《同等學(xué)歷申碩翻譯》PPT課件.ppt

1、同等學(xué)歷申碩翻譯,1）考試要求與規(guī)律 2）英譯漢技巧 3）漢譯英技巧 Instructor: Psyche,一、翻譯考試要求,翻譯：能在不借助詞典的情況下，把一般性題材的文章及科普文章中的句子或段落從英語(yǔ)譯成漢語(yǔ)或從漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原文的意思，語(yǔ)句通順，用詞基本正確，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。英譯漢的速度為每小時(shí)400個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞，漢譯英的速度為每小時(shí)250-350個(gè)漢字。,英譯漢：準(zhǔn)確流暢 漢譯英：簡(jiǎn)單規(guī)范,具體要求,本部分包括英譯漢和漢譯英兩節(jié)，共20分，每節(jié)10分?？荚嚂r(shí)間為30分鐘。要求譯文意思準(zhǔn)確，文字通順。 A節(jié)為英譯漢。本節(jié)設(shè)三種題型，每次考試設(shè)其中的一種題型。 題型一：要求考生翻譯

2、5個(gè)單句，總長(zhǎng)度為80-100個(gè)英文單詞。 題型二：要求考生翻譯一個(gè)段落，段落長(zhǎng)度為80-100個(gè)英文單詞。 題型三：在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的段落中，有5個(gè)帶有下劃線的句子，要求考生翻譯這5個(gè)句子。5個(gè)句子的總長(zhǎng)度為80-100個(gè)英文單詞。 B節(jié)為漢譯英。本節(jié)設(shè)兩種題刑，每次考試設(shè)其中的一種題型。 題型一：要求考生翻譯5個(gè)單句，總長(zhǎng)度為100-120個(gè)英文單詞。 題型二：要求考生翻譯一個(gè)段落，段落長(zhǎng)度為100-120個(gè)英文單詞。,歷年命題分析,1）形式：多為篇章而非單句，4-5個(gè)句子； 2）體裁：議論文； 3）內(nèi)容：環(huán)境、科技、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等一般性知識(shí)或科普常識(shí)；,08：當(dāng)前我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速，能源供應(yīng)的壓力

3、較大，這跟我國(guó)當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展所處的階段不無(wú)關(guān)系。但是，不管我們處于哪個(gè)發(fā)展階段，如果消耗能源過多，就會(huì)因此受到懲罰，面臨能源匱乏，環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞等困境。,漢譯英,07：最近一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，中國(guó)大部分的建筑無(wú)論是辦公樓還是居民樓，消耗的電資源或水資源比發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的同類建筑都要多，例如，北京的居民平均消耗氣候類似的德國(guó)北部家庭的三倍。中國(guó)是資源短缺的國(guó)家，我們必須節(jié)約資源，才能保證我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展。,06：隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類對(duì)水的要求不斷增加，但可供人類使用的水資源卻急劇減少，水資源危機(jī)所帶來(lái)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)惡化等問題嚴(yán)重威脅著人類的生存。 如何更有效地利用水資源，推進(jìn)水資源的可持續(xù)開發(fā)和保護(hù)，已

4、經(jīng)成為世界各國(guó)共同面對(duì)的緊迫問題。,英譯漢,08: An ecosystem is a group of animal and plants living in a specific region and interacting with one another and with their physical environment,09: Third-hank smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or evn days after a c

5、igarette is put out,英譯漢,10: Engineers are developing a new type of Internet connection that could carry so much data so quickly it might surprise even Net surfers,英譯漢,翻譯丟分的原因,A、對(duì)原文理解不夠。譬如：在劃線句往往是要根據(jù)上下文才能理解透徹，而考生由于時(shí)間緊張，看到句子便草率翻譯，對(duì)原文的主要框架結(jié)構(gòu)，互相指代關(guān)系理解不夠準(zhǔn)確，這樣以來(lái)翻譯的準(zhǔn)確度就有問題了。 B：考生不懂得英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)的差異，對(duì)翻譯技巧方法更是知之甚少，

6、因此在考試中甩不開原文的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，不敢進(jìn)行必要的語(yǔ)序調(diào)整，句序、語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)換，不敢進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，不會(huì)用增詞法、減詞法之類的基本翻譯處理方法。 C、中文表達(dá)能力有限，不能將對(duì)原文的理解了的東西遂心所欲地用漢語(yǔ)清楚地表達(dá)出來(lái)，甚至還出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)別字現(xiàn)象。,綜上所述，翻譯考試要想立足于不敗之地，就必須克服上述三大問題，關(guān)鍵做到以下： 一是要加以重視，投入一定地時(shí)間多練習(xí)； 二掌握必要的翻譯技巧方法，提高英漢表達(dá)手段。 命題內(nèi)容經(jīng)常重復(fù)，應(yīng)緊抓真題； 注意篇章搭建，尤其句子銜接。,應(yīng)試策略步驟,1、迅速閱讀原文、清楚大致方向 2、緊抓考題結(jié)構(gòu)、把握主次關(guān)系 3、選定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、注意前言后語(yǔ) 4、仔細(xì)檢查譯文、確保

7、語(yǔ)句通順,迅速閱讀原文、清楚大致方向,英譯漢可用23分鐘地時(shí)間把整體文章通讀一遍，大致搞清楚原文地主旨大意，積極調(diào)動(dòng)相關(guān)地思維活動(dòng)，使頭腦進(jìn)入最佳考試狀態(tài)。閱讀只要了解大意即可。遇到生詞一略而過，千萬(wàn)不要被與所考地句子無(wú)關(guān)地一些生詞、短語(yǔ)，甚至人名地名纏住。 漢譯英則需要抓住主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，抓句式框架。,緊抓考題結(jié)構(gòu)、把握主次關(guān)系,在粗讀一遍，大致搞清原文地主旨大意地基礎(chǔ)上逐句處理。讀第二遍做題之前，重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)放在這需要翻譯地句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析上。首先確定句子地意思，再考慮譯文的結(jié)構(gòu)，哪是主語(yǔ)，哪是謂語(yǔ)，句子的重點(diǎn)再那里，然后再根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要來(lái)確定譯文的句型，如果是復(fù)合句，句式結(jié)構(gòu)比較長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)分清從句之間的

8、主次關(guān)系，界定各修飾成分的位置。為節(jié)省時(shí)間，做翻譯題不要打草稿，用鉛筆直接在試卷上劃出譯文的大致框架就行了。,選定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、注意前后銜接,選定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是下筆翻譯的關(guān)鍵。 譯文的主語(yǔ)不一定采用原文的主語(yǔ)，而是需要根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣來(lái)決定。同樣，原文的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也不一定就譯為動(dòng)詞，在很多情況下，需要進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等，有些詞語(yǔ)有可能一時(shí)想不出恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)字眼，這就必須通過上下文或前言后語(yǔ)來(lái)確定他們的含義。 利用語(yǔ)境分析判斷詞義，是獲取有用信息的主要途徑，通過分析具體的詞與全文的關(guān)系，特別是從前言后語(yǔ)中尋找有用的信息，我們便能確定某一代詞確切的含義，甚至句子中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞的詞義也很有可能從上下文中

9、搞得清清楚楚。 漢譯英盡量用自己掌握的簡(jiǎn)單句，不用沒有把握的詞語(yǔ)和句式結(jié)構(gòu)。,仔細(xì)檢查譯文、確保語(yǔ)句通順,做完翻譯后，對(duì)照原文檢查，先看譯文與原文在意思上是否有出入，有無(wú)漏譯，然后再丟開原文，檢查譯文是否通順。 如果遇到英漢因表達(dá)差異，而造成譯文語(yǔ)句不通順，便可考慮打破原文結(jié)構(gòu)，用意譯的方式翻譯出原文的意思即可。 因?yàn)榉g得分的關(guān)鍵是通順、無(wú)誤、無(wú)漏，而不在于語(yǔ)句的優(yōu)美，文采的華麗。,2009真題演練,Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materi

10、als hours or even days after a cigarette is put out. 1）生詞 2）that定語(yǔ)從句 3）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that lingers in carpets, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette is put out. 三手煙是一種煙污染，即便在吸煙幾小時(shí)或幾天后，它仍會(huì)存留在地毯、衣物或其它物品里。,According to a study, a large nu

11、mber of people, particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. 1）that定語(yǔ)從句 2）生詞,According to a study, a large number of people, particularly smokers have no idea that third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. 研究表明，三手煙對(duì)身體有害，但很多人，尤其是煙民對(duì)此卻毫無(wú)所知。,Of the 1,500

12、smokers and nonsmokers (being) surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. 1）被動(dòng)短語(yǔ)surveyed 2）that定語(yǔ)從句,Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers (being) surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. 在接受調(diào)查的1500名煙民和非煙民中，大多數(shù)人都承認(rèn)二手煙的危害性。,But when （they were）

13、asked whether they agreed with the statement, “Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”. 1）被動(dòng)短語(yǔ) 2）when狀語(yǔ)從句 3）where定語(yǔ)從句（前置定語(yǔ)的）,But when （they were）asked whether they agreed with the statement, “Breathin

14、g air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,” only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers answered “yes”. 但就另一個(gè)問題，“吸入前一天有人吸煙的屋子里的空氣會(huì)影響健康嗎”，只有65%的非煙民和43%的煙民給予了肯定的答案。,英譯漢考點(diǎn)（4-6句）,（1）定語(yǔ)從句 （2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) （3）長(zhǎng)句,練習(xí)：2008真題,That might help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous

15、growth in Internet traffic. 前置法。把定語(yǔ)翻譯帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組。 這可以幫助解決如何應(yīng)付（巨大增長(zhǎng)）（在網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸中數(shù)據(jù)量）的問題。,2）譯成并列分句（后置法）：,當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí),將其譯成并列分句,放置于原來(lái)它所修飾詞的后面。先行詞可保留并在第二個(gè)分句中重復(fù)；亦可省略。,He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two ponds each. 他居然種出了二百個(gè)神奇的西紅柿，每個(gè)（西紅柿）重達(dá)兩磅。,練習(xí)：2008真題,Engineers are developing

16、 a new type of Internet connection that （后置定語(yǔ)）could carry so much data so quickly. 譯成并列分句，重復(fù)先行詞。 工程師們正在研制一種新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接形式，這種（網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接）形式能夠快速傳輸大量數(shù)據(jù)。,練習(xí)：2008真題,This technology would open up a route through which (定語(yǔ)從句) data can be sent（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） at speeds thousands of times faster than whats possible now. 譯成并列分句，重復(fù)

17、先行詞； 該項(xiàng)技術(shù)將會(huì)開啟一條途徑，該途徑可使發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的速度比現(xiàn)有的速度快幾千倍。,被動(dòng)譯法：1）被動(dòng)譯主動(dòng),1. Mr. Black was given a prize. 布拉克先生得了獎(jiǎng)。（主語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)） 2. 800 people had been saved by the organization. 這個(gè)組織拯救了八百人。（主語(yǔ)變賓語(yǔ)）,3. He was heard to come upstairs. 有人聽見他走上樓。（主語(yǔ)變賓語(yǔ)，加模糊主語(yǔ)） 4. Evidently some mistake was made and the goods have been wrongly del

18、ivered. 顯然是出了差錯(cuò)，發(fā)錯(cuò)了貨。（主語(yǔ)變賓語(yǔ)，無(wú)主句）,2006真題,Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. 翻成“被”？ 正如要收獲農(nóng)作物，有時(shí)也需要“收獲”野生動(dòng)物。 主語(yǔ)變賓語(yǔ)，無(wú)主句,2) 譯成漢語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),被增長(zhǎng) 被代表 被就業(yè) 被捐款 被自殺,1. They were caught in the rain yesterday. 他們昨天遭雨淋了。 2. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse

19、in the hospital. 他的妻子給他的信件，大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護(hù)士念給他聽的。 注：在同等學(xué)歷考試中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)極少翻成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)，因此，首先應(yīng)嘗試翻主動(dòng)。,長(zhǎng)句翻譯,一，削去枝蔓，找出主干； 二，條分縷析，理清關(guān)系； 三，確定單位，各個(gè)擊破； 四，調(diào)整搭配，重新組合； 五，核對(duì)原句，潤(rùn)飾譯句,2007真題: 1）分析主干,The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying ,assighing, or promoting stu

20、dents, employees and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press and even in Congress. 測(cè)試是近來(lái)抨擊的目標(biāo)。,2007真題: 2）切分意群，逐個(gè)翻譯,The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying ,assigning, or promoting

21、 students, employees and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press and even in Congress. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理測(cè)試 廣泛用來(lái)協(xié)助選拔、分級(jí)、委任或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍人。 是抨擊的目標(biāo)。 近來(lái)在圖書、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至是國(guó)會(huì)中。,2007真題: 3）整合成文,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理測(cè)試 廣泛用來(lái)協(xié)助選拔、分級(jí)、委任或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍人。 是抨擊的目標(biāo)。 近來(lái)在圖書、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至是國(guó)會(huì)中。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試

22、或心理測(cè)試廣泛用于協(xié)助選拔、分級(jí)、委任或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍人。這種測(cè)試近來(lái)成為了圖書、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至是國(guó)會(huì)所抨擊的目標(biāo)。,2007真題: 4）流暢；符合中文習(xí)慣,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理測(cè)試廣泛用于協(xié)助選拔、分級(jí)、委任或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍人。這種測(cè)試近來(lái)成為了圖書、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至是國(guó)會(huì)所抨擊的目標(biāo)。 作為一種輔助手段，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理測(cè)試廣泛用于選拔、分級(jí)、委任或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍人的工作中。近來(lái)，這種測(cè)試成為了圖書、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至是國(guó)會(huì)所抨擊的目標(biāo)。,練習(xí)：2006真題,1）One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the

23、protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. 2）Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation. 3）It also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. 4）Animals need cover to hide f

24、rom their natural enemies and to raise their young safely. 5）Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. 6）By allowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.,作業(yè),1. The American economic system is, organiz

25、ed around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumer

26、s, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this w

27、ill tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.,參考譯文,1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what s

28、hall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 參考譯文：美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中， 消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來(lái)決定什么應(yīng)該 被制造出來(lái)。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire

29、 of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 參考譯文：因此，在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中，個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤(rùn)的 欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源 如何被用來(lái)制造它們。 3. If, on the other hand, pro

30、ducing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 參考譯文：另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣 方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會(huì)反過來(lái)降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消 費(fèi)者購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。,漢譯英,翻譯要點(diǎn),正確理解原文

31、仔細(xì)研究句子結(jié)構(gòu)（原文中標(biāo)注，劃出關(guān)鍵詞） 忠實(shí)原文：準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔 符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，流暢,具體考點(diǎn)（2-3句）,就是考寫作！ 需要找到對(duì)等表達(dá)； 語(yǔ)法基本知識(shí)； 找到主干結(jié)構(gòu)最重要。,查找錯(cuò)誤！,1到公元去怎么走？ How shall I go to the park？ 2那個(gè)講座是在星期五從兩點(diǎn)種開始。 The lecture is from two oclock on Friday. 3中國(guó)的風(fēng)景很美。 The sceneries of China are very fine. 4他們沒有房子住。 They have no houses to live. 5比起?？思{他更喜歡海明威。 He

32、 likes better Hemingway than Faulkner. 6這塊表要修理。 This watch wants to mend.,1. What way / Which way shall I go to the park? 2. The lecture begins /starts at two oclock on Friday. 3. The scenery of China is very fine. 4. They have no houses to live in. 5. He likes Hemingway better than Faulkner. 6. Thi

33、s watch wants repairing.,7全家人在九點(diǎn)種上教堂做禮拜。 The family go to the church at 9 oclock. 8那年我身體很好，但在那前一年我生病了。 I was quite well that year, but ill the last year. 9那條沉沒的船不可能撈起來(lái)。 It is impossible to raise the sunk ship. 10. 你早上來(lái)吧，不要晚上來(lái)。 Come in the morning instead of the evening. 11他的女兒嫁給了一個(gè)闊人。 His daughter m

34、arried to a rich man. 12這樣一個(gè)好天氣，你為什么要呆在家里？ Why are you at home on such a fine weather?,7. The family goes to church at 9 oclock. 8. I was quite well that year, but ill the year before. 9. It is impossible to raise the sunken ship. 10. Come in the morning instead of in the evening. 11. His daughter m

35、arried a rich man. His daughter was married to a rich man. 12. Why are you at home on such a fine day? Why are you at home on such fine weather?,漢語(yǔ)詞的翻譯,1、有對(duì)應(yīng)表達(dá)： to describe a thin man: Chinese:骨瘦如柴 English: as thin as a shadow to describe a tiring and miserable life Chinese:過得“豬狗不如” English: to lead

36、 a dogs life To describe the strength of a tree: English: as strong as an oak Chinese: 像松樹一樣傲然挺立,東方時(shí)空 Oriental Time and Space 德國(guó) Germany 計(jì)算機(jī) computer 助教 assistant teacher 書 架 book shelf 新生兒 newborn baby,從頭到尾 from beginning to end 直升飛機(jī) helicopter 乘熱打鐵 strike while the iron is hot 丟臉 lose face,完全對(duì)等,部分

37、對(duì)等,警察： “policeman,” “constable,” “bobby,” “cop,” “smoky,”,胡子,Full beard (大胡子） Shadow（小胡子） Whiskers （絡(luò)腮胡子） Moustache （八字胡） Goatee（山羊胡） Tile beard （瓦形胡） Military moustache (軍人胡） Stubble beard (殘須）,a. 金雞鞋油：顏色有黑、棕、白、紅、黃、藍(lán)。 Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue.,b.

38、老王說，他沒著了。 Lao Wang said that he was at the end of his tether. c. 我不僅暗自發(fā)笑：你有什么必要說 “sorry”呢？ I cant help chuckling: why do you need to say sorry?,d. 他是在苦水中泡大的。 He was brought up in misery. e. 我們的朋友遍天下。 We have friends everywhere. f. 有一個(gè)字，整天掛在美國(guó)人的嘴邊，那就是sorry。 There is a word that is frequently said by/

39、on the lips of Americans. That is sorry.,完全缺失,君君，臣臣，父父，子子 功夫,1. 漢字 2. 普通話 3. 筆畫 4.簡(jiǎn)化字 5. 繁體字,1. characters 2. mandarin 3. strokes 4. simplified characters 5. traditional characters,漢語(yǔ)詞組的翻譯,漢語(yǔ)中的詞組很多，翻譯的方法也各不相同。 名詞性詞組 “立定跳遠(yuǎn)，英語(yǔ)考試” 修飾性詞組 “充滿笑意的臉，昂首挺胸地走進(jìn)來(lái)” 四字排比結(jié)構(gòu) “蠢得像豬；犟得像牛；緣木求魚；守口如瓶”,一、漢語(yǔ)名詞性詞組的翻譯,1、形容詞做

40、修飾語(yǔ) 2、分詞做修飾語(yǔ) 3、介詞短語(yǔ)做修飾語(yǔ) 4、名詞作修飾語(yǔ) 5、動(dòng)詞不定式作修飾語(yǔ) 6、副詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ) 7、連字符構(gòu)詞作修飾語(yǔ),1、形容詞作修飾語(yǔ),淡 季 額外收費(fèi) 保暖內(nèi)衣 偽劣產(chǎn)品 人際交流,Low (dull/off/slack) season ；extra charge/additional charge ； thermal underwear ； counterfeit goods/shoddy goods ； interpersonal communication,2、分詞作修飾語(yǔ),固定資產(chǎn) 有保留的贊揚(yáng) 全力支持 有關(guān)部門 預(yù)定到達(dá)時(shí)間,fixed assets ； qu

41、alified praise ； unqualified support/full support ； the departments concerned/relevant authorities ； expected time of arrival/scheduled arriving time,3、介詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要放在中心詞的后面。如：,停留時(shí)間 成功而持久減肥的奧妙 很有背景的人,duration of stay ； the secret of successful and lasting weight loss； a man with powerful em

42、ergencies/a person with high-level connections.,4、名詞作修飾語(yǔ),要注意英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)；要注意中心詞與修飾語(yǔ)的位置。如：,平價(jià)商店 休閑場(chǎng)所 經(jīng)濟(jì)作物 基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科 人員不足,discount store ; leisure facilities ; cash crop ; Foundation subjects/basic subjects ; shortage of staff/staff shortage,5、動(dòng)詞不定式作修飾語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放到中心詞的后面。如： 即將為眾多商家采用的營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略： a marketing strate

43、gy soon to be adopted by numerous businesses.,6、副詞短語(yǔ)作修飾語(yǔ),副詞不能單獨(dú)修飾中心詞，而必須同其他成分如形容詞或分詞共同構(gòu)成修飾語(yǔ)。如：,難以置信的好運(yùn)氣 幼稚可笑的問題 高收入工作,incredibly good luck ; ridiculously naive question ; a well paid job,7、連字符構(gòu)詞作修飾語(yǔ),在職培訓(xùn) 售后服務(wù) 利益集團(tuán) 節(jié)能冰箱 最新式的設(shè)備,on-the-job training ; after-sale service ; special-interest group ; energy

44、-efficient refrigerator ; state-of-the-art equipment,二、漢語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)詞組的翻譯,1、轉(zhuǎn)化為從句 2、轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞不定式 3、轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞或分詞短語(yǔ) 4、轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ) 5、慣用法靈活處理,1、轉(zhuǎn)化為從句,1）以上就是我們同意繼續(xù)進(jìn)行兩岸對(duì)話的條件。 2）找不找人幫忙的事由你來(lái)決定。,1）The aforesaid are conditions under which we will agree to continue talks between both sides of the Strait. 2）Its up to you to decide

45、 whether we should look for helping hands or not.,2、轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞不定式,1）為什么人服務(wù)的問題，是一個(gè)根本的問題，原則的問題。 2）皮膚不那么容易受到細(xì)菌感染。,1）To serve for whom is a cardinal problem, a matter of principle. 2）Skin is not liable to be affected by bacteria.,3、轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞或分詞短語(yǔ),1）他抽出槍就開始向敵人射擊。 2）他們扛起鐵鍬和鋤頭就下地了。,1）Snatching his gun, he began to

46、fire at the enemy. 2）They left for the fields, shouldering spades and hoes.,4、轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ),1）盡管有好多缺點(diǎn)，他是個(gè)勤奮的人。 2）看見他我就惡心。,1）With all his shortcomings, he is a hard-working man. 2）I feel sick at the sight of him.,5、慣用法靈活處理,1）她人長(zhǎng)得好看，腦子又聰明。 2）這件事說起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難。,1）She is as pretty as wise. 2）Its easier said than d

47、one.,三、漢語(yǔ)四字排比結(jié)構(gòu)的英譯處理,1、并列關(guān)系的英譯處理,1）形容詞名詞,a)大峽彎的谷地山巒交錯(cuò)、峽谷相連、江水洶涌。,a) The valley of the Grand Bend is full of multi-peaked mountains, joined canyons and turbulent waters.,b) 我國(guó)政府愿意在平等互利、相互開放、長(zhǎng)期合作、共同發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)同亞洲各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和貿(mào)易交流。,b) The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic coope

48、ration and trade ties with other Asian nations on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common progress.,2)名詞或形容詞in名詞,a)由于這臺(tái)儀器性能穩(wěn)定、操作可靠、維修方便，因此受到用戶的好評(píng)。,a) The instrument has been welcomed by the users because of its stability in service, reliability in ope

49、ration and simplicity in maintenance.,b)這些女式襯衫系采用上等純絲制成，價(jià)格公道，工藝精湛，設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)特。,b) These silk blouses are made of pure silk of best quality. They are moderate in price, excellent in craftsmanship and unique in designs.,3)介詞短語(yǔ),這里那里，螺號(hào)陣陣，漁歌聲聲；近近遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)，紅旗飄揚(yáng)，白帆點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。好一派動(dòng)人的漁樂圖??！,What an exciting scene of jubilance, wit

50、h the fishermens conches trumpeting and their songs ringing here and there, and red flags fluttering and white sails dotting the sea far and near.,4)名詞性詞組,a) 大力培養(yǎng)愛崗盡責(zé)、方便群眾、優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)的敬業(yè)精神。,a) We should vigorously foster the fine spirit, including dedication to work, and offering convenience and fine servi

51、ces to the masses.,b) 防止個(gè)人專斷和各自為政，反對(duì)有令不行、有禁不止。,b) To prevent the tendency to make decisions arbitrarily and go their own way and oppose the defiance of orders and prohibitions.,5)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),我們必須解放思想、實(shí)事求是、扎實(shí)工作、開拓進(jìn)取。,We should emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts and work hard and creatively.,2.含有主從關(guān)

52、系的英譯處理,漢語(yǔ)中有些四字排比結(jié)構(gòu)可能是圍繞著其中一個(gè)中心進(jìn)行描述的，在英譯的時(shí)候，可以將其中的從屬部分轉(zhuǎn)化成伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)或狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：,1) 作為世界第一大洲，亞洲幅員遼闊，人口眾多，資源豐富，有著巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?1) Asia, the largest continent in the world, is a vast land with a huge population, abundant natural resources and enormous potential for development.,另外，有些四字排比結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上就是個(gè)濃縮的句子，在翻譯的時(shí)候，可以以其中的主體部

53、分為主語(yǔ)展開，將其他從屬部分轉(zhuǎn)化成句子的各個(gè)成分。,3) 自此而下，江面寬闊，水流平緩。一葉輕舟，順流而下，沿江景色，包覽無(wú)遺。,3) Down from here, the river becomes wide and calm. If you take a light skiff down the stream, you will drink in the beauty along the river.,3.四字排比結(jié)構(gòu)的化簡(jiǎn),漢語(yǔ)四字排比結(jié)構(gòu)的化簡(jiǎn)，首先要去掉漢語(yǔ)中有而英語(yǔ)中可以不要的部分。,1) 建立辦事高效、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)協(xié)調(diào)、行為規(guī)范的行政管理體系。,1) To set up a highl

54、y efficient, well-coordinated and standardized administrative system.,2) 本店貨色齊全，花色多樣，任憑挑選。,2) We have a good assortment of goods to choose from.,漢譯英基本程序,1理解 通讀并透徹理解原文含義 2翻譯 確定譯文句子的時(shí)態(tài)、句型、結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞 3審校 首先檢查譯文是否正確地轉(zhuǎn)述了原文內(nèi)容，是否有錯(cuò)譯和漏譯；其次，檢查是否有語(yǔ)言上的明顯錯(cuò)誤，如時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)、拼寫、大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等。發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，及時(shí)改正。,漢譯英的過程 理解 表達(dá) 校核,肉已煮爛了。,他

55、的衣服穿爛了。,The meat has been soft enough.,His clothes are worn-out.,木頭爛了。,The wood was rotten.,他的節(jié)目不理想。,1）It is difficult to walk, but everyone has to walk on the road of the life. 2）No matter how difficult the road of life is, everyone has to walk through it for himself. 3）To go on a journey is often

56、full of hardships, but so long as one lives he proceeds on his lifes journey.,行路難，但人生之路誰(shuí)都要走。,漢語(yǔ)句子翻譯要點(diǎn),1、確定句子主干結(jié)構(gòu) 2、確定信息中心 3、確定邏輯關(guān)系,漢語(yǔ)句子翻譯要點(diǎn),一、確定句子主干結(jié)構(gòu) 要將漢語(yǔ)句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)，確定句子主干是句子翻譯的首要步驟。 第一步是確定主語(yǔ)， 然后是確定謂語(yǔ)。,1、主語(yǔ)的確定：識(shí)別主語(yǔ)，并在譯文中妥善地表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,A：如果漢語(yǔ)句子的主題與句子的主語(yǔ)一致，那么就直接將漢語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)。,1）三十多年來(lái)我一直沒再見過他。 2）他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)地毯上有個(gè)深色

57、斑點(diǎn)。,1）I have not seen him for over thirty years. 2）He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.,B：如果漢語(yǔ)句子的主題與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，那么我們就應(yīng)該將句子的主題轉(zhuǎn)化成英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)。,1）昨天他們表演得很成功。 2）你問道此書從何而起？,1）Their performance yesterday was very successful. 2）What, you may ask, was the origin of this book?,C: 當(dāng)然，主語(yǔ)的確定并非是絕對(duì)的，在許多情況下，同樣一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)

58、句子，由于側(cè)重點(diǎn)的不同，其譯文中主語(yǔ)的選擇就可能有多種處理方法，具有一定的靈活性。這就要求我們根據(jù)具體情況具體對(duì)待。,1）這位母親很為有個(gè)聰明漂亮的女兒而驕傲。 2）只有在顯微鏡下才能看見紅血球。,1）The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter./ The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud. 2）A microscope is needed to see red cells./ Red cells ca

59、n be seen only under the microscope.,D: 有時(shí)候漢語(yǔ)句子沒有主語(yǔ)，而英語(yǔ)句子一般是不可以沒有主語(yǔ)的,(1) 你一旦開始，就必須繼續(xù)下去。 Once you begin, you must continue. (2) 活到老，學(xué)到老。 One is never too old to learn.,1. 加主語(yǔ),(3) 十點(diǎn)鐘了，他還沒有回來(lái)。 Its ten oclock now. He didnt return home yet. (4) 下雨了，我們快走吧。 Its raining now; lets hurry up.,2. 用it作主語(yǔ)（自然現(xiàn)象）,(5) 必須保重產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。 The quality of product must be guaranteed. (6) 去年發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種稀有元素。 A rare element was found last year. (7) 封面上印著一個(gè)獵人的像。 The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.,3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),(9) 現(xiàn)在很難說誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)錯(cuò)。 At the moment it is difficult to tell who i