第一章 inside the living cell.ppt

1、Lesson One Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts,Warmingup Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercise Further references,Contents,Warmingup,植物細(xì)胞模式圖,動物細(xì)胞模式圖,Glossary -about the proteins and organelles inside the living cell Structure and Function- about the organe

2、lles inside the living cell,Focus in,1. actin,n. 肌動蛋白,A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.,Words and phrases,2.,n肌球蛋白,肌動蛋白,3.,Microfilaments are solid rods made of a protein known as actin.,4.,Microtubules are biop

3、olymers that are composed of subunits.,5. cytoskeleton,n細(xì)胞骨架,6. cytoplasm,n.胞質(zhì),7. centriole,n. 中心粒,An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.,8. chemotaxis,n. 動物 化學(xué)向性； 生物趨化現(xiàn)象；趨藥性 A locomotory movement of an organism o

4、r cell in response to, and directed by, an external directional stimulus.,9.,A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.,10.,A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chro

5、mosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer.,11.,n. 纖毛,Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.,12.,13.,14.,15.,16.,n擬核，類核，核質(zhì)體,17.,n核仁,18.,n胞核，神經(jīng)核，核,19.,n吞噬作用,20.,21.,n.質(zhì)體，成形粒,質(zhì)體是植物細(xì)胞中由雙層膜包裹的一類細(xì)胞器的總稱，可分為白

6、色體、有色體和葉綠體。,22.,23.,24.,n子座；基質(zhì),25.,26.,27. endoplasmic reticulum,n. 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),The endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the biosynthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids.,28. nuclear envelope,n. 核膜，核被膜,29. Golgi complex,n. 高爾基復(fù)合體,30. basal body,n. 基體,纖毛和鞭毛的微管組織中心,1. Cytoplasm:

7、The Dynamic, Mobile Factory,Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded to the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network

8、 of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutients,ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.,參考翻譯,1.細(xì)胞質(zhì)：動力工廠 與生命相關(guān)的大部分特性都來自于胞質(zhì)中。絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞都由這種質(zhì)膜包被的半流體胞質(zhì)組成。在胞質(zhì)中懸浮著各種細(xì)胞器，并由絲狀的細(xì)胞骨架所支撐。營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、金屬離子、可溶性蛋白以及維持細(xì)胞生理需求的其他物質(zhì)溶于胞質(zhì)流體中。,2. The Nucleus: Information Centra

9、l,The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and house the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. ( In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid). The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called

10、 the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.,參考翻譯 2.細(xì)胞核:信息中心 在真核生物中，細(xì)胞核是最大的細(xì)胞器，細(xì)胞核的染色體上攜帶著遺傳物質(zhì)DNA（原核生物的遺傳物質(zhì)位于擬核中）。細(xì)胞核含有12個(gè)核仁，核

11、仁主要在細(xì)胞分裂的過程中發(fā)揮作用。含有多個(gè)核孔的核膜將胞核和胞質(zhì)隔開，小分子物質(zhì)能自由通過核膜，而大分子物質(zhì)如mRNA、核糖體等則必須通過核孔穿梭于胞質(zhì)和胞核中。,3. Organelles: Specialized Work Units,All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribo

12、somes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, Vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.,參考翻譯 3.細(xì)胞器:各司其職 所有的真核生物都包含著多種細(xì)胞器，每一種細(xì)胞器又行使著不同的功能。本文主要介紹核糖體、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基體、液泡、溶酶體、線粒體和植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體等。,The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. Thi

13、s quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading”

14、the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; Such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are us

15、ually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.,參考翻譯 細(xì)胞中核糖體的數(shù)量往往從幾百到幾千不等，數(shù)量之眾反映出在細(xì)胞加工過程中核糖體提供了氨基酸裝配合成蛋白質(zhì)的場所，合成的蛋白就地使用或運(yùn)到別處。完整的核糖體由大、小兩個(gè)亞基組成。在蛋白質(zhì)合成的過程中，兩個(gè)亞基沿著mRNA移動，讀取mRNA上編碼的遺傳信息并將其翻譯成蛋白。幾個(gè)核糖體往往串連到一條mRNA單鏈上，這樣形成的復(fù)合體叫做多聚核糖體。大多數(shù)細(xì)胞蛋白是由細(xì)胞質(zhì)中核糖體合成，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和膜蛋白的合成則通常與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)有關(guān)。,動畫播放,The endoplasmic retic

16、ulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks

17、 polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.,

18、參考翻譯 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)連續(xù)的膜囊和膜管網(wǎng)，可分為粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)兩種類型，兩種都與蛋白質(zhì)的合成和運(yùn)輸有關(guān)。其中的糙面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上附著多聚核糖體，它可能是細(xì)胞分裂后形成核膜的來源；光面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)無多聚核糖體，主要作用是脂肪和類固醇的合成以及細(xì)胞內(nèi)有毒物質(zhì)的氧化?？傊?，兩種類型的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)都可以發(fā)揮隔離室的作用，相關(guān)產(chǎn)物在其中進(jìn)行分流或運(yùn)輸?shù)郊?xì)胞外。,Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi comp

19、lex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.,參考翻譯 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)囊泡能夠?qū)⑥D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分子從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到其他的膜包被的細(xì)胞器（高爾基體）中，在高爾基復(fù)合體中修飾，包裝后輸出細(xì)胞或傳遞到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的其他場所。,蛋白質(zhì)由內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)向高爾基體的運(yùn)輸,新合成的分泌蛋白,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔,小泡,出芽,經(jīng)高爾基體 分泌泡,發(fā)育成酶原顆粒,移到細(xì)胞的游離端,排出分泌蛋白,補(bǔ)充知識：,蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)入高爾基體后，便

20、分別被運(yùn)送至不同的目的地，如溶酶體、質(zhì)膜或分泌出細(xì)胞外。 蛋白質(zhì)是通過膜小泡（vesicle）的作用，在其中運(yùn)送的。,Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles i

21、n animal cells carry out phagocytosis (The intake of particular matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).,參考翻譯 液泡看似一個(gè)空囊，實(shí)則充滿了流質(zhì)和可溶性分子。大液泡存在于植物細(xì)胞中，儲留水分、糖分和其他分子。動物細(xì)胞中的液泡主要起胞吞和胞飲的功能。,A subset of vacuoles is the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in

22、the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.,參考翻譯 溶酶體是液泡的亞單位，其中含有的多種消化酶是由高爾基體包裝轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的。這些消化酶能夠降解大多數(shù)生物大分子、食物顆粒和損傷的細(xì)胞碎片。,高爾基復(fù)合體與溶酶體的形成,溶酶體的酶是由rER上的核糖體合成,rER腔內(nèi),運(yùn)輸小泡,高爾基復(fù)合體（加工修飾）,溶酶體的酶內(nèi)含有甘露糖-6-磷酸，高爾基復(fù)合體反面扁囊膜上有甘露糖-

23、6-磷酸受體，能特異與其結(jié)合，誘導(dǎo)溶酶體酶聚集并出芽離開高爾基復(fù)合體形成溶酶體。,補(bǔ)充知識：,動畫播放,Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provid

24、ed by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.,參考翻譯 線粒體是所有細(xì)胞中細(xì)胞中化學(xué)產(chǎn)能的場所。另外，植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體在光合作用中利用光能產(chǎn)生碳水化合物。線粒體內(nèi)嵴上提供了很大的表面積并分布著產(chǎn)ATP酶。線粒體自我復(fù)制，可能是

25、獨(dú)立生存的原核生物在進(jìn)化中形成的后代。,There are two types of plastids: Leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis.

26、The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded, in a matrix called the stroma.,參考翻譯 質(zhì)體有兩種類型，分別是白色體和有色體。白色體不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)、油脂的儲存庫；有色體含有色素，其中最重要的一類是葉綠體。葉綠體含有光合作用所需的葉綠素，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)由基質(zhì)和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的類囊體垛疊在一起）組成。,4. The cytoskeleton,All eukaryotic cells have a cy

27、toskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilament composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. Th

28、ey are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells.,參考翻譯 4.細(xì)胞骨架 所有的真核生物都有細(xì)胞骨架，細(xì)胞骨架是由細(xì)絲和小管形成的交錯(cuò)盤旋的網(wǎng)格結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎充斥了細(xì)胞中所有可利用的空間并且對細(xì)胞器提供支持作用。細(xì)胞骨架主要由微絲組成，微絲主要是可伸縮的肌動蛋白。動植物細(xì)胞的許多種類型細(xì)胞內(nèi)運(yùn)動與肌動蛋白有關(guān)。第二類蛋白是肌球蛋白

29、，它與肌肉細(xì)胞的收縮有關(guān)。,Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape.,細(xì)胞骨架的另一個(gè)主要的結(jié)構(gòu)成分是微管，它由球狀微管蛋白組成，起穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞形態(tài)的支架作用。,Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear t

30、o impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytockeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.,細(xì)胞骨架的中間纖維提供了細(xì)胞質(zhì)伸縮動力。 “機(jī)械酶”類如肌球蛋白、動力蛋白、驅(qū)動蛋白與微絲和微管相互作用從而產(chǎn)生動力，驅(qū)動細(xì)胞運(yùn)動。,5. Cellular movements 細(xì)胞運(yùn)動,Although the

31、 cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable to move by creeping or gliding.,盡管細(xì)胞骨架提供了細(xì)胞的某些穩(wěn)定性，微管、微絲及其相關(guān)蛋白卻仍能夠使細(xì)胞以爬行或滑翔的方式運(yùn)動。,Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry

32、 of the surface.,這種運(yùn)動需要一個(gè)能使細(xì)胞附著的固體基質(zhì)，并通過表面幾何形狀的改變而運(yùn)動。,Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.,有些細(xì)胞還表現(xiàn)出趨化能力，即趨向或逃離擴(kuò)散開的化學(xué)源。,Certain prokaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella.

33、,某些原核細(xì)胞可在液體環(huán)境中通過鞭子似的纖毛或鞭毛推動進(jìn)行自由地泳動。,Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets(pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring.,纖毛和鞭毛具有相同的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：9對微管排列成環(huán)縱向延伸，環(huán)中心是兩個(gè)或以上

34、微管組成。,Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.,纖毛或鞭毛生長于細(xì)胞表面的基體,雙微管的動力蛋白臂從一側(cè)延伸到另一側(cè)而引起運(yùn)動。,Nutrients, proteins, and other materials wit

35、hin most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming.,在大多數(shù)植物細(xì)胞中，營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)及其他物質(zhì)在胞質(zhì)流體中四處流動。,The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic mo

36、vements.,這個(gè)過程伴隨附著在細(xì)胞器上的肌球蛋白推動遍布于整個(gè)細(xì)胞中的微絲而發(fā)生。,微絲和微管負(fù)責(zé)幾乎所有主要的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)運(yùn)動。,During cell division, microtubules of the spindleassembled from tubulin subunits near organelles called centriolesmove the chromosomes.,在細(xì)胞分裂期間，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亞基裝配成紡錘體的微管，這些微管負(fù)責(zé)染色體的移動。,Have a try?,Key terms: matching,Match each term on the

37、 left with the most appropriate description on the right,Polysome a. protein synthesis Pinocytosis b.baglike structure Exocytosis c. power generator Plastid d. where flagella grow Golgi complex e.toward or away from a chemical stimulus Flagella f. engulfment Phagocytosis g.RNA and ribosomes Lysosome

38、 h. weblike Basal body i. in plants only Chemotactic j. control room Nucleus k. expel Vacuole l. vacant Ribosome m. whiplike Cytoskeleton n. cell drinking Mitochondrion o. packaging,Multiple choise:,1. Most of the properties associated with processes of life are properties of_. A. The nucleus B. DNA

39、 C. The cytoplasm D. endosymbionts E. None of the above,2. Ribosmes_. A. are organelles involved in protein synthesis B. are the cells sites for starch C. are involved in the breakdown of proteins D. are the cells main energy source E. None of the above,3. During protein synthesis a single mRNA mole

40、cule may be associated with several ribosomes to form_. A. A gene B. A lysosome C. A polysome D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum E. None of the above,4. Proteins synthesized on endolasmic reticulum are modified_. A. in vacuoles B. in the cell membrane C. in the Golgi complex D. In lysosomes E. None of

41、the above,5. In prokayotic cells the DNA is_. A. found in the nucleus B. organized into a number of discrete chromosomes C. condensed into an unbounded area called the nucleoid D. condensed into nucleoli E. enclosed in a nuclear envelope,Additional Information:,1. Names of Chemical Element Symbols c

42、ommonly Used:,H hydrogen Cl Chlorine C Carbon Zn Zinc Al Aluminium Hg Mercury Ca Calcium O Oxygen Fe Iron Mg Magnesium Pb Lead P Phosphorus N Nitrogen K Potassium Na Sodium Au Gold,2. Mathematical symbols commonly used:,a2 a square or a squared b3 b cube or b cubed c4 c (raised ) to the fourth (powe

43、r) f-1 f to the minus one 0.4 zero (or nought) point four 0.01 point(or decimal) nought one 10.34 ten point three four,3. Symbols of length, Capacity and Weight commonly used:, micron mm milimetre mm2 square millimetre mm3 cubic millimetre cm centimetre cm2 square centimetre m metre m2 square metre Km kilometre mL millilitre mg milligramme kg kilogramme l litre g gramme,Review the teaching content,Words:,Actin myosin centriole