說明文調(diào)查研究類備考策略課件-高三英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)

說明文-實(shí)驗(yàn)研究類閱讀理解專題培養(yǎng)快速理清篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，抓取文章大意的能力。運(yùn)用說明文體裁分析，規(guī)范閱讀理解的解題步驟。積累與調(diào)查研究類說明文相關(guān)的主題詞匯。主題詞匯1.實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象與目的

subject(實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象)/participant(參與者)/sample(樣本)/aim(目的)/hypothesis(假設(shè))/objective(目標(biāo))2.實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

procedure(步驟)/variable(變量)/controlgroup(對(duì)照組)/trial(試驗(yàn))/measurement(測(cè)量)/simulate(模擬)3.數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)果

data(數(shù)據(jù))/result(結(jié)果)/conclusion(結(jié)論)/analysis(分析)/statisticallysignificant(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著)/correlation(相關(guān)性)4.理論與應(yīng)用

theory(理論)/principle(原理)/application(應(yīng)用)/implication(啟示)/limitation(局限性)/validity(有效性)5.常見動(dòng)詞

observe(觀察)/conduct(實(shí)施)/compare(對(duì)比)/demonstrate(證明)/confirm(確認(rèn))/challenge(質(zhì)疑)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究類說明文備考策略結(jié)構(gòu)固定：1研究背景（Purpose/Background）：解釋研究目標(biāo)2實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)（Methodology）：描述實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象、變量、對(duì)照組、步驟。3數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果（Results）：數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)4結(jié)論應(yīng)用（Conclusion/Implications）：總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)并提出實(shí)際意義

實(shí)驗(yàn)研究型文章一般會(huì)以實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程進(jìn)展為線索，多用描述法、問題與對(duì)策法等方法，通過列數(shù)據(jù)、做對(duì)比等來(lái)說明新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的影響。1研究結(jié)果：

主旨大意/最佳標(biāo)題2研究方法：

細(xì)節(jié)理解/推斷3數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果/結(jié)論闡述：

細(xì)節(jié)理解/推斷/說明方法4專家評(píng)議：

細(xì)節(jié)理解/推斷/情感態(tài)度概括（general）具體（specific）找主旨：(1)

當(dāng)段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。(2)

當(dāng)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。(3)

作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(4)

表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話（常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等）。

說明文主旨大意-----位置:說明文中心句常出現(xiàn)在_____________,____________

具體操作(skimming)：找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門標(biāo)題、段首、段尾高頻詞一、主旨大意題包括：主要內(nèi)容(mainidea,mainlyabout)型、文章標(biāo)題(besttitle)型、

WhatisthetextmainlyaboutWhat’sthemainidea/pointofthepassageWhichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassageWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassageWhatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassageWhatmessagedoestheauthorintendtoconvey正確選項(xiàng)特征（同義復(fù)現(xiàn)、概括呈現(xiàn)）：是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)的；體現(xiàn)“科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性”，如使用

may,could,undercertainconditions

等限定詞。干擾選項(xiàng)特征：可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；可能是文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論；??可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。2020新高考1卷D篇WhatistherecentstudymainlyaboutA.Foodsafety.

B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.

D.Eatingbehavior.AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe

“I’llhavewhatshe’shaving”effect.However,we’ll

adjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tIAccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabits（ofoureatingcompanions）caninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoles（withbigappetites）youreallyneedtoavoid.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe

“I’llhavewhatshe’shaving”effect.However,we’ll

adjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tITotesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst....Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.

細(xì)節(jié)理解（直接/間接）提問直接關(guān)聯(lián)實(shí)驗(yàn)的一些要素Accordingtothetext,howmanyparticipantswereinvolved”“Whatwasthemainmethodusedintheexperiment”“WhichgroupshowedahighersuccessrateHowwasthestudyconducted

WhatisDrKatovich’sconclusionbasedon數(shù)據(jù)、步驟、因果是高頻考點(diǎn)選項(xiàng)特征：正確選項(xiàng)——同義、同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：數(shù)字干擾：混淆時(shí)間、百分比或數(shù)量邏輯顛倒：調(diào)換因果關(guān)系（如將"A導(dǎo)致B"改為"B導(dǎo)致A"）。偷換概念：替換實(shí)驗(yàn)條件（如將"temperature"改為"humidity"）。Step2掌握相關(guān)解題技巧

細(xì)節(jié)理解-----Tip1:說明文細(xì)節(jié)理解題的破解分三步走。①_______________________________;②_______________________________;③_______________________________。Tip2:說明文細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征______________________________________劃出題干、選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞回憶文章結(jié)構(gòu)，定位具體段落關(guān)注關(guān)鍵詞句，找出答案同詞/同義復(fù)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)定位：利用題干關(guān)鍵詞（專有名詞、數(shù)字、大寫術(shù)語(yǔ)）快速掃讀標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)輔助：括號(hào)、破折號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容常為拓展資料說明，可能對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。對(duì)比驗(yàn)證：將選項(xiàng)與原文逐詞比對(duì)，注意同義或同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,

mostproduceatthestore

wentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.While

farmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,

BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)

shortensitevenmore.（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer'smarkets.同義復(fù)現(xiàn)

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類常見設(shè)問方式①What'stheauthor'sattitudetowards...②Theauthor'sattitudetowards...is________.③Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...④Whatissb.'sattitudeto...基于作者態(tài)度的角度設(shè)置問題

《教學(xué)考試》雜志·高考英語(yǔ)·2023年第3期該類設(shè)題特點(diǎn)在于對(duì)作者的態(tài)度進(jìn)行歸納，根據(jù)作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的句子，推出作者對(duì)所說明內(nèi)容的情感態(tài)度，是支持或反對(duì)等態(tài)度，關(guān)于作者的情感態(tài)度，文中沒有直接出現(xiàn)表示情感的詞，而是用相關(guān)的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)，里面包含褒義詞，中性詞或貶義詞，根據(jù)這些詞匯推出作者態(tài)度。該類型題考查學(xué)生的推理能力，從文中得出作者情感態(tài)度。解題步驟第一：結(jié)合題干人物和內(nèi)容定位原文出現(xiàn)在哪一（些）段；然后仔細(xì)比對(duì)該句言外之意；第二：區(qū)分不同人物立場(chǎng)態(tài)度。要注意區(qū)分試題考查的是作者的態(tài)度還是作者引用別人的態(tài)度；第三：態(tài)度沒有明確提出時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者在文章中所運(yùn)用詞匯的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度，尤其是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，轉(zhuǎn)折詞。“態(tài)度類”識(shí)別題干特征通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)author，attitude，opinion，view“態(tài)度類”選項(xiàng)特征選項(xiàng)特征一般是四個(gè)感情色彩明顯的形容詞。Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.DidtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimatesDidtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirmindsThishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.2023高考新課標(biāo)I卷D篇35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studiesA.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.一、贊同positiveadj.肯定的，積極的favorableadj.贊成的，有利的desirableadj.令人滿意的approvingadj.贊成的【approvaln.贊成】enthusiasticadj.熱情的，狂熱的supportiveadj.支持的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類詞二、否定negativeadj.否定的，消極的disapprovingadj.不贊成的criticaladj.批評(píng)的disgustingadj.令人厭惡的warningadj.警告的，引以為戒的worriedadj.焦慮的，悶悶不樂的三、懷疑suspiciousadj.可疑的，懷疑的doubtfuladj.可疑的，疑心的skepticaladj.懷疑的questioningadj.懷疑的puzzling/confusingadj.迷惑人的,使莫明其妙的客觀objectiveadj.客觀的neutraladj.中立的impartialadj.公平的disinterestedadj.無(wú)私的detachedadj.客觀的，不含個(gè)人偏見的unbiasedadj.沒有偏見的unprejudicedadj.公平的，無(wú)偏見的impersonaladj.非個(gè)人的，客觀的cautiousadj.小心謹(jǐn)慎的五、主觀subjectiveadj.主觀的worriedadj.擔(dān)憂的concernedadj.關(guān)心的dissatisfiedadj.不滿意的mixedadj.喜憂參半的biasedadj.有偏見的indignantadj.憤憤不平的gloomyadj.沮喪的sensitiveadj.敏感的，易受傷害的scaredadj.恐懼的radicaladj.激進(jìn)的ironicadj.諷刺的confusedadj.困惑的，混亂的六積極concernedadj.關(guān)心的confidentadj.自信的，確信的interestedadj.感興趣的optimisticadj.樂觀的positiveadj.積極的impressiveadj.給人深刻印象的七、一般來(lái)說不是正確選項(xiàng)indifferentadj.漠不關(guān)心的depressedadj.沮喪的pessimisticadj.悲觀的prejudicedadj.偏見的unconcernedadj.不關(guān)心的contemptuousadj.輕蔑的，侮辱的hostileadj.懷敵意的biasedadj.片面的mockingadj.嘲弄的提問形式：“Theword‘mitigate’inparagraph3mostprobablymeans______.”目標(biāo)詞匯多為學(xué)術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)或熟詞僻義（如"yield"在實(shí)驗(yàn)中表"產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)"）。

詞義猜測(cè)題干擾項(xiàng)特征：與生詞形似但無(wú)關(guān)（如“respectable”干擾“respective”）。過度引申（如將“herbivore”理解為“吃草的動(dòng)物”，干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)為“素食主義者”）。反義詞陷阱（如將“generous”的干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)為“selfish”）。1.

上下文線索法通過前后句的邏輯關(guān)系（如解釋、對(duì)比、因果等）推斷詞義。因果關(guān)系：尋找“because,so,thus,therefore”等邏輯詞，分析生詞與結(jié)果的關(guān)聯(lián)。對(duì)比關(guān)系：注意“but,however,unlike,while”等轉(zhuǎn)折詞，生詞可能與上下文形成反義。解釋說明：通過冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)或同位語(yǔ)從句直接解釋生詞。2.

同義或反義關(guān)系法-

關(guān)注并列連詞（and,or）或轉(zhuǎn)折連詞（but,however）。

-

通過已知詞匯反向推斷生詞含義。3.

定義或解釋法

尋找逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)或從句中的解釋性內(nèi)容。

-

注意

"is/arecalled","means","referto",

“isdefinedas”,

“knownas”等提示詞4.

例子說明法-

識(shí)別

"suchas","forexample","including",

“l(fā)ike”后的例子。

-

從例子共性中提煉核心含義。5.

構(gòu)詞分析法

2020新高考1卷D篇AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoles

withbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1refertoA.Bigeaters.

B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.

D.Tallthinpersons.1.

上下文線索法2.

同義或反義關(guān)系法3.

定義或解釋法4.

例子說明法5.

構(gòu)詞分析法大胃口的胖子大胃口的與先前的研究（要警惕有著大胃口的胖子）相反，我們更應(yīng)該要避免有著大胃口的.......推理判斷類

《考試說明》指出，閱讀文章中的主要目的是獲取信息，即理解作者所要傳達(dá)的信息。在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中，有時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性等。推理判斷題是繼主旨大意題之后的又一類難題，在高考試題中大概占到2-9題。在實(shí)際解題中，判斷推理應(yīng)用很廣，涉及到細(xì)節(jié)判斷、因果關(guān)系的推斷、人物性格態(tài)度及其觀點(diǎn)的推斷，預(yù)測(cè)想象推斷、文章來(lái)源或讀者對(duì)象對(duì)推斷、寫作意圖推斷等。題干主要包括下列五個(gè)動(dòng)詞：infer（推斷）,imply（暗示）,suggest（暗示）,conclude（作出結(jié)論）和assume（假定，設(shè)想）。主要設(shè)題形式：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassage/textthat_________。Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat__________.It

canbeconcludedfromthepassagethat__________.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe__________.Thewriterimpliesbutnotdirectlystatesthat_________Thepassageisintendedto__________.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat__________.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？

WhymustapopsingerworkevenharderwhenhehasbecomefamousThewritertalkedaboutthewaitress'agebecausehethought___________.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutnewspapers忠于原文，不可自己多想高考真題訓(xùn)練2025浙江一月卷（首尾段）Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there’sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.

“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,”

saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.

32.WhatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnologiesgenderlessA.Toreducestereotypes.

B.Tomeetpublicdemand.C.Tocutproductioncosts.

D.Toencouragecompetition.細(xì)節(jié)理解題

Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(擬人化)

“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.”

Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningcompanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotype-inconsistentroles

—

amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.35.WhatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutA.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts.

B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism.

D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.段落主旨大意題

Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaself-drivingcarknownas

“Miuu.”

Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers’

feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.33.WhatweretheparticipantsprobablyaskedtodointhestudyA.Designaproduct.

B.Respondtoasurvey.C.Workasassistants.

D.Takealanguagetest.實(shí)驗(yàn)（研究）過程實(shí)驗(yàn)（研究）發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)理解題（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）——（第一段）Weallknowfreshisbest