高考英語“閱讀簡答題”新題型預測與檢測訓練

高考英語“閱讀簡答題”新題型預測與檢測訓練隨著新課標的實施和考試改革的不斷深入，高考英語試題的題型也在不斷更新。傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解試題側重了對考生語言輸入能力的考查，而沒有體現考生在讀完文章之后語言輸出能力的考查，忽略了考生閱讀過程中的主觀性，限制了考生對文章信息的主觀理解和分析?？忌皇窃谒o選項中進行選擇，而沒有機會進行主觀表述。我們認為，這種測試形式不能有效地反映考生的實際閱讀理解能力和水平。高考英語湖南卷中將出現一個“閱讀簡答”新題型。該題型根據高中學生認知特點和學習發(fā)展需要，在檢測學生基本語言運用能力的同時，著重測試學生用英語獲取信息、處理信息、分析和解決問題的能力，用英語進行思維和表達的能力。簡答題為閱讀理解中的第二節(jié)，材料為一篇300字左右的文章?？忌喿x文章后，根據各小題的具體要求，簡要回答問題。本節(jié)共三個小題，每小題2分，滿分6分。一、題型特點：如何來應對這種新的測試題型呢？第三部分閱讀理解題簡答題示例：SHISHMAREF,anEskimovillageonanislandoffnorthwesternAlaska,isfallingintotheocean.Giantstormwaveshavesohittheplace—oncewellbufferedbyseaice—thatvillagersvotedin2002toleavetheirancestralhomeforthemainland.Theyarebeingcalledoneofthefirstrefugees（難民）ofglobalwarming.“Wetendtodescribeclimatechangeintermsthatareabstract—aonedegreeriseintemperature,anincreaseingreenhousegases—butwhenwaveswashawayavillage,that’sconcreteandveryemotional,”saysIgorKrupnik,anexpertattheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory.“Whentheyloseapieceoftheirland,theyaren’tjustlosingacertainnumberofsquaremiles.Theyarelosingpartoftheirhistoryandtheirmemory.Theyarelosingchildhoodeventsandgrandparents’tales.”BeforetemperaturesbegantoriseinShishmarefabout30yearsago,20to30milesofhardseaiceprotectedthevillagefrompowerfulfallstorms.Butthenativessaytheicedoesn’tfreezeassolidlyorassoonasitusedtoandnowstretchesonlysixorsevenmiles,leavingthecommunityof600peoplemoreexposed.Stormshaveswepthousesintotheocean.Thevillagers’planistomovetoTinCreek,asiteontheAlaskamainland12milesaway,andtheyhavereceived$180millionfromthegovernment.Residentshopethatintheirnewcommunitythey’llbeabletomaintaintheircloseties,continuehuntinganimals,andkeepfishing,muchastheirancestorshavedoneforcenturies.“Peopleareaskingwhythegovernmentshouldbespendingsomuchmoneyonsofewpeople,”saidagovernmentofficial.“ButpeopleinAlaskaarelikeeveryoneelse.Wewanttohelpkeeptheirculturealive.”73.Findinthepassageawordclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“buffered”.74.Accordingtothevillagers’saying,whatdoweknowabouttheseaicearoundShishmarefinthepast?（回答詞數不超過8個）75.Whatisthevillagers’mainpurposetorebuildtheircommunity?（回答詞數不超過6個）參考答案：73.Protected.74.Itfrozemoresolidlyandsooner./Itcoveredalargerarea.75.Tokeeptheirculturealive./Tosavetheirwayoflife.分析上面的題目，我們可總結出以下特點：1．“閱讀簡答”題融語篇理解和文字表達考查為一體，以閱讀材料作為問題的載體，考查的最終目標則指向表達能力。該試題的測試目的是從多方位多角度考查考生通過閱讀獲取信息、處理信息并進行書面表達的能力。該試題比傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解試題更具綜合性和主觀性，更能體現對考生綜合語言運用能力的考查。2．題目設計對語篇理解的要求即有深度又有廣度。問題即涉及到詞義轉換（第73小題），又涉及到對文章整體內容的概括或歸納（第74、75小題）。答題時如果對文章缺乏全面、深刻的理解，將很難做出正確的回答。3．試題的答案即有唯一性又有開放性。第73小題的詞義猜測，要求從所給材料中尋找同義或近義詞，這就確保了答案的唯一性。第74、75小題具有開放性，其答案可能沒有固定、唯一的答案，要求考生根據短文中的某一細節(jié)進行濃縮。4．難度大，信度高?！伴喿x簡答”題有一定的難度，解題過程中需要更多的思維活動。它不像傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解題那樣，給出選項，考生只要讀懂文章選出答案就行了。即使有時讀不懂文章，也可以靠運氣選個答案“蒙”分。“閱讀簡答”則不然，讀不懂文章就根本無法做答。有時即使讀懂了，但因為受語言運用水平的制約，答題時也不一定能夠把自己的意思明白無誤地表達出來。這一題型更能夠把不同層次水平的考生區(qū)分開，具有很高的信度和區(qū)分度。二、解題方法：1．解答“閱讀簡答”題，理解是基礎。理解是答題的前提和保證，讀不懂文章就談不上解答提問。由樣題分析可以看出，此題對閱讀理解能力的要求相當高，涉及詞義猜測能力，尋讀具體信息能力和綜合概括能力。英語的詞義非常豐富，不同的語境，詞義也不同，在考試中需用心揣摸上下文中的正確含義。根據上下文猜測詞義可以在一定程度上考查出考生的邏輯推斷能力，是閱讀能力的一個重要組成部分。第73小題的詞義猜測，首先要根據語境線索準確猜測劃線單詞的詞義，如短文中的語境是：巨大的海浪如此襲擊著這個地方，以至于村民們投票決定離開，而這個地方曾經是被冰雪“保護（buffered）”得很好的。理解了劃線單詞的意義之后，尋找類似的語境和不同的表達法也就不成問題了，文中“20to30milesofhardseaiceprotectedthevillagefrompowerfulfallstorms”具有異曲同工之妙，近義詞protected就很容易地找到了。2．解答“閱讀簡答”題，表達是關鍵。理解作為基礎固然重要，但文字表達能力才是成敗的關鍵。要做好此題，必須具備良好的表達能力，善于歸納概括有效信息，表達時不能超過題目規(guī)定的字數。例如74小題，實際是將文章中的幾句話“

BeforetemperaturesbegantoriseinShishmarefabout30yearsago,20to30milesofhardseaiceprotectedthevillagefrompowerfulfallstorms.Butthenativessaytheicedoesn’tfreezeassolidlyorassoonasitusedtoandnowstretchesonlysixorsevenmiles,”縮為答案要求的八個字以內。對考生的語言組織能力要求相當高。三、備考建議：根據新題型特點，考生在備考訓練中要注意以下幾點：1.

養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習慣，掌握一定的閱讀技巧。要善于概括文章或者其中某一個段落和層次的主旨大意、作者的寫作目的，要善于分析和把握篇章的結構、推測作者的語氣、態(tài)度和觀點，捕捉文章的具體信息，理解特定環(huán)境中語言的意義。2.

因為過去的傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解試題是選擇題，因此同學們容易在思想上形成一種依賴性，也就是說，由命題者提供選項，我們只是被動地進行選擇；而“閱讀簡答”題要求我們就文章的具體信息進行綜合概括。所以，同學們在平時學習中要養(yǎng)成主動思維的習慣，如進行交互式閱讀——就文章的內容或作者的觀點進行討論或評價，對文中故事的情節(jié)或作者的思路進行預測、對作者的語氣進行揣摩等等。3.

在回答問題之前要認真審題，判斷問題的類型，弄清楚題目的要求；回答要有針對性，避免答非所問；同時還要注意問題后的字數要求，回答要簡潔，語言要準確、達意，書寫要工整，卷面要整潔。4.

解答“閱讀簡答”題的關鍵是弄清楚其考查的目的、問題的類型和掌握一定的答題技巧，并在老師的指導下進行一定量的針對性訓練；尤其注意的是，平時一定要注意英語書面表達能力的提高以及書寫的訓練。四、跟蹤檢測：(1)Hannah'sGoldHannahTeterlookslikeatypicalteenager,notsomeoneyouwouldexpecttoseeinaluxurioushotel.Butthat'sexactlywhereshewas,transformedfromasmall-towngirlwithbigdreamstoagold-medalsnowboardergettingthebig-time"star"treatment.Eversinceherincredibleperformanceinthe2006WinterOlympicGamesinTorino,Italy,Hannahhasbeenshoweredwithattention.She'sdonecountlessinterviews,appearingonshowslikeJimmyKimmelandDavidLetterman.It'salongwayfromBelmont,Vermont,withitspopulationof421people."Igrewupinatinytownandasmallschool,Iwasjustthishometowngirl,"saidHannah,duringabreakattheWorldCongressofSport,amajorconferenceaboutthebusinessofsportsbeingheldinNewYorkCity.Whileherlifehasdefinitelychangedinthelastfewweeks,onethingremainsthesame—herpositiveattitude."ThefunnythingisthatIstillfeellikeanordinarysnowboardgirl...Peopleaskme,'Sohasyourheadgottenanybigger?'butIdon'tfeellikeit'sgottenanybigger.Istillfeelnormal."What'sthebiggestlessonthatHannahhaslearnedthroughherunbelievablesuccess?"IgrewupinVermont,"Hannahsaid."Ihavethatkindofbackgroundwherelife'saboutsnowboarding,butit'ssomuchmorethanthat.Thisisanopportunitytogetoutthereandmaybemakeachangeintheworld."Anditlookslikesheisdoingjustthat.Sheisstartingasugarbrandnamed"Hannah'sGold,"andtheprofitswillgotoWorldVision,aninternationalcharitythathelpseveryonefromorphansinAsiatoAIDSvictimsinAfrica."Peoplecomeuptomeandthey'reexcitedaboutwhatI'vedone,"Hannahsaid."Andthatmakesmeexcited,becauseIlovewhatIdo."73.Findinthepassageawordclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“incredible”.74.WhatkindofpersonisHannahTeteraccordingtothepassage?（回答詞數不超過8個）75.HowdoesHannahmakeachangeintheworldafterbecomingagold-medalsnowboarder?"（回答詞數不超過6個）參考答案：73.unbelievable.74.Sheisanordinarysnowboarderwithgreatsuccess.75.ShehelpsorphansandAIDSvictims./ShemakesprofitsforWorldVision.

(2)ASnaketotheRescueItmayseemfrighteningatfirst,butthatmachine"slithering"acrossthefloorisjustarobot—asnakerobot.ScientistsatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,madepublicthenewtechnologyearlierthisweek,predictingthattheirsnakerobotswillonedaybeabletohelpfindtrappedvictimsintheresultofanaturaldisaster."Rightnow,thewaytogettothesetrappedsurvivorsistopulltherubbleoutonerockatatime,"saidProfessorHowieChoset,theleaderoftheteamthatbuilttherobots."Ourdreamistohavethesnakerobotthreadthroughthiscollapsedruinsandgettovictimsmorequickly."AfterdisasterssuchasHurricaneKatrina,inwhichbuildingsoftenfalldown,rescueworkershavetroublereachingsurvivors.Theproblemisthattheirequipmentisoftentoolargetogetthroughtheruins.Arobotthatcanweaveinandoutofbrokenconcreteandmetalcanhelpsavethelivesofsurvivorsandlimittheriskofinjuryforrescueworkers.Inadditiontobeingabletocrossgaps,twistaroundcorners,andclimboversmallhills,thesnakerobots'abilitytoscalepipesmakesthemveryuseful.Therobots,whichareoperatedbyhumans,aremadefromlightweightaluminumandplastic,andmovewithsmallmotorsknownasservos(自動控制系統(tǒng)).Eachoneisaboutthesizeofahumanarm,andisequippedwithcamerasaswellaselectronicsensorstodeterminedirection."Therescueworkersaretheheroes,"saidChoset."Thesearejustbettertools."Severalresearchteams,mostlyatuniversities,arealsodevelopingsnakerobots,accordingtoDanKara,thepresidentofRoboticsTrendsCompany.KarasaysthatCarnegieMellonrobotsareunique,though,becausetheyclimbpipes.Tworobots,named"Breadstick"and"Pepperoni,"havealreadyprovedtheirskillsbyscalingtheinsideandoutsideofstormdrains(下水道).ThetechnologythatwillallowBreadstick,Pepperoni,andtheirsnakerobotcousinstoserveduringdisastersmaybe5to10yearsaway.73.Findinthepassageawordclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“rubble”.74.Whydoscientiststhinksnakerobotswillbemoreeffectiverescuetoolsthanthoseusednow?(回答詞數不超過8個)75.Whathasalreadybeendonebyusingthetechnologyofsnakerobots?（回答詞數不超過6個）參考答案：73.ruins74.Theycanbefreetoreachtrappedsurvivors.75.Climbingpipes/Scalingstormdrains.

（3）CelebrateEarthDayApril22isEarthDay—atimeofyearwhenspecialattentionispaidtoenvironmentalissues.ItisanimportantdaytothepeopleofmyhomestateofOregon.Oregonisfilledwiththickgreenforests,anditsresidentsareoftenactivelyinvolvedinpreservingitsnaturalbeauty.IrecentlyhadthechancetointerviewMichaelCarrier,Oregon'sNationalResourcePolicyDirector,aboutthesignificanceofEarthDayinourstate."Salmon(鱸魚)areveryimportanttoOregon,"saidCarrier.HeexplainedthatOregonisdevotedtomaintainingitssalmonpopulation,andhasissuedspeciallicenseplateswithasalmondesign.Theplateshaveraisedmorethan$2millionfortheOregonParksandRecreationDepartment(OPRD).AccordingtoCarrier,theOPRDinveststhousandsofdollarseveryyearinnumerousprojectsdesignedtoimprovesalmonlife,suchasrestoringstreamstomakethemfish-friendly.WhenIaskedabouthowkidscouldhelptheenvironment,Carrierrespondedthatitisimportantforustolearnaboutenvironmentalissues,andtokeepupwithnewdevelopments.Healsosuggestedanotherwaythatyoungpeoplecansettowork."Kidscanhelpbyrecycling,"saidCarrier.OregonwillhostseveralactivitiestocelebrateEarthDaythisyear.TheOregonGardensisthesiteforaneducationaleventforenvironmentalactivistsandcommunityleaders.ManyOregonianswillgetinontheEarthDayactionbyvolunteeringtohelpcleanuppartoftheircommunities.Forsomeplaces,liketheOregonZoo,EarthDayiseveryday,withspecialprogramsthatencouragepeopletorecyclethroughouttheyear.Remember—youcandoyourparttohelptheenvironment.SothisEarthDay,getoutofthehouse,signupforsomeearth-friendlyactivities,andhavefun!

73.Findinthepassageawordclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“preserving”.74.Inordertoimprovesalmonlife,theOPRDinvestsmucheveryyear.What’stheresultoftheefforts?（回答詞數不超過8個）75.WhatdoestheauthoradvisechildrendotocelebratethisEarthDay?（回答詞數不超過6個）參考答案：73.maintaining74.Makestreamsbetterforfishtolivein.75.Takepartinsomeearth-friendlyactivities.

（4）BigSwimWhen7-year-oldBraxtonBilbreyclimbedoutofthewateratSanFrancisco'sAquaticPark,acrowdgreetedhim.OnMonday,thesecond-graderfromGlendale,Arizona,becameoneoftheyoungestpeopleevertoswimfromAlcatraztoSanFrancisco.Hecompletedthe1.4-mileswiminjust47minutes."Ithinkit'sprettycool,"saidBraxton,ashecameoutofthewater.Sohowdoesayoungboycomeupwithsuchabigidea?Byreading:Braxtoncameacrossamagazinearticleabout9-year-oldJohnnyWilson,whocompletedthebreathtakingswiminalittlelessthantwohourslastOctober.Wilson'sstorygotBraxtonthinking.HedecidedthatthelongswimfromAlcatrazwassomethinghe'dliketotry.Alcatrazwasonceafederalprisonthatheldsomeofthecountry'smostwell-knowncriminals.Today,itisatouristsitethatreceivesabout1millionvisitorseachyear.AnumberofathleteshaveswumthecoursefromtheformerprisontoSanFrancisco.WhenBraxton'smomfirstheardherson'sidea,shewasn'ttooexcited.Herson'sdetermination,though,soonchangedhermind."Fora7-year-oldtobethatmotivatedandstickwithagoalthatlongisamazing,"saidStaceyBilbrey,Braxton'smother."He'sworkedhardforit."Oncehesetagoalforhimself,Braxtonhadtobegintraining.Toprepareforthebigswim,the7-year-oldbeganswimmingtwohoursaday,fourtimesaweek.BraxtonhadcompanyforMonday'sbigswim,ashiscoachandtwootheradultsswamalongsidehim."Ifyouweretoaskmeifa7-year-oldisoldenoughtodoit,I'dsaymaybeoneoutof10million,"saidJoeZemaitis,Braxton'sswimcoach."Buthe'sthatone.Afterfinishinghisswim,Braxtonwasliftedoutofthewaterbyhisfather."Hedidsoawesome"saidhisdad,SteveBilbrey."I'msoproudofhim."What'snextforBraxton?Thissecond-graderalreadyhashiseyeonanewgoal—toswimtheEnglishChannel.73.Findinthepassageawordclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“awesome”.74.WhatattractsmanytouriststovisitAlcatraz?（回答詞數不超過8個）75.HowdidBraxtonBilbreygettheideatoswimfromAlcatraztoSanFrancisco?（回答詞數不超過6個）參考答案：73.breathtaking74.Alcatraz’shistorybackgroundandtheswimmingstarting-point.75.EncouragedbyJohnnyWilson’sbreathtakingswim.（5）FloatingGoldLeonWrightandhiswife,Loralee,werewalkingalongabeachinwesternSouthAustraliawhentheycameuponsomethingoutoftheordinary—about32poundsofambergris,alsoknownaswhalevomit(鯨吐渣).Asitturnsout,thegraydropisactuallyveryvaluable,andcouldbeworthasmuchas$300,000.Ambergrisismadeofthesubstancesthespermwhalecan'tdigest.Beinglighterinweightthanoceanwater,thesubstanceusuallyfloatsalongthesurface,losingitssmellasitisexposedtothesunandsaltwater.Findingambergrisalongabeachrarelyhappens;thisisthefirsttimethatambergrishasbeenfoundinSouthAustralia.Sowhatmakesthiswhalevomitsovaluable?Ambergrisisusedtomakeexpensiveperfumes.Sometimescalled"floatinggold,"ithaslongbeen