名制，如同一種古老習(xí)俗，在中國(guó)的大學(xué)里非常普遍，許多教師甚至學(xué)生自己都認(rèn)為這種做法是對(duì)的。但這種方法是否明智?上課點(diǎn)名確實(shí)有助于學(xué)生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上課和這個(gè)學(xué)生在這門課上的學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)，兩者之間是否已證實(shí)有聯(lián)系?上課點(diǎn)名制度的合理性已受到越來(lái)越多的教師和學(xué)生的懷疑。10Thesedaysweoftenhearabout....They10Thesedaysweoftenhearabout....Theythat...Butit?Closedoesn'tbearoutthehasisexaminationanalysisscrutinyclaimargument.ClaimArguesay10.1Thesedaysweoftenhearabout"theclasslesssociety".Theysaythatallmenareequal,andtheycanenjoythesameeducationalandjobopportunities,andthedistinctionbetweenrichandpoorhaslost.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn'tbearouttheclaim.近來(lái)我們一直聽(tīng)到關(guān)于“無(wú)階級(jí)社會(huì)”的說(shuō)法。他們稱人人平等；他們都享受同等的教育機(jī)會(huì)和工作機(jī)會(huì)；窮人和富人的界限已經(jīng)消失。果真如此嗎?仔細(xì)分析一下，就證明這種觀點(diǎn)站不住腳。10.2ThesedaysIhaveheardmanyexasperatedstudentsandworkingadultsalikeexpressastrongdesiretotakeanEnglishcourseandacomputercourse.Theybelievethatsuchknowledgewillenhancetheirjobopportunitiesorpromotionopportunities.Butwillit?TheinformationI'vecollectedoverlastfewyearsleadsmetobelievethatthisknowledgemaybelessusefulthanmostpeoplethink.這些日子我聽(tīng)到不少因?qū)W習(xí)或工作而感到痛苦的學(xué)生和工人表示要上英語(yǔ)課或電腦課的強(qiáng)烈愿望。他們認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)會(huì)增加他們找工作、晉級(jí)的機(jī)會(huì)。是這樣嗎?從我最近幾年得到的材料來(lái)看，我認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)并不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那么有用。11Weareoften11Weareoftenthesedaysthat....Butisthisreallytheshowntoldcase?11.1Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-how,acquiredinexploringspace,willbeutilizedtomakelifebetteronearth.Isthisreallythecase?Whathasthespaceexplorationdonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth'sstarvingmillions?Inwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofus?Manmayputhumanbeingsonthemoon,butthereisgrowingskepticismabouthisabilitytosolvehumanproblemsclosertohome.我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)說(shuō)在探索空間中獲得的技術(shù)知識(shí)將用來(lái)改善我們地球上的人的生活。情況真的如此嗎?太空探索對(duì)減輕地球上正在挨餓的千百萬(wàn)人的痛苦到底做了什么呢?它從什么方面提高了我們的生活水平呢?人類能夠把人自己送上月球，但人們?cè)絹?lái)越懷疑其解決地球上人自己?jiǎn)栴}的能力。11.2Thesedayswhenmenandwomentalkaboutruthlessnessintheirlives,theygenerallyfocusonsymptomssuchaslosingtheirjobs,careerdissatisfaction,oranxietyaboutfinances.Butisthisreallythecase?Therealissues,perhaps,cutmuchdeeper.Thesadfactisthatmanypeople,inclingingtothemistakenbeliefthattheywereentitledtoregularraises,goodworkingconditions,andacomprehensivebenefitsitspackage,haveneverlearnedtorelyonthemselves.現(xiàn)在當(dāng)人們談及生活艱辛，他們一般只注意這些現(xiàn)象，如失業(yè)、工作不順心和擔(dān)心經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源。但情況真的是這樣嗎?真正的原因可能要深刻—點(diǎn)。可悲的是，許多人死抱著這樣錯(cuò)誤的想法，即認(rèn)為應(yīng)得到良好的工作條件，有全面的福利待遇，工資要經(jīng)常提高，而他們從不知道要依靠自己。Ⅱ.現(xiàn)象法對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會(huì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行剖析的文章往往在文章一開(kāi)始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題，然后評(píng)論。本節(jié)句型就適用于這種開(kāi)頭。12Recentlythe12Recentlythe...hasdrawn/arousedpublic/popular/grave/world-wideattentioncaused/arousalwide/generalIconsiderableInternationalconcernarisen/loomedup/croppedupascontroversial/asnote-worthy/moredistinctlyforsettlementriseinphenomenonofproblemofquestionof12.1Recently,thealarmabouttheproblemoftheuseofgenetictechnologiesonhumanbeingshavemusedwidepublicconcern,andunderstandablyso.Withnuclearenergythreateningglobalcatastropheandwithsomanyothertechnologicaladvancesvisiblydamagingthequalityoflife,whowouldwishtohavescientiststamperingwithMan’sinnernature?Indeed,fearofsuchmanipulationmayarouseevenmoreanxietythanfearofdeath.最近，有關(guān)把遺傳技術(shù)用于人類自身而產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題的警示已引起了公眾的廣泛關(guān)注。這是可以理解的。核能開(kāi)發(fā)正威脅著全球的生存，其它許多技術(shù)進(jìn)步也正明顯地危害生活的質(zhì)量。在這種情況下，誰(shuí)還會(huì)希望科學(xué)家來(lái)任意改變?nèi)梭w內(nèi)部機(jī)能呢?確實(shí)，害怕對(duì)人的操縱所引起的擔(dān)憂可能會(huì)超過(guò)對(duì)死亡的害怕。12.2Recentlypsychologistshavefoundonlyabouttwopercentofadultsusetheircreativity,comparedwithtenpercentofseven-yearoldchildren.Whenfive-year-oldsweretested,theresultsoaredtoninetypercent!Thefindingssetoffmanypeoplethinking.Curiosityandoriginalityaredailyoccurrencesforthesmallchild,butsomehowmostofuslosethefreedomandflexibilityofthechildaswegrowolder.Theneedtofollow“directions”and"do-it-right",plusthemanysocietalconstraintsweputonourselves,preventusfromusingourcreativepotential.最近，心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在使用自己創(chuàng)造力方面，成人只有2％，而7歲的兒童竟有10％。如果在5歲的兒童中測(cè)試，這個(gè)數(shù)上升到90％。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起許多人思索。好奇心和創(chuàng)造性每天可在小孩子身上發(fā)現(xiàn)，而當(dāng)我們逐步長(zhǎng)大成人，多數(shù)人喪失了孩子的那種自由和靈活性。“按常規(guī)去做”、“按正確的去做”以及種種社會(huì)的清規(guī)戒律把我們束縛住了，使我們無(wú)法發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造潛力。13Recentlythe13Recentlytheof...hasbeeninthelimelightbroughtintofocusbroughttopublicattentionposedamongthegeneralpublicissueproblemquestion...13.1Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld'slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandacidrainonalargescale.現(xiàn)在發(fā)展與環(huán)境的問(wèn)題已成為人們議論的中心。在中國(guó)這對(duì)矛盾表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。這個(gè)世界上人口最多的國(guó)家正面臨著環(huán)境污染、森林減少以及大范圍酸雨侵襲。13.2Inrecentyearsaninterestingfacthasbeenbroughttopublicattention:aseducationallevels,salaries,andtheeastoflivinghaveincreased,moreandmorepeoplearenowhavingfewerandfewerchildrentothepointwhereschoolsinmanycitieshavetoclosedown.最近幾年一個(gè)有趣的情況引起人們的注意，隨著教育水平，工資和生活消費(fèi)的提高，越來(lái)越多的人不想有小孩，已經(jīng)到了許多城市的學(xué)校不得不關(guān)門的地步。14In14In5years,manyhave….recentthepastcitiesnationspeoplebeenfaced/plagued/troubledwithexperienced/witnessed/undergonethea(n)seriousproblemofacuteshortageofalarmingincreasein14.1Inrecentyearsmanyfactoriesofourcountryhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowtomaketheirworkersmoreproductive.Seeingmanyidleworkerssmoking,chatting,orplayingcardsduringtheworkinghours,someexpertsclaimthatthesolutionistoincreaseeconomicreward.Otherpeoplefeelthat"theironricebowl"shouldberoughlysmashed.Butdoesmoremoneyleadtogreaterproductivity?近年來(lái)我國(guó)許多工廠一直面臨著如何提高工人的生產(chǎn)效率的問(wèn)題。針對(duì)許多工人上班的無(wú)所事事，抽煙、聊天或打牌的現(xiàn)象，有些專家主張通過(guò)增加經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬來(lái)解決。另一些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)徹底打破鐵飯碗。但是增加錢是否就能提高生產(chǎn)率呢?14.2Inrecentyears.Chinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinjuvenilecrime--thatis,crimecommittedbyindividualswhohaven'tcomeofage.Whetherthecategoryismurderorrobbery,muggingorrape,thestoryisthesame:juvenilecrimeisontherise.Oursocietyhastraditionallytreatedthejuvenileasaspecialkindofoffender,onewhowarrantspunishmentdifferentfromthatgiventoanadult,eventhoughthecrimemaybethesame.Nowitistimeweaskedourselves:Doesthetreatmentwork?最近幾年，中國(guó)的青少年犯罪率急劇上升。不管那些沒(méi)成年人的犯罪涉及到謀殺、偷盜、搶劫或是強(qiáng)奸，情形是一樣的：青少年犯罪在增加。我們社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)做法是把這些青少年當(dāng)成一種特殊的罪犯處理，盡管他們的罪行和成年人一樣，但所給的懲罰和成年人不同。現(xiàn)在該是問(wèn)一問(wèn)我們自己的時(shí)候了：這種做法是否有效?15Oneofthe15Oneoftheourtodayis….searchingburningpressinginterestingquestionsproblemsfacingconfrontingnationsocietyworld15.1Oneofthebasicquestionsfacingoursocietytodayis:Whatpromiseorthreatdoesnewtechnologyholdforourglobalfuture?Sincethedecisionsoursocietymakesabouttechnologicaldevelopmentwillundoubtedlyhavetremendousconsequencesintheyearstocome,itisurgentlynecessarytoexplorethisquestion,especiallybyexaminingscienceandtechnologyintheirrelationshiptothedevelopmentofhumanity.當(dāng)今社會(huì)面臨的基本問(wèn)題之一是：新技術(shù)會(huì)給世界的將來(lái)帶來(lái)什么樣的希望或威脅?由于我們的社會(huì)所做出的關(guān)于技術(shù)發(fā)展的決定會(huì)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)對(duì)未來(lái)產(chǎn)生巨大影響，因此探索這個(gè)問(wèn)題，尤其是通過(guò)檢查科學(xué)技術(shù)與人類發(fā)展的關(guān)系來(lái)這樣做就變得非常緊迫和必要了。15.2IthasbecomeapparenttousthatoneofthebiggestproblemsconfrontingourChineseeducationtodayistheincreasingvocationalizationofourcollegesanduniversities.Throughoutthecountry,schoolsareundereconomicpressuretobecomejob-trainingcentersandemploymentagencies.Allcoursesaregearedtocatertothebusinessneeds.很明顯中國(guó)的教育現(xiàn)在面臨的最大問(wèn)題之一是高等院校職業(yè)化傾向。在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的壓力下，全國(guó)許多大學(xué)成了職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中心或就業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)。課程的設(shè)置都一味迎合市場(chǎng)的需要。16Oneofthe16Oneofthemanypeopleaboutnowis...biggestissueshottesttopicsmostpopularthingsmostseriousproblemstalkcomplain16.1Oneofthemostpopulartopicsmanycityresidentstalkaboutnowisthetideoftheruralpoorfloodingthecities.Theycomplainthatthemigrantshavebroughtcrimeandprostitution,thattheyareputtingpressureonpopulationcontrolandsocialorder;thattheyarethreateningtotakealreadyscarcecityjobsandexacerbatinghousingshortages;andthattheyhaveworsenedtrafficandsanitationproblems.True.Thesearetheproblemsposedbythemigration,butwhataboutthecontributiontheruralworkershavemadetothecity'sdevelopmentandprosperity?許多市民現(xiàn)在談得最多的話題之一是源源不斷涌進(jìn)城市的民工潮。他們抱怨民工把犯罪和賣淫帶來(lái)了，給城市人口的控制和社會(huì)秩序帶來(lái)了壓力，并威脅著奪走本來(lái)已很緊張的城市工作機(jī)會(huì)，使得城市住房、交通、衛(wèi)生等問(wèn)題更為突出。是的，這些都是民工潮帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，但怎么看待他們對(duì)城市的發(fā)展和繁榮所做出的貢獻(xiàn)呢?16.2Oneofthebestqualitiesthatmostpeopleadmireinothersisthewillingnesstoadmitone'smistakes.Itisextremelyhardsometimestosayasimplethinglike"Iwaswrongaboutthat",anditisevenhardertosay,"Iwaswrong,andyouwererightaboutthat".大多數(shù)人所佩服的別人的最好的品質(zhì)之一，是敢于承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。有時(shí)人們發(fā)覺(jué)很難開(kāi)口說(shuō)這樣簡(jiǎn)單的話：“在這一點(diǎn)上是我錯(cuò)了?！倍f(shuō)我錯(cuò)了，你是對(duì)的?！眲t更難。1717mostforouristheof...whichisin...NowPerhapsdfngerousundesirableharmfulnationsocietyworldcollegetrendtendencyphenomenonapparentobviousevidentpervasiverampantunderway17.1Perhapsmostdangerousforournationnowistheofficialcorruptionwhichisrampantinnearlyeveryfieldofoursociety.Onceourofficialswerecontentwithtelevisionsetsorimportedcigarettesaspaymentforofficialservices,theynowdemandlandrights,stockcertificates,andevendirectlydollars.現(xiàn)在對(duì)我們的國(guó)家最有危險(xiǎn)的恐怕要算是官員的腐敗。腐敗之風(fēng)已蔓延到我們社會(huì)的幾乎每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。過(guò)去辦事官員還只滿足于電視機(jī)、外煙之類的東西作回報(bào)，現(xiàn)在他們已要求土地產(chǎn)權(quán)、股票證券，甚至直截了當(dāng)要美元。InflationInflationCorruptionSocialinequalityisyetanotherofthenewandbittertruthswehavetolearntofacenowconstantly.181818.1Cheatingisyetanotherofthebittertruthswehavetolearntofacenow.Itissoprevalentandsowidelyacceptedthatitbecomesawayofacademiclife.Eventhemostgiftedstudents,theonewhopresumablycouldgetgoodgradeswithoutcheating,arebecomingtheconstantoffenders.Gettingagoodacademicrecordandlateragoodprofessionalcareeristhemostimportantgoalandtheywilldoanythingtheymusttoattainit.考試作弊是我們不得不接受的又一嚴(yán)峻的事實(shí)。作弊是那么普遍和司空見(jiàn)慣，已成為大學(xué)生活中的一個(gè)方面。連最有天賦的學(xué)生，那些不靠作弊也能取得好成績(jī)的學(xué)生也常常作弊。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，有一個(gè)學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)秀的記錄和將來(lái)有一份令人羨慕的工作比什么都重要，為達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，他們什么都會(huì)干。19A19A(n)of...isnowunderwayinthis.Aceordingtoa,….virtualepidemicacuteshortageseriouscampaigncountrysocietyrecentnewstudypollsurvey19.1Avirtualepidemicofpregnanciesisunderwayinthisnation'steenagepopulation.In1993alone26270babieswereborntounwedteens.Predictably,educators,parentgroupsandnewspaperwritershaverespondedtothisnewswithaclamorformoreandbettersexeducation.Indeed,thatisurgentlynecessary,butissexeducationalonethewholeanswer?未婚少女懷孕，這一現(xiàn)象就像傳染病一樣正在該國(guó)蔓延開(kāi)來(lái)。僅1993年便有26270個(gè)嬰兒為未婚少女所生?？梢灶A(yù)料教育工作者、家長(zhǎng)團(tuán)體和報(bào)紙記者對(duì)此大聲疾呼要加強(qiáng)和完善性教育。是的，這是非常必要的。但僅僅靠性教育能解決問(wèn)題嗎?2020acrossthe,a(n)HereandthereIncityaftercityAtofficesandplantscountrylandgrowingincreasingsurprisingsignificantnumberof....20.1Atofficesandplantsacrossthecountry,agrowingnumberofworkersarejoggingalongthestreets,playingtag-of-war,anddoingcalisthenicsonthepavements--allwiththesupportandencouragementoftheiremployers.Thecompany-sponsoredphysical-fitnessprogramsarebenefitingbothindividualsandcompanies.從機(jī)關(guān)到工廠，越來(lái)越多的職工在街上跑步，在人行道上拔河，做健身操。這些活動(dòng)都受到他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的支持和鼓勵(lì)。由工廠公司支持資助的健身活動(dòng)不僅給職工個(gè)人，而且對(duì)廠方都帶來(lái)益處。20.2Hereandthereacrossthecountryarecomingreportsthatgovernmentofficials,evenseniorofficials,havebeenpunishedforcorruption.Someweresentencedfortakingbribes,othersexecutedforembezzlingfunds.InBeijingalonenearly60000civilservantswerefoundguiltyofcorruptionin1993.Officialcorruptionhasincreasedgreatlyinthepastfiveyearsnotonlyinscopebutinmagnitude.從各地傳來(lái)報(bào)道，許多政府官員，甚至高級(jí)干部因腐敗而受到懲罰。有的因受賄而被判刑，有的因侵吞公款而被判處死刑。僅北京在1993年就有6萬(wàn)多官員因貪污、賄賂而被判罪。在過(guò)去5年里，政府官員的腐敗在范圍和規(guī)模上都有很大的發(fā)展。21Nowinmany21Nowinmany....Whatthe,bigcitiescountriescollegesanoverwhelmingmajorityofasignificantproportionofasizablepercentageofthepubliccollegepopulationpeopleaccountsforexplainsliesbehindphenomenon?phenomenon?problem21.1MostpeopleinChinathinktheplaceforchildrenisinschoolandmostkidsgothereeveryday,astheyshould.Asignificantproportion,however,--over2millionchildrenaccordingtothe1995census-werenotenrolled.Whataccountsforthephenomenonwhichoccurswhenthegener