非謂語動詞 ppt講解

1、非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有： （1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。 （2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。 （3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。,（二）非謂語動詞的句法功能：,二、非謂語動詞用法： （一）動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。 1不定式的形式：（以動詞write為例） 否定式：not + (to) do,（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后， 例如： Im glad

2、to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.,（2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的

3、動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend.,2不定式的句法功能： （1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. 動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minut

4、es. It means failure to lose your heart. （2）作表語： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold.,（3）作賓語：a.常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, mean(打算） b.如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如

5、：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. c.動詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 注意：動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.,（4）作賓語補足語： 在復(fù)合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, o

6、rder, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介詞有時也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross th

7、e road.,（5）作定語： I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? *Have you got anything to send? *Have you got anything to be sent? He is the firstthe last to get here.,（6）作狀語： 表目的： He worked day and night to get the money

8、. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.,表結(jié)果： He arrived late to find th

9、e train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)： I visited him only to find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. （7）作獨立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.,（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。 If you dont want to

10、do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. （二）動名詞： 動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。 1動名詞的形式： 否定式：not + 動名詞,1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。 （2）被動式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀請就來到了晚會。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看

11、過這部電影。 （4）完成被動式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。,（5）否定式：not + 動名詞 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。 (6) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格+動名詞 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。,2

12、動名詞的句法功能： （1）作主語： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。 當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。 Its no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。 （2）作表語： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。,（3）作賓語： They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。 We have to prevent

13、 the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。 注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。,要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認(rèn)），deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid

14、, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, fee

15、l like （4）作定語： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？,（5）作同位語： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。 （三）現(xiàn)在分詞： 現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能

16、。 1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式： 否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞,（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成 式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。 （2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動 詞之前的被動的動作。 The problem being d

17、iscussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。,2現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能： （1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語 放在名詞后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our

18、 monitors father. 正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.,（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。 The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前

19、的形勢鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動作是進(jìn)行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 （3）作賓語補足語： 如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？ He kept the c

20、ar waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。,（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語： 作時間狀語： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。 作原因狀語： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。 作方式狀語，表示伴隨： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作條件狀語： (If) Playing all day,

21、 you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。,作結(jié)果狀語： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。 作目的狀語： He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。 作讓步狀語： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my h

22、eard 我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。 有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。,All the tickets having been sold out, t

23、hey went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。 有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。 作獨立成分： Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。 Generally speaking, girl

24、s are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。,（四）過去分詞： 過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。 過去分詞的句法功能： 1過去分詞作定語： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。 Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會。 注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。,2過去分詞作表語： The window is broken. 窗戶破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：