解析高考英語閱讀中的長難句課件.ppt

1、解析高考英語 閱讀中的長難句,在閱讀中，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些長而難的句子。長難句通常含有較多、較長的修飾成分、并列成分或從句。長難句的豐富內(nèi)容和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致理解的困難。理解長難句的關(guān)鍵是了解長難句的類型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的關(guān)鍵部分。,1、帶有較多成分的簡單句。,Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well a

2、s the specific womens magazines to be used.,一、長難句的分類,2、含有多個(gè)簡單句的并列句。,In the 1970s, he was a surgeon at Yale，and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.,I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonr

3、enewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.,3、含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句。,4、含有多個(gè)插入成分的句子。,His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（無知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new ele

4、ctronic-mail system.,5、并列復(fù)合句。,I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.,Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.,6、 倒裝句。,1、

5、復(fù)合從句 句子較長，一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣。不管句子有多長有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個(gè)句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。 我們應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個(gè)修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。,二、長難句的歸納,2、 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破

6、折號插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分（一般是定語）過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象。只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。,3、 成分省略 在英語句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。,4、 改變語序改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的重心，或是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣，如虛擬語氣、否定語氣等。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān)，有明顯的標(biāo)志。,(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)分析法 所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過語法分析，迅速弄清句

7、子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子的基本框架。首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子附屬成分。,三、分析長難句的方法策略,句 子,判 斷,簡單句,并列句,復(fù)合句,主 干,并列連詞,從屬連詞,However, who specialize in ageing the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.,方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法找主、 謂語，即找主干成分,many scientists,are doubtful about it and say,方法二：并列句的處理

8、方法 找并列連詞,Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.,and,方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法 找從屬連詞,a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his frien

9、ds marriage was in serious trouble he appeared one night asking he could sleep on the sofa.,Whereas,that,that,until,if,方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法 先讀懂并列句，再看主從復(fù)合句,you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and

10、“Webster”, none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.,but,If,who,who,(2) 意群閱讀法 意群閱讀法即把意義和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的幾個(gè)詞連接成較完整的信息。此方法不僅有利于提高閱讀速度，而且有利于對句子的整體理解。,分析：是狀語從句，是主句，是with引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語，修飾謂語。這樣，把整個(gè)句子劃為3個(gè)意群，可以大大提高閱讀速度。,When two cars travelling at 30 mh h

11、it each other，,an unbelted driver would meet the windshield,with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.,1. 句子信息量大，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，附加成 分多（幾種從句同時(shí)出現(xiàn)） 2. 分隔現(xiàn)象普遍（主謂分隔、同位語 分隔、定語分隔等） 3. 省略現(xiàn)象,四、長難句的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn),這些都增加了閱讀的難度。因此在回歸語篇復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，要運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識去突破英語閱讀中的長難句。,五、分析長難句的注意事項(xiàng),1、是否有同位語和插入語。 2、是否有省

12、略、倒裝和分隔等現(xiàn)象。 3、替代詞的所指對象。 4、判斷并列成分的層次。 5、句首的并列連詞and、or、but、for通常起承上啟下的 作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析。 6、在從句多的句子中，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。 7、非限定動(dòng)詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時(shí) 又帶著自己較長的從屬成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語 從句時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。 8、在有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句和并列句中，狀語（單個(gè)詞、 短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個(gè)從句或詞 語的修飾語。,六、長難句的分析實(shí)例,經(jīng)典高考真題（NMET2003.A篇）實(shí)例分析，分析下面這篇文章共有194個(gè)單詞，卻只有9個(gè)句子，平均每個(gè)句子大約有22

13、個(gè)單詞，是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解中一篇比較典型的集中含有長難句的文章。,Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admira

14、l(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, a

15、nd 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figu

16、res, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.,1. Whats the nam

17、e of the Portuguese admiral?,2. Whats the Easter Island well-known for?,Easter B. St. Helena C. Tristan da Cunha D. Pitcairn,the most distant island B. Moai C. one street D. Easter Sunday,a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Record

18、s. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lie

19、s 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, givin

20、g them plenty of time On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.,Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of

21、the same name in 1506,Tristan da Cunha,to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the island is most famous.,Tristan da Cunha,is the farthest inhabited island in the world,a 38-square-mile island, according to the Guinness Book of Records.,It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, 1,950 miles west of Africa.,and,Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506,and settled in 1810, Great Britain a population of a few hundred.,the island belongs to,and has,and often wrongly mentioned as