最全面英國文學(xué)史知識點總結(jié)

1、 英國文學(xué)史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 貝奧武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition

2、 of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express th

3、eir ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里 喬叟13401400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰德萊頓（John Dryden）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(雙韻體) by middle English特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 聲譽之宮Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance

4、(傳奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight BeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Eu

5、rope beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. redisco

6、very of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯賓塞15521599（后人稱之為“詩人的詩人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and t

7、he man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. 牧人日歷 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosa

8、lind. 愛情小唱? 2. Thomas? More托馬斯?莫爾14781535 One of the greatest English humanists烏托邦 3. Francis? Bacon弗蘭西斯培根15611626（哲學(xué)家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實驗科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?Writing style:brevity, compactness&

9、powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.學(xué)術(shù)的推進隨筆(famous quotas: )?The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. 4. Ben Jonson狐貍 5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗馬洛15641

10、595 “University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了無韻體詩。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.浮士德博士的悲?。ǜ鶕?jù)德國民間故事書寫成） 帖木耳大帝? 馬耳他的猶太人 6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亞15641616? Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies四大喜劇: 皆大歡喜; 第十二夜

11、; 仲夏夜之夢; 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies四大悲劇: 哈姆萊特; 奧賽羅; 李爾王; 麥克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III The 17th Century 1. John Milton約翰彌爾頓16081674（詩人、政論家;失明后寫 失

12、樂園、復(fù)樂園、力士參孫。）Epics: 失樂園 復(fù)樂園 Dramatic poem: 力士參孫 論出版自由?為英國人民聲辯 我的失明 This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best. 2. John Bunyan約翰班揚162816

13、88（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派詩人)Religionary Allegory:天路歷程 3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄學(xué)派詩人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄學(xué)詩)：（用語）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the

14、poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段論 Meditations 沉思錄The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly SonnetsValediction: IV The 18th Century A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotio

15、n(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小說崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel ris

16、ed(realistic novel現(xiàn)實主義小說)Gothic novel(哥特式小說)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) 1. Alexander? Pope亞歷山大蒲柏16881744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用“英雄雙韻體”/ “ heroic couplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.批評論 Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic coupl

17、ets” 卷發(fā)遇劫記 道德論 人論愚人記 2. Samuel Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜17091784 Dictionary =英語大詞典 3. Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特16671745（十八世紀杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家a master satirist。） 格列佛游記(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人國 Brobdingnag 大人國 Flying Island 飛島 Houyhnhnm 馬島一個小小的建議 書戰(zhàn) 木桶的故事 一個麻布商的書信 4. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福16601731小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者

18、；十八世紀英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人。He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 魯賓遜漂流記It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shre

19、wd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. 5. Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁170717

20、54（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文體史詩), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:棄嬰湯姆瓊斯約瑟夫安德魯大詩人江奈生威爾德愛米利亞 plays:一七三六年歷史記事堂吉柯德在英國 6. Oliver Goldsmith奧利弗格爾德斯密斯17301774 poems: 旅游人 荒村 nov

21、el: 威克菲爾德牧師傳 7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施萊登17511816 情敵 造謠學(xué)校 8. William Blake威廉布萊克17571827 天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. 經(jīng)驗之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger i

22、s a symbol of dread and oiolence 天堂與地獄的婚姻 9. Robert Burns羅伯特彭斯17591796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩 約翰安德生，我的愛人 一朵紅紅的玫瑰 往昔時光 不管那一套 我的心在那高原上 V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and

23、 Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人應(yīng)該是獨立自由的個體) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should

24、be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔詩人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey 1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯1770

25、1850（與柯爾律治、騷塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comm

26、ent:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤獨

27、的割麥女 序曲 2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞繆爾泰勒科爾律治17721834 The Lake Poets 古舟子頌 柯里斯塔貝爾 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory 半夜冰霜 憂郁頌 抒情歌謠集(with William Wordsworth) 3. George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫17881824（拜倫式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰

28、爾德哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。） “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. 唐璜恰爾德哈羅德爾游記該隱 當(dāng)初我們倆分別 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪萊17921822 Poetic Drama：解放了的普羅米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression 麥布女王伊斯蘭的

29、反叛欽契一家詩辯無神論的必要性 Lyrics: 西風(fēng)頌 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. T

30、his is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five

31、sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行詩aba bcb cdc ded efe )致云雀 5. John? Keats

32、約翰?濟慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。) Four great odes: 希臘古甕頌夜鶯頌心靈頌 憂郁頌 秋頌? Theme: The theme of John Keats poem, To Autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment

33、: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of

34、 periods in a day. 6. Jane Austen簡奧斯丁17751817She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. 理智與感情 傲慢與偏見(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage

35、as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters曼斯菲爾德莊園愛瑪諾桑覺寺勸導(dǎo) 7. Walter? Scott沃爾特?斯科特17711832 (歷史小說之父”)Father of

36、 history novels 羅伯?羅伊 艾凡赫 VI The Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events. 1. Charles Dickens查爾斯?狄更斯18121870（批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家）critical realist writer 匹克威克外傳 奧利弗?

37、特維斯特（霧都孤兒） 老古玩店 圣誕頌歌 董貝父子 大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾 荒涼山莊艱難時世 雙城記(London & Paris) 遠大前程 我們共同的朋友 2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷18111863 or a Novel without a Hero名利場(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan) 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特18161855 簡?愛Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity

38、 school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introductio

39、n to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. 雪莉 教師 4. Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特18181854 呼嘯山莊A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr.

40、Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella 5. George Eliot喬治?艾略特18191880 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 亞當(dāng)?比德 織工馬南 米德爾馬契 6. Alfred Tennyson阿爾弗萊德?丁尼生18091892（維多利亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人）Poet Laureate （桂冠詩人） 悼念 To memorialize his friend 沖

41、擊、沖擊、沖擊 國王敘事詩 7. Robert? Browning羅伯特?白朗寧18121889 我已故的公爵夫人 海外鄉(xiāng)思 Elizabeth Barrett Browing: 葡萄牙十四行詩 8. Robert Louis Stevenson 金銀島 9. Thomas? Hardy托馬斯?哈代18401928（小說多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels 德伯家的苔絲Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to durat

42、ion 無名的裘德 綠蔭下 遠離塵囂 卡斯特橋市長 還鄉(xiāng) PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列國 VII 19001950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw 1. Oscar Wilde奧斯卡?王爾德18561900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Arts Sake） 4 Comedies:認真的重要 溫德米爾夫人的扇子 一個無足輕重的女人理想的丈夫 Nove

43、l:多利安?格雷的畫像 Fairy Stories:快樂王子故事集 2. George Bernard Shaw喬治?伯納?蕭18561950(英國杰出的批判現(xiàn)實主義劇作家）critical realistic dramatist Plays Plays Unpleasant 華倫夫人的職業(yè)鰥夫的房產(chǎn) Plays Pleasant 武器與人左右命運的人Plays 人與超人匹格瑪利翁蘋果車圣女貞德 Novelists (Realists)1. Joseph Concrad吉姆爺黑暗的心1.Why the books title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of peoples skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white【Black /