常用施工機(jī)械機(jī)具的性能PerformanceofCommo

《常用施工機(jī)械機(jī)具的性能》

PerformanceofCommonConstructionMachineryandTools1、推土機(jī)

Bulldozer推土機(jī)操縱靈活、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方便、所需工作面小、行駛速度快，能爬300左右的坡。適用于場地平整、開挖深度1.5m左右的基坑、移挖作填、填筑堤壩、回填基坑和基槽土方、為鏟運(yùn)機(jī)助鏟、為挖掘機(jī)清理集中余土和創(chuàng)造工作面，修路開道、牽引其它無動力施工機(jī)械，大馬力推土機(jī)還可犁松堅(jiān)巖。Thebulldozeriseasyandconvenienttooperate,anditrequiressmallworkingsurfaceandthespeedisfast.Itcanclimbahillof300slope,anditisalsosuitableforlevelingtheground,excavatingthefoundationpitwithadepthofabout1.5m,cuttingandfilling,embankingthedam,backfillingtheearthworkofthefoundationpitandfoundationtrench,assistingtheshovelforthescraper,cleaningandgatheringthesurplussoilfortheexcavatorandcreatingaworkingface,buildingroadsandandclearingtheway,towingotherunpoweredconstructionmachinery.Thehigh-powerbulldozercanalsoploughandloosenthesolidrock.提高推土機(jī)生產(chǎn)效率的方法Methodsofimprovingbulldozerproductionefficiency（1）下坡推土

Downhillbulldozing順地面坡勢沿下坡方向推土，可增大鏟刀切土深度和運(yùn)土數(shù)量，縮短推土?xí)r間,提高生產(chǎn)率約30～40%。Bulldozingalongthedownhilldirectioncanincreasethecuttingdepthofthebladeandtheamountofsoiltransported,shortenthebulldozingtimeandraisetheproductivitybyabout30~40%.（2）并列推土

Parallelbulldozing大面積施工區(qū)可采用2～3臺推土機(jī)并列推土，減少土的散失量而增大推土量，提高生產(chǎn)率約15～30%。Twotothreebulldozerscanbeusedtobulldozeinparallelinalargeconstructionarea,soastoreducethelossofsoilandincreasetheamountofbulldozing,andimprovetheproductivitybyabout15~30%.（3）分批集中、一次推送

Batchgatheringandone-timebulldozing當(dāng)運(yùn)距較遠(yuǎn)又土質(zhì)較堅(jiān)硬時，宜多次鏟土，一次推送。Whenthehauldistanceislongandthesoilishard,itisadvisabletoshovelthesoilformanytimesandbulldozeitatonetime.（4）槽型推土

Grooveshapebulldozing當(dāng)土層較厚時，可利用前次推土的槽形推土，可減少土的散失量，增大推土量。Whenthesoillayeristhick,thegrooveshapefromthepreviousbulldozingcanbeusedtoreducethelossofsoilandincreasetheamountofbulldozing.2、鏟運(yùn)機(jī)

Scraper鏟運(yùn)機(jī)操縱簡單、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方便、行駛速度快、生產(chǎn)效率高，是能獨(dú)立完成鏟土、運(yùn)土、卸土、填筑、壓實(shí)等全部土方施工工序的施工機(jī)械。適用于坡度為200以內(nèi)的大面積場地平整、大型基坑開挖、填筑路基堤壩。Thescraperhastheadvantagesofeasyandconvenientoperation,fastdrivingspeedandhighproductionefficiency.Itisaconstructionmachinethatcanindependentlycompleteallearthworkconstructionprocessessuchassoilshoveling,earthmoving,soilunloading,fillingandcompaction.Itisapplicabletolarge-areagroundleveling,large-scalefoundationpitexcavationandroadbedfillingandembankmentwithaslopeoflessthan200.鏟運(yùn)機(jī)的斗容量為2～8m3，合適運(yùn)距為600-1500米，效率最高的經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)距為200～350m。如采用雙聯(lián)鏟運(yùn)或掛大斗鏟運(yùn)時，其經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)距可增加至1000m。Thebucketcapacityofthescraperis2~8m3，Thesuitablehauldistanceis600-1500m,andtheeconomicalandhauldistancewiththehighestefficiencyis200-350m.Ifdualshovelingandearthmovingorshovelingandearthmovingwithalargebucketisadopted,theeconomicalhauldistancecanbeincreasedto1000m.運(yùn)距愈長、生產(chǎn)效率愈低，超過經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)距時應(yīng)考慮汽車運(yùn)輸。Thelongerthehauldistanceis,thelowertheproductionefficiencyis.Automobiletransportshouldbeconsideredwhenthehauldistanceisnoteconomical.提高鏟運(yùn)機(jī)生產(chǎn)效率的方法Methodsofimprovingproductionefficiencyofscrapers（1）下坡鏟土Downhillshoveling利用機(jī)械重力的水平分力來加大切土深度并縮短鏟土?xí)r間。Thehorizontalcomponentofmechanicalgravitycanbeusedtoincreasethecuttingdepthandshortentheshoveltime.（2）推土機(jī)助鏟

Shovelingassistedbybulldozer在較堅(jiān)硬的土層中用推土機(jī)助鏟，可加大鏟刀切削力、切土深度和鏟土速度。助鏟間隙可兼作松土、平整工作。Thecuttingforce,cuttingdepthandshovelspeedofthebladecanbeincreasedwhenusingabulldozertoassistshovelinhardsoillayers.Abulldozercanalsobeusedforsoillooseningandlevelinginthemeanwhile.（3）挖近填遠(yuǎn)、挖遠(yuǎn)填近：Nearexcavationandfarfillingorfarexcavationandnearfilling挖土先從距離填土區(qū)最近一端開始，由近而遠(yuǎn)；填土則從距挖土區(qū)最遠(yuǎn)一端開始，由遠(yuǎn)而近。既可使鏟運(yùn)機(jī)始終在合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)距內(nèi)工作，又可創(chuàng)造下坡鏟土的條件。Theexcavationstartsfromthenearestendtothefillingarea,andworkfromneartofar;Thefillinghoweverstartsfromthefarthestendoftheexcavationarea,workingfromfartonear.Thiscannotonlymakethescraperworkwithinareasonableeconomicalhauldistance,butalsocreatetheconditionsforshovelingsoildowntheslope.（4）雙聯(lián)鏟運(yùn)法Dualshovelingmethod拖式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)的動力有富余時，可在拖拉機(jī)后串連兩個鏟斗進(jìn)行雙聯(lián)鏟運(yùn)。對堅(jiān)硬土層，可先鏟滿一個斗，再鏟另一個斗，即“雙聯(lián)單鏟”；對松軟土層，可兩個斗同時鏟土，即“雙聯(lián)雙鏟”。Whenthepowerofthetowedscraperissurplus,twobucketscanbeconnectedinseriesbehindthetractorfordualshoveling.Forhardsoillayers,fillingonebucketfirst,thenshovelingtheother,thatis,"singleshovelingwithdualmode";Forthemellowsoillayers,twobucketscanshovelthesoilatthesametime,thatis,"dualshoveling".（5）跨鏟法Alternateshovelingmethod在較堅(jiān)硬的地段挖土?xí)r可采取預(yù)留土埂、間隔鏟土的方法?？煽s短鏟土?xí)r間和減少向外撒土,提高效率。Whenexcavatinginhardsections,themethodofreservingsoilridgesandshovelingsoilatintervalscanbeadopted.Itcanshortentheshovelingtimeandreducetheoutwardscatteringofsoil,soastoimprovetheefficiency.（6）掛大斗鏟運(yùn)

Earthmovingwithbucket在土質(zhì)松軟地區(qū)，可改掛大型土斗，充分利用拖拉機(jī)的牽引力提高工效。Inmellowsoilareas,largeearthbucketscanbehungtomakefulluseofthetractionforceoftractorstoimproveworkefficiency.（7）波浪式鏟土法

Wave-likeshovelingmethod鏟土開始時，鏟刀以最大深度切入土中，隨著負(fù)荷增加、車速降低，相應(yīng)減小切土深度，依次反復(fù)進(jìn)行，直至鏟斗裝滿為止，適用于較硬土層。Atthebeginningofshoveling,thebladecutsintothesoilatthemaximumdepth.Withtheincreaseofloadsandthedecreaseofvehiclespeed,thecuttingdepthshallbereducedaccordingly.Itshallbecarriedoutrepeatedlyuntilthebucketisfull.Thisissuitableforhardsoillayers.3、挖掘機(jī)Excavator挖掘機(jī)主要用于挖掘基坑、溝槽、清理和平整場地，更換工作裝置后還可進(jìn)行裝卸、起重、打樁等其它作業(yè)，能一機(jī)多用，工效高、經(jīng)濟(jì)效果好，是工程建設(shè)中的常用機(jī)械。當(dāng)場地起伏高差較大、土方運(yùn)輸距離超過1000米，且工程量大而集中時，可采用挖掘機(jī)挖土，配合自卸汽車運(yùn)土，并在卸土區(qū)配備推土機(jī)平整土堆。Excavatorsaremainlyusedtoexcavatefoundationpits,grooves,cleanandleveltheground.Afterchangingtheworkingdevices,theycanalsocarryoutloadingandunloading,lifting,pilingandotheroperations.Theycanbeusedformultiplepurposes.Excavatorsareofhighworkefficiencyandeconomical,theyareverycommoninEngineeringconstruction.Excavatorscanbeemployedtodig,totransportthesoilwithdumptrucks,andtolevelmoundswithbulldozerinunloadingareawhenthegroundisfluctuated,theheightdifferenceislarge,theearthworktransportationdistanceismorethan1000m,andthequantitiesarelargeandconcentrated.挖掘機(jī)按行走方式分為履帶式和輪胎式，按工作裝置分為正鏟、反鏟、抓鏟、拉鏟，斗容量0.1-2.5m3。常用的挖掘機(jī)是正鏟和反鏟挖掘機(jī)。Theexcavatorisdividedintocrawler-typeandrubbertiredaccordingtothewalkingmode,andisdividedintofaceshovel,backhoe,grabjawandpullshovelaccordingtotheworkingdevices.Thebucketcapacityis0.1-2.5m3.Thecommonlyusedexcavatorsarefaceshovelandbackhoeexcavators.（1）正鏟挖掘機(jī)Faceshovelexcavator正鏟適用于開挖含水量較小的一類土和經(jīng)爆破的巖石及凍土。主要用于開挖停機(jī)面以上的土方，且需與汽車配合完成土方的挖運(yùn)工作。采用正鏟開挖大型基坑，應(yīng)考慮工作面的大小、形狀和開行通道的設(shè)置。Thefaceshovelissuitableforexcavatingakindofsoilwithsmallwatercontent,blastedrockandfrozensoil.Itismainlyusedtoexcavatetheearthworkthatisabovethegroundlevel,anditisnecessarytocooperatewithvehiclestocompletetheexcavationandtransportationofearthwork.Whenexcavatingalargefoundationpitwithafaceshovel,thesizeandshapeoftheworkingfaceandthesettingofthedrivingpassageshallbeconsidered.挖土特點(diǎn)：前進(jìn)向上，強(qiáng)制切土。

Features:forwardandupward,forcedsoilcutting（2）反鏟挖掘機(jī)Backhoeexcavator反鏟適用于開挖一至三類的砂土或粘土。主要用于開挖停機(jī)面以下的土方，一般反鏟的最大挖土深度為4～6m，經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的挖土深度為3～5m。反鏟也需要配備運(yùn)土汽車進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。BackhoeissuitableforexcavatingclassItoIIIsandorclay.Itismainlyusedtoexcavatetheearthbelowthegroundlevel.Generally,themaximumexcavationdepthofbackhoeis4~6m,andtheeconomicalandreasonableexcavationdepthis3~5m.Backhoesalsoneedtobeequippedwithearthmovingvehiclesfortransportation.挖土特點(diǎn)：后退向下，強(qiáng)制切土。Features:backwardanddownward,forcedsoilcutting.4、裝載機(jī)Loader主要用來鏟、裝、卸、運(yùn)土與砂石類散裝物料，也可對巖石、硬土進(jìn)行輕度鏟掘，更換工作裝置后可推土、起重、裝卸等作業(yè)。鏟容量一般1.5～6.1m3。Itismainlyusedtoshovel,load,unloadandtransportbulkmaterialssuchassoilandsandandgravel.Itcanalsogentlyshovelandexcavaterocksandhardsoil.Afterchangingtheworkingdevices,itcanbeusedforearthmoving,lifting,loadingandunloadingandotheroperations.Theshovelcapacityisgenerally1.5~6.1m3.5、平地機(jī)Grader利用刮刀平整地面的土方機(jī)械。刮刀裝在機(jī)械前后輪軸之間,能升降、傾斜、回轉(zhuǎn)和外伸。動作靈活準(zhǔn)確，操縱方便，平整場地有較高的精度，廣泛用于公路、機(jī)場等大面積的地面平整作業(yè)。Earthmovingmachinerythatusesascrapertoleveltheground.Thescraperisinstalledbetweenthefrontandrearaxlesofthemachineandcanlift,tilt,rotateandextend.Itisflexibleandaccurate,easytooperate,andhashighaccuracyingroundleveling.Itiswidelyusedinlarge-areagroundlevelingoperationssuchasroadsandairports.6、物料提升機(jī)Materialhoist安裝、拆除物料機(jī)的單位應(yīng)具有起重機(jī)械安拆資質(zhì)及安全生產(chǎn)許可證，作業(yè)人員必須經(jīng)專門培訓(xùn)取得特種作業(yè)資格。物料提升機(jī)安裝拆除前，應(yīng)根據(jù)工程實(shí)際情況編制專項(xiàng)方案，并經(jīng)安拆單位技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人審批后實(shí)施。Theunitthatinstallsanddemolishesthematerialhoistshallhavethequalificationfortheinstallationanddisassemblyofhoistingmachineryandthesafetyproductionlicense.Theoperatorsmustbespeciallytrainedandobtainthequalificationforspecialoperation.Beforetheinstallationandremovalofthematerialhoist,aspecializedschemeshallbepreparedaccordingtotherealityoftheprojectandimplementedafterbeingapprovedbythetechnicaldirectoroftheinstallationandremovalunit.物料提升機(jī)必須由取得特種作業(yè)操作證的人員操作，嚴(yán)禁載人。Amaterialhoistmustbeoperatedbypersonnelwithspecialoperationcertificate,anditisnotforpassengers.物料應(yīng)在吊籠內(nèi)均勻分布，不應(yīng)過度偏載，不得超載。Thematerialsshallbeevenlydistributedinthesuspensioncagewithoutexcessiveoffsetloadingandoverloading.作業(yè)結(jié)束后，應(yīng)將吊籠返回最底層停放，控制開關(guān)扳至零位，斷電鎖好開關(guān)箱。Aftertheoperation,returnthesuspensioncagetothelowestfloorforparking,turnthecontrolswitchtozero,cutoffthepowerandlocktheswitchbox.物料提升機(jī)的其任意部位與建筑物的安全距離不應(yīng)小于0.6m。Thesafedistancebetweenanypartofthematerialhoistandthebuildingshallbenolessthan0.6m.7、塔吊

Towercrane塔式起重機(jī)簡稱塔吊，其起重臂安裝在塔身的頂部，能作360°全回轉(zhuǎn)。Towercraneisreferredtoastowerhoistforshort.Itsjibisinstalledonthetopofthetowerbodyandcanmake360°fullrotation.其具有較大的起重高度、工作幅度和起重能力，且拆裝方便、工作效率高、使用范圍廣，廣泛用于多層和高層工業(yè)與民用建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)安裝。Towercranehashighliftingheight,largeworkingrangeandliftingcapacity,convenienttodisassemblyandassembly,highworkingefficiencyandwideapplicationrange.Itiswidelyusedinthestructuralinstallationofmulti-storeyandhigh-riseindustrialandcivilbuildings.Themainfunctionoftowercraneistheverticaltransportationofheavyobjectsandtheshort-distancehorizontaltransportationin