英語(yǔ)翻譯中級(jí)口譯模擬試題及答案解析20

英語(yǔ)翻譯中級(jí)口譯模擬試題及答案解析(20)

(:T20/共20題)SECTION1:LISTENINGTEST

A:SpotDictation

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanks

init.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.Writeyour

answerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Rememberyouwillhearthe

passageONLYONCE.

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Avoideggs.Drink8glassesofwateraday.Eatingcarbswill_1_.Nutritionaladvicesuchas

thishasbeentoutedforyearsbutisitaccurate?_2_,accordingtoWendyRepovich,an

exercisephysiologistatEasternWashingtonUniversity,whodidherbesttodispelseveral

common_3_duringahealthandfitnesssummitheldrecentlyinDallas.

"Eatingeggswillraiseyourcholesterol,"Thismythstartedbecauseeggyolkshavethe_4_

ofcholesterolinanyfood,Repovichsaid.However,wheneatenin_5_,eggsdonotcontain

enoughcholesteroltoposehealthrisks,shesaid."Mostpeopleavoideggsand_6_they

haveanykindofcardiovascularrisktheirphysicianstellthemtoavoideggs,butreally,there

aren't_7_studiesthatshowthatoneortwoeggsadayreally_8_tocholesterollevels.

H

"Eatingcarbohydratesmakesyoufat"is_9_.Cuttingcarbsfromthedietmayhelpa

personshedpoundsdueto_10_fromadecreaseincarbohydratestores,buteatingcarbsin

moderationdoesnotdirectlyleadto_11_.

Here'sanothermyth."Drink_12_wateraday,"Repovichsaidpeopleneedtoreplace

waterlostthrough_13_,urinating,sweatingeachdaybutthatdoesn'tnecessarilytotal64

ouncesofwater."Iseeanawfullotofpeoplecarryingbottledwateraround,Ithinkpeopleare

still_14_thattheyhavetodrink8glassesofwateraday,butmostpeopledonztrealizethey

getwaterfrom_15_inthediet."Andtoomuchwatercanbeharmful,Repovichwarned,

leadingpossiblyto_16_inthebodyofsodium,aconditioncalledhyponatremia.

Itzsalsoamyth,thateveryoneneeds_17_,althoughRepovichadmitstopoppinga

multivitamineachmorning.Peoplewhoeat_18_fruits,vegetables,wholegrains,along

withmoderateamountsofavarietyoflow-fat_19_andtherightquantityofcalories,

probablydon'tneedavitaminsupplement,shesaid."Butforthemostpart,wedon'teat

_20_soprobablyasimplemultivitaminisgoodformostpeople."

第1題

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第20題

下一題

（2廣25/共10題）B:ListeningComprehension

Statements

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.Thesestatementswill

bespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlisten

carefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestin

meaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechosen

inthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第21題

A.Henry'searisabigproblemforhim.

B.Henrykilledtheoldmanandgotmuchmoney.

C.Henrywishedthathisfatherwouldleavehimsomemoneyafterdeath.

D.Henryinheritedalotofmoneyfromhisfather.

第22題

A.Thedeparturegatewas29t3andisnow30F.

B.Thedeparturegatewas30Aandisnow32B.

C.Thedeparturegatewas32Aandisnow29F.

D.Thedeparturegatewas29Fandisnow30B.

第23題

A.Idon'tbelievewhatDonaldsaid.

B.lzmsurethatDonaldisdivorcednow.

C.DonaldandFranciewereplanningtogetdivorced.

D.ldoubtifDonaldisreallydivorced.

第24題

A.BillGatesisrichbecausehedidn'tfinishhisundergraduatestudy.

B.BillGatestellsusthatinordertobecomerich,onemustdropout.

C.Somestudentsbelievethattheydonztneededucation,butcanstillberich.

D.Somestudentshavebecomemillionairesaftertheydropout.

第25題

A.Supplyofnative-bornscientistsandengineersexceededthedemand.

B.Scientistsandengineersinothercountrieshavespecializedtechnicalskills.

C.Foreignscientistsandengineershelptomeetthedomesticdemand.

0.Supplyofnative-bornscientistsandengineerscanmeetthedemand.

上一題下一題

（26~30/共10題）B:ListeningComprehension

Statements

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.Thesestatementswill

bespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlisten

carefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestin

meaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechosen

inthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第26題

AJohnandUsaareteammembers.

BJohnandLisaaregoodathandlingemergencies.

CJohnandLisaaregoodatroutinework.

DJohnandLisaaregoodpartnerswhenworkingtogether.

第27題

A.Sarkpointedatyouverypersonally.

B.Sarksaidharshthingsinordertohurtyou.

C.Sarkdidn'tmeantohurtyou.

D.Sarkexpectedyoutotakethingsseriously.

第28題

A.MarkadmittedthatMonicawasright,whensheprovidedenoughevidence.

B.MarkdeniedthatMonicawasright,regardlessofherevidence.

C.Markdidn'tknowwhetherMonicawasright,thoughshehadevidence.

D.MarkacceptedMonica'sevidenceandagreedthatshewasright.

第29題

A.Theyareherewithusnowbecausetheytooktheearlytrain.

B.Theywantedtobewithus,sotheytooktheearlytrain.

C.Theydidn'ttaketheearlytrain,sotheycanztbeherenow.

D.Eveniftheytooktheearlytrain,theystillcouldn'tbewithusnow.

第30題

A.Thefigureonthecheckexceedsthebalanceinthebankaccount,soit'sworthless.

B.lfyoucashthecheckintheamountof15;000,wecandothatforyou.

C.Youhaveplentyofmoneyinyourbankaccount,sowezllcashyourcheckrightnow.

D.Yourcheckcanstillbecashedifyoudepositanother50,000dollarsnow.

上一題下一題

（31~34/共20題）TalksandConversations

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereach

ofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkor

conversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoices

andchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhave

choseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第31題

A.Organizingprotests.

B.Recruitingmembers.

C.Actingasitsspokesman.

0.Savingendangeredanimals.

第32題

A.Anti-animal-abusedemonstrations.

B.Anti-nuclearcampaigns.

C.SurveyingtheAtlanticOceanfloor.

0.Removingindustrialwaste.

第33題

A.Byharassingthem.

B.Byappealingtothepublic.

C.Bytakinglegalaction.

D.Byresortingtoforce.

第34題

A.Doubtful.

B.Reserved.

C.Indifferent.

0.Supportive.

上一題下一題

（35~38/共20題）TalksandConversations

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereach

ofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkor

conversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoices

andchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhave

choseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第35題

A.Theirperformancemayimprove.

B.Theirimmunesystemmaybereinforced.

C.Theirbloodpressuremayriseallofasudden.

D.Theirphysicaldevelopmentmaybeenhanced.

第36題

A.Improvedmentalfunctioning.

B.Increasedsusceptibilitytodisease.

C.Speedingupofbloodcirculation.

0.Reductionofstress-relatedhormones.

第37題

A.Pretendtobeinbettershape.

B.Havemorephysicalexercise.

C.Turnmoreoftentofriendsforhelp.

D.Paymoreattentiontobodilysensations.

第38題

A.Differentapproachestocopingwithstress.

B.Variouscausesforserioushealthproblems.

C.Therelationshipbetweenstressandillness.

D.Newfindingofmedicalresearchonstress.

上一題下一題

（39~42/共20題）TalksandConversations

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereach

ofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkor

conversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoices

andchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhave

choseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第39題

A.Hepaintedit.

B.Herenovatedit.

C.Hedecoratedit.

D.Healteredit.

第40題

A.Forfun.

B.Forhisdisabledson.

C.Fortheprizehewon.

D.Forsellingthehouseatahigherprice.

第41題

A.Hewillbuyanewhouse.

B.Hewillsaveitforhisson.

C.Hewillstarthisownbusiness.

D.HewillteachothersaboutDIY.

第42題

A.10,000pounds.

B.1,000pounds.

C.100,000pounds.

D.100pounds.

上一題下一題

（43~46/共20題）TalksandConversations

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereach

ofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkor

conversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoices

andchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhave

choseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第43題

A.Employmentinthefishingandwhalingindustries.

B.Nineteenth-centuryseacaptains.

C.Theeconomicimportanceofsailingships.

D.Thedevelopmentofthesteamship.

第44題

A.TheywereprotectedbyastrongUSNavy.

B.Theyweresupportedbyawell-developedrailroad.

C.Mostcrewmembershadexperienceonforeignships.

D.Aspartownersoftheships,captainsgotsomeoftheprofits.

第45題

A.Theycarriedpassengers,butnotcargo.

B.Theywerelarge,butsurprisinglyfast.

C.Theywerethefirstsuccessfulsteam-poweredships.

D.Theyweremorereliablethanothershipsofthe1860zs.

第46題

A.Thewoodensailingship.

B.Thecontainership.

C.Thesteam-poweredship.

D.Thereplenishingship.

上一題下一題

（47~50/共20題）TalksandConversations

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereach

ofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkor

conversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoices

andchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.Thenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhave

choseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第47題

A.Inaschool

B.Onthephone.

C.Ataneducationfair.

D.lnastreet.

第48題

A.Whetherhecanapplyforthecollege.

B.Someinformationaboutthecollege.

C.Whetherhisfriendisinthecollege.

D.Somedetailsaboutthelessonsinthecollege.

第49題

A.English.

B.French.

C.Italian.

0.German.

第50題

A.Theabilitytobethetopstudents.

B.Theabilitytogethighmarksinalltheexams.

C.Theabilitytogetonwellwithpeoplefromdifferentcountries.

D.Theabilitytotakecareofoneself.

上一題下一題

(51~55/共5?)C:ListeningTranslation

SectenceTranslation

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.Youwillhearthe

sentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwrite

yourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

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第51題

Oureducationsystemmustrespondinkindandstartteachingchildrenabouttherisksinvolvedin

sexbeforetheyevenconsidertakingthoserisks.

第52題

Overthepastthreedecades,bravemenandwomenhavefoughtdevastatingdiscrimination,

stigma,doubt,andviolenceastheystoodinthefaceofthisdeadlydisease.

第53題

Limityourmovementsduringanearthquaketoafewstepstoanearbysafeplace.Stayindoors

untiltheshakinghasstoppedandyouaresureitissafetoleave.

第54題

Vegetariansweremorelikelytobefemale,ofhighersocialclassandbettereducated,butIQwas

stillasignificantfactor.____________________

第55題

Afull-timestay-at-homemotherwouldearn$134,121ayearifpaidforallherwork,anamount

similartoatopU.S.adexecutive,amarketingdirectororajudge,accordingtoastudyreleased

Wednesday.____________________

上一題下一題

(56~57/共2題)PassageTranslation

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.Youwillhearthepassages

ONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversion

inthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouare

listening.

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第56題

Steppingawayfromthegamewillallowmetospendqualitytimewithmywifeandkids.Thisisa

rewardthatfarexceedsanythingthatlzveeverachievedonthebasketballcourt.Ihaveprayed

forthisdayandIseeitasmygreatestgift.IwanttothankthepeopleofReebokInternational

Ltd.,foralwaysallowingmetobemeandforsupportingmemywholecareerthroughallthe

upsanddowns.____________________

第57題

WhenIwasayoungman,Ithoughtlifewasallaboutme-abouthowlzdmakemywayinthe

world,becomesuccessful,andgetthethingsIwant.Butthenthetwoofyoucameintomyworld

withallyourcuriosityandmischiefandthosesmilesthatneverfailtofillmyheartandlightup

myday.Andsuddenly,allmybigplansformyselfdidn'tseemSOimportantanymore.Isoon

foundthatthegreatestjoyinmylifewasthejoyIsawinyours.AndIrealizedthatmyownlife

wouldn'tcountformuchunlessIwasabletoensurethatyouhadeveryopportunityfor

happinessandfulfillmentinyours.

上一題下一題

(58~62/共30題)SECTION2:STUDASKILLS

Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveral

questionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer.(A),(B),C.or(D),toeach

question.Answerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedor

impliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorresponding

spaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

Thisviewmaybecorrect:ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperature

differencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthecontinents.Suchaback-coupling,in

whichthepositionofthemovingplatehasanimpactontheforcesthatmoveit,couldproduce

complicatedandvaryingmotions.

Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisimplausiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralong

lines,anditcertainlydoesnotoccuralonglinesbrokenbyfrequentoffsetsorchangesin

direction,astheridgeis.Alsoitisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetweenthe

Mid-AtlanticRidgeandtheridgeintheIndianOcean.Thisplateisgrowingonbothsides,and

sincethereisnointermediatetrench,thetworidgesmustbemovingapart.Itwouldbeoddif

therisingconvectioncurrentskeptexactpacewiththem.Analternativetheoryisthatthesinking

partoftheplate,whichisdenserthanthehottersurroundingmantle,pullstherestoftheplate

afterit.AgainitisdifficulttoseehowthisappliestotheridgeintheSouthAtlantic,where

neithertheAfricannortheAmericanplatehasasinkingpart.

Anotherpossibilityisthatthesinkingplatecoolstheneighboringmantleandproduces

convectioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.Thislasttheoryisattractivebecauseitgivessome

hopeofexplainingtheenclosedseas,suchastheSeaofJapan.Theseseashaveatypicaloceanic

floor;exceptthatthefloorisoverlaidbyseveralkilometersofsediment.Theirfloorshave

probablybeensinkingforlongperiods.

Itseemspossiblethatasinkingcurrentofcooledmantlematerialontheuppersideoftheplate

mightbethecauseofsuchdeepbasins.Theenclosedseasareanimportantfeatureofthe

earth'ssurfaceandseriouslyrequireexplanationbecause,inadditiontotheenclosedseasthat

aredevelopingatpresentbehindislandarcs,thereareanumberofolderonesofpossiblysimilar

origin,suchastheGulfofMexico,theBlackSea,andperhapstheNorthSea.

第58題

Accordingtothetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanbasins,whichofthefollowingis

sufficienttomovethecontinentalplates?

A.Increasesinsedimentationonoceanfloors.

B.Movementofmid-oceanridges.

C.Sinkingofoceanbasins.

0.Differencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinents.

第59題

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,ofthefollowing,thedeepestsedimentswouldbefound

inthe.

A.BlackSea

B.IndianOcean

C.SouthAtlantic

0.Pacific

第60題

Theauthorreferstoa"conveyerbelt"inline13inorderto.

A.describethecomplicatedmotionsmadepossiblebyback-coupling

B.showhowtemperaturedifferencesdependonthepositionsofthecontinents

C.illustratetheeffectsofconvectioninthemantle

0.accountfortherisingcurrentsundercertainmid-oceanridges

第61題

Theauthorregardsthetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanswith.

A.slightapprehension

B.indignantanger

C.guardedskepticism

0.completedisbelief

第62題

Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethecontentofthepassage?

A.ADescriptionoftheOceansoftheWorld.

B.SeveralTheoriesofOceanBasinFormation.

C.TheTraditionalViewoftheOceans.

0.ConvectionandOceanCurrents.

上一題下一題

(63~67/共30題)SECTION2:STUDASKILLS

Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveral

questionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer.(A),(B),C.or(D),toeach

question.Answerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedor

impliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorresponding

spaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyet

contentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeof

hardship.

Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930zswhen

mostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusually

muchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocial

programsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswith

morethanonewageearner;thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongthe

unemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedthe

consequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsof

hardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,the

overwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthose

countedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhich

keepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicator

oflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-

relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkers

whosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedor

prolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Since

thenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumber

unemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceed

averageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreally

suffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworking

part-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebut

wantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,

disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor;sothatthedramatic

expansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabor

marketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasa

resultofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbe

toleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaof

agreementinthisdebate-thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsare

inadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarket

problems.

第63題

Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering.

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty.

C.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceof

hardshipthatisduetounemployment.

D.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbytowwages

andinsufficientemploymentopportunities.

第64題

Theauthoruses"labormarketproblems"inlines1torefertowhichofthefollowing?

A.Theoverallcausesofpoverty.

B.Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce.

C.Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods.

0.Shortagesofjobsprovidingadequateincome.

第65題

Theauthorcontraststhe1930zswiththepresentinordertoshowthat.

A.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930zs

B.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

C.thereisnowagreaterproportionofelderlyandhandicappedpeopleamongthoseinpoverty

0.povertyhasincreasedsincethe1930's

第66題

Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatingeffectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersonthe

incomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftenNOTfeltby.

A.theemployedpoor

B.dependentchildreninsingle-earnerfamilies

C.workerswhobecomedisabled

D.full-timeworkerswhobecomeunemployed

第67題

Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

A.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelof

unemployment.

B.Acompromiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasan

evilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.

C.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemployment

andinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

0.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthe

phenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

上一題下一題

(68~72/共30題)SECTION2:STUDASKILLS

Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveral

questionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer.(A),(B),C.or(D),toeach

question.Answerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedor

impliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorresponding

spaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedented

opportunitiesaswellasnewandsignificantrisks.Civilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatone

oftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficulty

establishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontracts

thataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredby

lawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofind

minoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.

Indeed,(somefederalandlocalagencies)havegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsfor

apportioningpartofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.(Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,

thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1

billionin1977.)Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly

1980sisestimatedtobeover$3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.

Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.

First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemost

aresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantial

investmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontracted

tothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanface

potentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingfor

smallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsume

valuabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany'seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboth

themoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasing

apportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,in

manyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminority

enterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.Butcivilrights

groupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetup

as"fronts"withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejoint

ventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroften

runthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fierce

competitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernsto

broadentheircustomerbases:whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasingle

corporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheir

currentsuccess.

第68題

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto.

A.presenta