2022年天津大學英語考試真題卷一2測

2022年天津大學英語考試真題卷一

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1.DavidthinksheisfitfortheTVrolebecauseofhis

A.professionaltraining.

B.personality.

C.lifeexperience.

D.appearance.

2.ItisnothingnewthatEngIishuseisontherisearoundtheworId,

especiallyinbusinessciroles.ThisalsohappensinFrance,the

headquartersoftheglobalbattIeagainstAmericanculturalhegemony.

IfFrenchguysaregivingintoEnglish,somethingreallybigmustbe

goingon.Andsomethingbigisgoingon.Partly,it''sthatAmerican

hegemony.DidierBenchimoI,CEOofaFrenche-commercesoftwarecompany,

feeIscompeIIedtospeakEnglishperfectlybecausetheInternetsoftware

businessisdominatedbyAmericans.HeandotherFrenchbusinessmenalso

havetospeakEnglishbecausetheywanttogettheirmessageoutto

Americaninvestors,possessorsoftheworld*1sdeepestpockets.The

triumphofEnglishinFranceandelsewhereinEurope,however,mayrest

onsomethingmoreenduring.Astheybecomeentwinedwitheachother

politicaIlyandeconomicaIly,EuropeansneedawaytotaIktooneanother

andtotherestoftheworId.Andforanumberofreasons,they''vedecided

uponEnglishastheircommontongue.SowhenGermanchemicaIand

pharmaceuticalcompanyHoechstmergedwithFrenchcompetitor

Rhone-PouIencIastyear,thecompanieschosethevagueIyLatinateAventis

asthenewcompanyname-andsettIedonEngIishasthecompany,'scommon

language.WhenmonetarypolicymakersfromaroundEuropebeganmeeting

attheEuropeanCentralBankinFrankfurtlastyeartosetinterestrates

forthenewEuroland,theyheIdtheirdeliberationsinEnglish.Eventhe

EuropeanCommission,with11officiaIlanguagesandatraditionally

French-speakingbureaucracy,effectiveIyswitchedovertoEnglishasits

workingIanguagelastyear.HowdidthishappenOneschooI

attributesEnglish''sgreatsuccesstothesheerweightofitsmerit.

It''saGermanicIanguage,broughttoBritainaroundthefifthcentury

A.D.DuringthefourcenturiesofFrench-speakingrulethatfollowed

NormanConquestof1066,theIanguagemorphedintosomethingelse

entirely.Frenchwordswereaddedwholesale,andmostofthe

compIicationsofGermanicgrammarwereshedwhilefewofthe

compIicationsofFrenchworeadded.TheresultisaIimguagewithahuge

vocabularyandasimplegrammarthatcanexpressmostthingsmore

efficientIythaneitherofitsparents.What''smore,Englishhas

remainedungovernedandopen,tochange-foreignwords,coinages,and

granvnaticalshifts-inawaythatFrench,ruledbythepuristAcademie

Francaise,hadnot.Soit11saswelIlanguage,especia11yforbusiness.

ButtheriseofEngIishoverthepastfewcenturiesclearIyowesatIeast

asmuchtohistoryandeconomiesastothelanguage,,sabilityto

economicallyexpresstheconceptwin-win.Whathappenedisthatthe

competitionfirstLatin,thenFrench,thenbriefly,German-fadedwith

thewaningofthepolitical,economic,andmiIitaryfortunesof,

respectively,theCatholicChurch,France,andGermany.AlIaIong,

Englishwasincreasinginimportance:Britainwasthebirthplaceofthe

IndustrialRevolution,andLondontheworId*1smostimportantfinanciaI

centre,whichmadeEnglishakeyIanguageforbusiness.England''s

coloniesaroundtheworIdalsomadeittheIanguagewiththemostglobaI

reach.AndasthatformercoIonytheU.S.rosetothestatusoftheworld1'

spreeminentpolitical,economic,miIitary,andculturalpower,English

becametheobvioussecondlanguagetolearn.Inthe1990smoreand

moreEuropeansfoundthemselvesforcedtouseEnglish.Thelast

generationofbusinessandgovernmentIeaderswhohadnJ'tstudiedEnglish

inschoolwasleavingthestage.TheEuropeanCommunitywasaddingnew

membersandevoIvingfromapaper-shuffIingclubintoaseriousregionaI

governmentthatwouldneedasinglecommonIanguageifitwereeverto

getanythingdone.MeanwhiIe,economicbarriersbetweenEuropeannations

havebeendisappearing,meaningthatmoreandmorecompaniesarebegining

tolookatthewholecontinentastheirdomesticmarket.Andthenthe

InternetcameaIong.TheNethadtwobigimpacts.Onewasthatitwas

anexciting,potentia11ylucrativenewindustrythathaditsrootsin

theU.S.,soifyouwantedtogetinonit,youhadtospeaksomeEnglish.

TheotherwasthatbysurfingtheWeb,Europeanswhohadpreviously

encounteredEnglishonlyinschoolandinpopsongswerenowcominginto

contactwithitdaily.NoneofthismeansEnglishhastakenover

EuropeanIife.AccordingtotheEuropeanUnion,47%ofWesternEuropeans

(includingtheBritishandIrish)speakEnglishwe11enoughtocarryon

aconversation.That''salotmorethanthosewhocanspeakGerman(32%)

orFrench(28%),butitstillmeansmoreEuropeansdon''tspeakthe

language.IfyouwanttoseiIshampooorcelIphones,youhavetodoit

inFrenchorGermanorSpanishorGreek.EventheU.S.andBritishmedia

companiesthatstandtobenefitmostfromthespreadofEnglishhavebeen

hedgingtheirbets-CNNbroadcastsinSpanish;theFinancialTimeshad

visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthe

churches,paIacesandcastles;theywerenot"collected"either,but

"site-specific",andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothofthefabric

ofthebuiIdingsandofthewayofIifewhichwentoninsidethem-and

mostofthebuiIdingswerepubIicones.However,duringtherevivalof

antiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantiquesculpturewere

givenhigherstatusthantheworkofanycontemporary,sothatdisplays

ofantiquitieswouldinspireartiststoimitation,orevenbetter,to

emuIation;andsocouIdbeconsideredMuses11shrinesintheformersense.

TheMedicigardennearSanMarcoinFlorence,theBelvedereandthe

CapitolinRomewerethemostfamousofsuchearly"inspirational"

collections.Soontheymu11ipIied,and,graduaIly,exempIary"modern"

workswerealsoaddedtosuchgalleries.Intheseventeenthcentury,

scientificandprestigeco11ectingbecamesowidespreadthatthreeor

fourcollectorsindependentIypubIisheddirectoriestomuseumsalIover

theknownworId.Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhich

producedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceived:

thefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquariansto

sheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonuments

Francaiswasthemostfamous.Then,inthefirsthalfofthenineteenth

century,museumfundingtookoff,aIIiedtotheriseofnewweaIth:London

acquiredtheNationalGaIleryandtheBritishMuseum,theLouvrewas

organized,theMuseum-1nseIwasbeguninBerIin,andtheMunichgalleries

werebuiIt.InVienna,thehugeKunsthistorischesandNaturhistorisches

Museumstookovermuchoftheimperialtreasure.MeanwhiIe,thedeciine

ofcraftsmanship(andofpubIictastewithit)inspiredthecreationof

"improvingncollections.TheVictoriaandAlbertMuseuminLondonwas

themostfamous,asweIIasperhapsthelargestofthem.

”…theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined'*inthethird

paragraphmeansthat.

A.therewasagreatdemandforfakers.

B.fakersgrewrapidlyinnumber.

C.fakersbecamemoreskillful.

D.fakersbecamemorepolite.

4.HostiIitytoGypsieshasexistedaImostfromthetimetheyfirst

appearedinEuropeinthe14thcentury.TheoriginsoftheGypsies,with

IittIewrittenhistory,wereshroudedinmystery.Whatisknownnowfrom

cluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthatthey

camefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago,working

asminstreIsandmercenarias,metaIsmithsandservants.Europeans

misnamedthemEgyptians,soonshortenedtoGypsies.Aclansystem,based

mostIyontheirtraditionalcraftsandgeography,hasmadethemadeeply

fragmentedandfractiouspeople,onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceof

enmityfromnon-Gypsies,whomtheyca11gadje.TodaymanyGypsyactivists

prefertobecalledRoma,whichcomesfromtheRomanywordfor"man".

ButonmytraveIsamongthornmoststillreferredtothemseIvesasGypsios.

InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurch

seeingheresyintheirfortune-telIingandthestateseeinganti-social

behaviourintheirnomadism.Atvarioustimestheyhavebeenforbidden

toweartheirdistinetivebrightclothes,tospeaktheirownIanguage,

totravel,tomarryoneanother,ortoplytheirtraditionalcrafts,In

somecountriestheywerereducedtosIavery-itwasn11tuntiIthe

mid-1800sthatGypsysIaveswerefreedinRomania.Inmorerecenttimes

theGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfa

millionperishedintheHolocaust.Theirhorseshavebeenshotandthe

wheeIsremovedfromtheirwagons,theirnameshavebeenchanged,their

womenhavebeensteriIized,andtheirchiIdrenhavebeenforciblygiven

foradoptiontonon-GypsyfamiIies.ButtheGypsieshaveconfounded

predictionsoftheirdisappearanceasadistinctethnicgroup,andtheir

numbershaveburgeoned.Todaythereareanestimated8to12million

GypsiesscatteredacrossEurope,makingthemthecontinent,,slargest

minority.Theexactnumberishardtopindown.Gypsieshaveregularly

beenundercounted,bothbyregimesanxioustodownpIaytheirprofiIeand

byGypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoidbureaucracies.Attemptingto

remedypastinequities,activistgroupsmayovercount.Hundredsof

thousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheAmericasandelsewhere.Withvery

fewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountryto

calItheirown-uniiketheJews,towhomtheGypsyexperienceisoften

compared."Romanestan,1*saidRonaIdLee,theCanadianGypsywriter.

"iswheremytwofeetstand."

Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweentheGypsiesand

theJewsIiesintheirconceptsof

A.language.

B.culture.

C.identity.

D.custom.

5.OscarWildesaidthatworkistherefugeofpeopIewhohavenothing

bettertodo.Ifso,AmericansarenowamongtheworId,Jssaddestrefugees.

FactoryworkersintheUnitedStatesareworkinglongerhoursthanat

anytimeinthepasthaIf-century.AmericaonceledtherichworIdin

cuttingtheaverageworkingweek-from70hoursin1850tolessthan40

hoursbythe1950s.ItseemednaturalthataspeopIegrewricherthey

wouldtradeextraearningsformoreleisure.Sincethe1970s,however,

thehourscIockedupbyAmericanworkershaverisen,toanaverageof

42thisyearinmanufacturing.SeveraIstudiessuggestthatsomething

similarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:Americansarespendingmore

timeatworkthantheydid20yearsago.Executivesandlawyersboast

of80-hourweeks.Onhoiiday,theyseekoutfaxmachinesandphonesas

eagerlyasGermansbagthebestsun-loungers.YetworkingtimeinEurope

andJapancontinuestofall.InGermany11sengineeringindustrythe

workingweekistobetrimmedfrom36to35hoursnextyear.MostGermans

getsixweeks''paidannualholiday-eventheJapanesenowtakethree

weeks.Americansstillmakedowithjusttwo.Germanyrespondstothis

contrastwithitsusualconcernaboutwhetherpeople1'saversiontowork

isdamagingitscompetitiveness.YetGermanworkers,IiketheJapanese,

seemtobeactingsensibly:astheirincomesrise,theycanachievea

betterstandardoflivingwithfewerhoursofwork.ThepuzzIeiswhy

America,theworld''srichestcountry,seesthingsdifferently.Itis

apuzzlewithsinistersocialimpIications.Parentsspendlesstimewith

theirchiIdren,whomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjusta

coincidencethatjuveniIecrimeisontheriseSomeexpIanationsfor

America''stimeatworkfaiItostanduptoscrutiny.OnebIamesweak

tradeunionsthatIeaveworkersopentoexploitation.Areworkersbeing

forcedbycost-cuttingfirmstotoiIharderjusttokeeptheirjobsA

recentstudybytwoAmericaneconomists,RichardFreemanandLindaBell,

suggestsnot..whenasked,Americansactuallywanttoworklongerhours.

MostGermanworkers,incontrast,wouldratherworkless.Then,why

doAmericanswanttoworkharderOnereasonmaybethatthereaIearnings

ofmanyAmericanshavebeenstagnantorfallingduringthepasttwo

decades.PeopIeworklongermerelytomaintaintheirIivingstandards.

Yetmanyhigher-skiIledworkers,whohaveenjoyedbigincreasesintheir

realpay,havebeenworkinghardertoo.Also,onereasonfortheslow

growthofwageshasbeentherapidgrowthinempIoyment-whichismore

orlesswheretheargumentbegan.Taxesmayhavesomethingtodowith

it.PeopIewhoworkanextrahourinAmericaarea11owedtokeepmore

oftheirmoneythanthosewhodothesameinGermany.Fallsinmarginal

taxratesinAmericasincethe1970shavemadeita11themoreprofitable

toworklonger.Noneoftheseanswersreallyexplainswhythe

century-longdecIineinworkinghourshasgoneintoreverseinAmerica

butnotelsewhere(thoughBritainshowssignsoffollowingAmerica''

slead).Perhapsculturaldifferences-thelastrefugeofthedefeated

economist-areatplay.EconomistsusedtobeIievethatonceworkers

earnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewIuxuries,

theirincentivetoworkwouIdbeeroded,IikeIionsrelaxingafterakiII.

ButhumansaremoresusceptibIetoadvertisingthanIions.PerhapscIever

marketinghasensuredthat"basicneeds"——forashowerwithbuiIt-inTV,

forarocket-propeIledcar-expandcontinuously.Shoppingisalreadyone

ofAmerica1'smostpopularpastimes.Butitrequiresmoney-hencemore

workandlessleisure.Ortrythis.,thetelevisionisnotverygood,

andbasebalIandhockeykeepbeingwipedoutbystrikes.PerhapsWiIde

wasright.MaybeAmericanshavenothingbettertodo.

WhichofthefollowingisthecauseofworkingIongerhoursstatedby

thewriter

A.Expansionofbasicneeds.

B.Culturaldifferences.

C.Increaseinrealearnings.

D.Advertising.

6.Fromtheinterview,weknowthatatpresentDavidfeeIs

A.asenseoffrustration.

B.hauntedbytheunknownthings.

C.confidentbutmoody.

D.successfulyetunsatisfied.

7.ItisnothingnewthatEnglishuseisontherisearoundtheworld,

especiallyinbusinesscircles.ThisaIsohappensinFrance,the

headquartersofthegIobaIbattIeagainstAmericanculturalhegemony.

IfFrenchguysaregivingintoEnglishtsomethingreallybigmustbe

goingon.Andsomethingbigisgoingon.Partly,it''sthatAmerican

hegemony.DidierBenchimoI,CEOofaFrenche-commercesoftwarecompany,

feelscompelledtospeakEnglishperfectlybecausetheInternetsoftware

businessisdominatedbyAmericans.HeandotherFrenchbusinessmenaIso

havetospeakEnglishbecausetheywanttogettheirmessageoutto

Americaninvestors,possessorsoftheworldJ,sdeepestpockets.The

triumphofEnglishinFranceandeIsewhereinEurope,however,mayrest

onsomethingmoreenduring.Astheybecomeentwinedwitheachother

politicallyandeconomicaIly.Europeansneedawaytotalktooneanother

andtotherestoftheworId.Andforanumberofreasons,they''vedecided

uponEnglishastheircommontongue.SowhenGermanchemicaIand

pharmaceuticalcompanyHoechstmergedwithFrenchcompetitor

Rhone-PouIericIastyear,thecompanieschosethevagueIyLatinateAventis

asthenewcompanyname-andsettIedonEngIishasthecompany1'scommon

language.WhenmonetarypolicymakersfromaroundEuropebeganmeeting

attheEuropeanCentralBankinFrankfurtlastyeartosetinterestrates

forthenewEuroland,theyheIdtheirdeliberationsinEnglish.Eventhe

EuropeanCommission,with11officiaIlanguagesandatraditionally

French-speakingbureaucracy,effectivelyswitchedovertoEngIishasits

workingIanguagelastyear.HowdidthishappenOneschooI

attributesEnglish''sgreatsuccesstothesheerweightofitsmerit.

It''saGermanicIanguage,broughttoBritainaroundthefifthcentury

A.D.DuringthefourcenturiesofFrench-speakingrulethatfollowed

NormanConquestof1066,theIanguagemorphedintosomethingelse

entirely.Frenchwordswereaddedwholesale,andmostofthe

compIicationsofGermanicgrammarwereshedwhilefewofthe

compIicationsofFrenchwereadded.TheresultisaIimguagewithahuge

vocabularyandasimplegrammarthatcanexpressmostthingsmore

efficientIythaneitherofitsparents.What''smore,Englishhas

remainedungovernedandopen,tochange-foreignwords,coinages,and

grammaticalshifts-inawaythatFrench,ruledbythepuristAcademie

Francaise,hadnot.Soit*,saswelIlanguage,especiaIIyforbusiness.

ButtheriseofEnglishoverthepastfewcenturiesclearlyowesatleast

asmuchtohistoryandeconomiesastothelanguage1,sabilityto

economicallyexpresstheconceptwin-win.Whathappenedisthatthe

competitionfirstLatin,thenFrench,thenbriefly,German-fadedwith

thewaningofthepolitical(economic,andmiIitaryfortunesof,

respectively,theCatholicChurch,France,andGermany.AlIaIong,

Englishwasincreasinginimportance:Britainwasthebirthplaceofthe

IndustrialRevolution,andLondontheworldJ1smostimportantfinanciaI

centre,whichmadeEnglishakeyIanguageforbusiness.England,'s

coIoniesaroundtheworIdalsomadeittheIanguagewiththemostglobaI

reach.AndasthatformercoIonytheU.S.rosetothestatusoftheworld''

spreeminentpolitical,economic,miIitary,andculturalpower,English

becametheobvioussecondlanguagetolearn.Inthe1990smoreand

moreEuropeansfoundthemselvesforcedtouseEnglish.Thelast

generationofbusinessandgovernmentIeaderswhohadn''tstudiedEnglish

inschoolwasleavingthestage.TheEuropeanCommunitywasaddingnew

membersandevoIvingfromapaper-shuffIingclubintoaseriousregionaI

governmentthatwouldneedasinglecommonIanguageifitwereeverto

getanythingdone.MeanwhiIe,economicbarriersbetweenEuropeannations

havebeendisappearing,meaningthatmoreandmorecompaniesarebegining

tolookatthewholecontinentastheirdomesticmarket.Andthenthe

InternetcameaIong.TheNethadtwobigimpacts.Onewasthatitwas

anexciting,potentia11ylucrativenewindustrythathaditsrootsin

theU.S.,soifyouwantedtogetinonit,youhadtospeaksomeEnglish.

TheotherwasthatbysurfingtheWeb,Europeanswhohadpreviously

encounteredEnglishonlyinschooIandinpopsongswerenowcominginto

contactwithitdaily.NoneofthismeansEnglishhastakenover

EuropeanIife.AccordingtotheEuropeanUnion,47%ofWesternEuropeans

(includingtheBritishandIrish)speakEnglishweIIenoughtocarryon

aconversation.That1'salotmorethanthosewhocanspeakGerman(32%)

orFrench(28%),butitstillmeansmoreEuropeansdon''tspeakthe

language.IfyouwanttoseiIshampooorcelIphones,youhavetodoit

inFrenchorGermanorSpanishorGreek.EventheU.S.andBritishmedia

companiesthatstandtobenefitmostfromthespreadofEnglishhavebeen

hedgingtheirbets-CNNbroadcastsinSpanish;theFinancialTimeshad

recentlylau

A.therisingstatusofEnglishinEurope.

B.Englishlearninginnon-English-speakingE.U.nations.

C.thepreferenceforEnglishbyEuropeanbusinessmen.

D.theswitchfromFrenchtoEnglishintheEuropeanCommission.

8."Museum"isasiipperyword.Itfirstmeant(inGreek)anything

consecratedtotheMuses:ahill,ashrine,agarden,afestivaIoreven

atextbook.BothPIato,'sAcademyandAristotIe''sLyceumhadamouseion,

amuses1'shrine.AlthoughtheGreeksaIreadycollooteddetachedworks

ofart,manytemples-notabIythatofHeraat01ympia(beforewhichthe

OlympicflameisstillIit)-hadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhich

wereworksofartbywe11-knownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculptures

intheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.The

RomansaIsoco11ectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtempIes,aswe11

asmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplundered

sculpturesandpaintings(mostIyGreek)forexhibition.MeanwhiIe,the

GreekwordhadsIippedintoLatinbytransIiteration(thoughnotto

signifypicturegalleries,whichwerecalledpinacothecae)andmuseum

stillmoreorlessmeant"Muses11shrine".Theinspirational

coIIectionsofpreciousandsemi-preciousobjectswerekeptinlarger

churchesandmonasteries-whichfocusedonthegold-enshrined,

bejewelledreIicsofsaintsandmartyrs.Princes,andlatermerchants,

hadsimilarcolIections,whichbecamethedepositsofnaturaIcuriosities:

largelumpsofamberorcoraI,irregularpearls,unicornhorns,ostrich

eggs,fossiIbonesandsoon.Theyalsoincludedcoinsandgems-often

antiqueengravedones—asweIIas,increasingly,paintingsand

sculptures.Astheymu11ipIiedandexpanded,tosupplementthem,the

skillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined.Atthesametime,

visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthe

churches,palacesandcastles;theywerenot"collected**either,but

"site-specific",andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothofthefabric

ofthebuiIdingsandofthewayofIifewhichwentoninsidethem-and

mostofthebuiIdingswerepubIicones.However,duringtherevivalof

antiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantiquesculpturewere

givenhigherstatusthantheworkofanycontemporary,sothatdisplays

ofantiquitieswouldinspireartiststoimitation,orevenbetter,to

emuIation;andsocouIdbeconsideredMusesshrinesintheformersense.

TheMedicigardennearSanMarcoinFlorence,theBeIvedereandthe

CapitolinRomewerethemostfamousofsuchearly"inspirational"

collections.Soontheymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplary"modern"

workswerealsoaddedtosuchgalleries.Intheseventeenthcentury,

scientificandprestigeco11ectingbecamesowidespreadthatthreeor

fourcollectorsindependentIypubIisheddirectoriestomuseumsalIover

theknownworId.Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhich

producedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceived:

thefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquariansto

sheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonuments

Francaiswasthemostfamous.Then,inthefirsthalfofthenineteenth

century,museumfundingtookoff,aIIiedtotheriseofnewweaIth:London

acquiredtheNationalGaIleryandtheBritishMuseum,theLouvrewas

organized,theMuseum-1nseIwasbeguninBerIin,andtheMunichgalleries

werebuiIt.InVienna,thehugeKunsthistorischesandNaturhistorisches

Museumstookovermuchoftheimperialtreasure.MeanwhiIe,thedeciine