特種設(shè)備安全技術(shù)SafetyTechnologyofSpe

《特種設(shè)備安全技術(shù)》SafetyTechnologyofSpecialEquipment第一節(jié)

起重機(jī)械和塔式起重機(jī)安全技術(shù)

1.SafetyTechnologyofHoistingMachineryandTowerCrane一、起重機(jī)械安全技術(shù)1.

Safetytechnologyofhoistingmachinery

(1)起重機(jī)嚴(yán)禁超過(guò)本機(jī)額定起重量工作。如果用兩臺(tái)起重機(jī)同時(shí)起吊一件重物時(shí)，必須有專人統(tǒng)一指揮，兩機(jī)的升降速度應(yīng)保持相等，其重物的重量不得超過(guò)兩機(jī)額定起重量總和的75%;綁扎吊索時(shí)要注意重量的分配、每機(jī)分擔(dān)的重量不能超過(guò)額定起重量的80%。(1)Thecraneshallnotworkbeyondtheratedliftingcapacityofthemachine.Iftwocranesareusedtoliftaheavyobjectatthesametime,theremustbeaspeciallyassignedpersonforunifiedcommandtoensurethattheliftingspeedofthetwomachinesshallbekeptequalandtheweightoftheheavyobjectshallnotexceed75%ofthesumoftheratedliftingcapacityofthetwomachines.Payattentiontoweightdistributionwhenbindingslingsandtheweightsharedbyeachmachineshallnotexceed80%oftheratedliftingcapacity.

(2)在起重臂達(dá)到最大仰角和吊鉤在最低位置時(shí)，卷筒上的鋼絲繩應(yīng)至少保留3圈以上。(2)Thesteelwireropeonthedrumshallbereservedforatleast3turnswhenthecraneboomreachesthemaximumelevationandthehookisinthelowestposition.第一節(jié)

起重機(jī)械和塔式起重機(jī)安全技術(shù)

1.SafetyTechnologyofCraneAndTowerCrane二、塔式起重機(jī)的安全裝置2.Safetyequipmentoftowercrane

(1)力矩限制器-限制起重臂相應(yīng)幅度起重量。(1)Torquelimiter-limittheliftingcapacityofthecorrespondingamplitudeofthecraneboom.

(2)重量限制器-限制最大起重量。

(2)Capacitylimiter-limitmaximumliftingcapacity.

(3)高度限制器-限制最大起升高度。

(3)Altitudelimiter-limitthemaximumliftingheight.

(4)變幅限制器-限制起重臂最大和最小幅度。(4)Luffinglimiter-limitmaximumandminimumamplitudeofcraneboom.

(5)回轉(zhuǎn)限制器-防止塔機(jī)相同--個(gè)方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)扭斷電纜線。(5)Rotationallimiter-preventthetowercranefromrotatinginthesamedirectionandtwistingthecable.

(6)防脫繩裝置-防止鋼絲繩脫離工作位置。(6)Anti-droppingdeviceofrope-preventthewireropefromleavingtheworkingposition.

(7)小車(chē)防斷繩裝置-防止變幅繩斷裂小車(chē)自由滑動(dòng)。(7)Anti-rope-breakingdeviceoftrolley-preventtheluffingropefrombreakingandthetrolleyfromslidingfreely.

(8)小車(chē)防斷軸裝置-防止小車(chē)走輪斷軸后墜落.(8)Anti-shaft-brokendeviceoftrolley-preventthetrolleyfromfallingaftertheaxleisbroken.

(9)各部位制動(dòng)器-既是工作裝置，又是安全裝置。(9)Brakesofallparts-itisbothaworkingdeviceandasafetydevice.第一節(jié)

起重機(jī)械和塔式起重機(jī)安全技術(shù)

1.SafetyTechnologyofCraneAndTowerCrane

三、塔式起重機(jī)常見(jiàn)事故隱患3.Commonpotentialaccidentsofthetoweringcrane

1.違章操作造成的事故

1.AccidentsCausedbyIllegalOperation

(1)超負(fù)荷使用造成塔機(jī)事故。

(1)Towercraneaccidentscausedbyoverloaduse.

(2)違規(guī)安裝、拆卸造成事故。(2)Accidentscausedbyillegalinstallationanddisassembly.

(3)基礎(chǔ)不符合要求引發(fā)事故。

(3)Accidentscausedbydisqualifiedfoundation.

(4)塔機(jī)附著不當(dāng)引發(fā)事故。(4)Accidentscausedbyimproperattachmentoftowercrane.

2.塔機(jī)疲勞和使用保養(yǎng)不當(dāng)造成的事故

2.Accidentscausedbytowercranefatigueandimproperuseandmaintenance.

(1)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)疲勞造成關(guān)鍵部位母材產(chǎn)生裂紋或關(guān)鍵焊縫產(chǎn)生裂紋。

(1)Thefatigueofsteelstructurecausescracksinthekeypartsofbasematerialorcracksinkeywelds.

(2)連接螺栓疲勞、松動(dòng)引發(fā)事故。(2)Accidentscausedbyfatigueandloosenessofconnectingbolts.第一節(jié)

起重機(jī)械和塔式起重機(jī)安全技術(shù)

1.SafetyTechnologyofHoistingMachineryAndTowerCrane四、塔式起重機(jī)基本安全要求

4.Basicsafetyrequirementsfortowercrane(1)起重機(jī)作業(yè)前，應(yīng)檢查軌道基礎(chǔ)平直無(wú)沉陷，魚(yú)尾板連接螺栓及道釘無(wú)松動(dòng)，并應(yīng)清除軌道上的障礙物，松開(kāi)夾軌器并向上固定好。(1)Beforecraneoperation,thetrackfoundationshallbecheckedforstraightnessandnosubsidence,theconnectingboltsandspikesoffishplateshallnotloose,obstaclesonthetrackshallberemoved,andtherailclampshallbeloossenedandfixedupward.(2)提升重物做水平移動(dòng)時(shí)，應(yīng)高出其跨越的障礙物0.5m以上。(2)Whenliftingaheavyobjectforhorizontalmovement,itshallbemorethan0.5mhigherthantheobstacleitcrosses.(3)裝有上、下兩套操縱系統(tǒng)的起重機(jī)，不得上、下同時(shí)使用。(3)Cranesequippedwithupperandlowercontrolsystemsshallnotbeusedupanddownatthesametime.(4)作業(yè)中如遇6級(jí)及以上大風(fēng)或陣風(fēng)，應(yīng)立即停止作業(yè)，鎖緊夾軌器，將回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的制動(dòng)器完全松開(kāi)，起重臂應(yīng)能隨風(fēng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。(4)Incaseofstrongwindorgustofforce6oraboveduringoperation,stoptheoperationimmediately,locktherailclamp,completelyreleasethebrakeoftheslewingmechanism,andthejibshallbeabletorotatewiththewind.(5)起重機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)，起重臂和重物下方嚴(yán)禁有人停留、工作或通過(guò)。重物吊運(yùn)時(shí)，嚴(yán)禁從人上方通過(guò)。嚴(yán)禁用起重機(jī)載運(yùn)人。

(5)Duringcraneoperation,nooneisallowedtostay,workorpassunderthecraneboomandheavyobjects.Whenliftingheavyobjects,itisstrictlyprohibitedtopassoverpeople.Itisstrictlyprohibitedtocarrypeoplewithcranes.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

一、物料提升機(jī)的安裝、使用及拆卸

1.Installation,useanddisassemblyofmaterialelevator1.安裝

1.Installation

(1)提升機(jī)附墻裝置的設(shè)置應(yīng)符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，其間隔一般不宜大于9m，且在建筑物的頂層必須設(shè)置1組，附墻后立柱頂部的自由高度不宜大于6m。當(dāng)提升機(jī)安裝高度大于9m時(shí)，應(yīng)及時(shí)加設(shè)一道附墻裝置，并應(yīng)隨安裝高度增加加設(shè)附墻裝置，而在實(shí)際安裝過(guò)程中經(jīng)常是安裝完后再加附墻裝置，出現(xiàn)在安裝過(guò)程中架體倒塌事故。另外，附墻裝置與建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的連接應(yīng)采用剛性連接，并形成穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)，附墻架?chē)?yán)禁連接在腳手架上。(1)Thesettingofthewallattachmentdeviceofthehoistshallmeetthedesignrequirements,theintervalshouldgenerallynotbegreaterthan9meters,andonegroupmustbesetonthetopfloorofthebuilding,andthefreeheightofthetopofthecolumnattachedtothewallshouldnotbegreaterthan6meters.Whentheinstallationheightofthehoistisgreaterthan9meters,awallattachmentdeviceshallbeaddedintime,andawallattachmentdeviceshallbeaddedwiththeincreaseoftheinstallationheight.Butintheactualinstallationprocess,thewallattachmentdeviceisoftenaddedaftertheinstallation,resultinginthecollapseoftheframeintheinstallationprocess.Inaddition,theconnectionbetweenthewallattachmentdeviceandthebuildingstructureshalladoptrigidconnectionandformastablestructure.Thewallattachmentframeshallnotbeconnectedtothescaffold.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

(2)提升機(jī)“四門(mén)”安裝不全。物料提升機(jī)“四門(mén)”包括進(jìn)料口防護(hù)門(mén)，卸料平臺(tái)防護(hù)門(mén)和吊籃前門(mén)、后門(mén)，現(xiàn)在施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的物料提升機(jī)大多數(shù)只有吊籃前門(mén)，而缺少其他“三門(mén)”。為了使用安全，施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)保證“四門(mén)”齊全且正常使用。

(2)Incompleteinstallationof"fourdoors"ofthehoist.The"fourdoors"ofthematerialelevatorincludetheprotectivedoorofthefeedinlet,theprotectivedooroftheunloadingplatformandthefrontandreardoorsofthebasket.Atpresent,mostofthematerialhoistsontheconstructionsiteonlyhavethefrontdoorofthebasket,butlackother"threedoors".Inordertoensurethesafetyofusage,theconstructionsiteshallensurethatthe"fourdoors"arecompleteandinnormaluse.

(3)提升機(jī)在安裝完畢后，必須經(jīng)正式驗(yàn)收，符合要求后方可投人使用。同時(shí)，使用單位應(yīng)對(duì)每臺(tái)提升機(jī)建立設(shè)備技術(shù)檔案?jìng)洳?，其?nèi)容應(yīng)包括:驗(yàn)收、檢修、試驗(yàn)及事故情況。

(3)Afterinstallation,thehoistmustacceptformalacceptanceandcanbeputintouseonlyaftermeetingtherequirements.Meanwhile,theusershallestablishequipmenttechnicalfilesforeachhoistforfuturereference,whichshallincludeacceptance,maintenance,testandaccidentconditions.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

2.拆卸2.Disassembly

井架式物料提升機(jī)的一般安裝順序:將底架按要求就位→將第一節(jié)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)安裝于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)底架上→提升抱桿安裝卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)→利用卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)和抱桿安裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)節(jié)→安裝吊籠→穿繞起升鋼絲繩→安裝安全裝置。物料提升機(jī)的拆卸按安裝架設(shè)的反程序進(jìn)行。

Generalinstallationsequenceofderrickmaterialhoist:Puttheunderframeinplaceasrequired→Installthefirststandardsectiononthestandardsectionunderframe→Hoistderrickinstallationwinch→Usethewinchandderrickforstandardsection

installation→Installthecage→Threadthehoistingwirerope→Installsafetydevices.Thedisassemblyofthematerialelevatorshallbecarriedoutaccordingtothereverseprocedureofinstallationanderection.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist二、施工升降機(jī)的安全裝置2.Safetydeviceofbuilder’shoist電纜保護(hù)架的安裝間距不應(yīng)大于6m。Theinstallationspacingofcableprotectionframeshallnotbegreaterthan6meters.三、施工升降機(jī)常見(jiàn)事故隱患3.Commonpotentialaccidentsofbuilder’shoist

(1)施工升降機(jī)裝拆隱患。

(1)Hiddendangersofinstallationanddisassemblyofbuilder’shoist.

(2)施工升降機(jī)的司機(jī)未持證上崗。

(2)Thedriverofconstructionelevatordoesnotworkwithcertificate.

(3)不按設(shè)計(jì)要求及時(shí)配置配重。

(3)Thecounterweightisnotconfiguredintimeaccordingtothedesignrequirements.

(4)安全裝置裝設(shè)不當(dāng)甚至不裝。

(4)Improperinstallationorevennoninstallationofsafetydevices.

(5)樓層門(mén)設(shè)置不符要求。

(5)Thesettingofthefloordoordoesnotmeettherequirements.

(6)不按升降機(jī)額定荷載控制人員數(shù)量和物料重量。

(6)Thenumberofpersonnelandmaterialweightarenotcontrolledaccordingtotheratedloadoftheelevator.

(7)限速器未按規(guī)定進(jìn)行每三個(gè)月一次的墜落試驗(yàn)。

(7)Thespeed-limitinggovernorfailstoconductthefallingtesteverythreemonthsasrequired.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorAndBuilder’sHoist

四、施工升降機(jī)的安裝、使用及拆卸4.Installation,useanddisassemblyofbuilder’shoist

1.施工升降機(jī)的安裝

1.Installationofbuilder’shoist

(1)安裝單位的專業(yè)技術(shù)人員、專職安全生產(chǎn)管理人員應(yīng)進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督。

(1)Theprofessionaltechniciansandfull-timesafetyproductionmanagementpersonneloftheinstallationunitshallconducton-sitesupervision.

(2)當(dāng)遇大雨、大雪、大霧或風(fēng)速大于13m/s(6級(jí)風(fēng))等惡劣天氣時(shí)，應(yīng)停止安裝作業(yè)。

(2)Incaseofsevereweathersuchasheavyrain,heavysnow,heavyfogorwindspeedgreaterthan13m/s(level6wind),theinstallationoperationshallbestopped.

(3)施工升降機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)和電氣設(shè)備金屬外殼均應(yīng)接地，接地電阻不應(yīng)大于40。(3)Themetalstructureofbuilder’shoistandthemetalshellofelectricalequipmentshallbegrounded,andthegroundingresistanceshallnotbegreaterthan40.第二節(jié)

物料提升機(jī)、施工升降機(jī)安全技術(shù)

2.SafetyTechnologyofMaterialElevatorandBuilder’sHoist

2.施工升降機(jī)的使用

2.Useofbuilder’shoist

(1)當(dāng)電源電壓值與施工升降機(jī)額定電壓值的偏差超過(guò)士5%，或供電總功率小于施工升降機(jī)的規(guī)定值時(shí)，不得使用施工升降機(jī)。

(1)Whenthedeviationbetweenthepowersupplyvoltageandtheratedvoltageofthebuilder’shoistexceeds±5%,orthetotalpowersupplyislessthanthespecifiedvalueofthebuilder’shoist,thebuilder’shoistshallnotbeused.

(2)應(yīng)在施工升降機(jī)作業(yè)范圍內(nèi)設(shè)置明顯的安全警示標(biāo)志，應(yīng)在集中作業(yè)區(qū)做好安全防護(hù)。(2)Obvioussafetywarningsignsshallbesetwithintheoperationrangeofthebuilder’shoist,andsafetyprotectionshallbedoneinthecentralizedoperationarea.

(3)當(dāng)建筑物超過(guò)2層時(shí)，施工升降機(jī)地面通道上方應(yīng)搭設(shè)防護(hù)棚。當(dāng)建筑物高度超過(guò)24m時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)置雙層防護(hù)棚。(3)Whenthebuildingexceeds2floors,aprotectiveshedshallbesetupabovethegroundpassageofthebuilder’shoist.Whentheheightofthebuildingexceeds24meters,adouble-layerprotectiveshedshallbeset.