英文版國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)第一課導(dǎo)論.ppt

1、,Practice of International Trade Chapter 1,You Are Who You Are,Performance 30%,Attendance 15%,Exercises what is “Japanese” product.,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider variety of products Living standards of the people is improved,G

2、oods or services at a lower price Comparative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower,一個(gè)牛肉與土豆的例子。如果世界上只有兩個(gè)人：養(yǎng)牛的人和種土豆的人。如果兩個(gè)人“老死不相往來”，那么，在吃了幾個(gè)月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和燒牛肉之后，養(yǎng)牛人肯定覺得自己并不怎么愜意；同樣，一直吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用貝殼烘土豆的農(nóng)民肯定也有同感。如果牛肉和土

3、豆之間展開貿(mào)易，這時(shí)每個(gè)人就都可以有漢堡包和炸薯?xiàng)l了。,貿(mào)易可以讓生活變得更美好,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,（3）Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded,Development of economies of scale,Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，是指由于生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化水平的

4、提高等原因，使企業(yè)的單位成本下降，從而形成企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期平均成本隨著產(chǎn)量的增加而遞減的經(jīng)濟(jì)。 即擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模可以降低平均成本，從而提高利潤(rùn)水平。,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence on existing markets Extending the life cycle of existing products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Sell

5、ing excess capacity Gaining information about foreign competition,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,To make up for a deficit on the balance of payment. To guarantee national security. To protect their national industries.,1.4.1 Reasons for trade restrictions,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,1.4

6、 Barriers to International Trade,魅族3， 美國(guó)亞馬遜 價(jià)格593刀，注意。這是黑色星期五打折后逗我價(jià)格。3600對(duì)比國(guó)內(nèi)的2300可謂天上地下,由星巴克價(jià)格門引出的國(guó)內(nèi)外多種商品間的價(jià)格比拼,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,A. Tariffs 關(guān)稅壁壘,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.,1.4 Barriers to International Tr

7、ade,a. Types of tariffs,According to the time of collection import duty export duty,According to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 從量稅 ad valorem duty 從價(jià)稅 mixed or compound duty 混合關(guān)稅,All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a duty can be an import, a protective,

8、and a compound duty at the same time.,A. Tariffs 關(guān)稅壁壘,According to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非關(guān)稅壁壘,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,NTBs as defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) all

9、ow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health.,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,a. Quota 配額制 (the most important),This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers

10、（NTBs）非關(guān)稅壁壘,b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自動(dòng)出口限制,Voluntary export restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume.,“自動(dòng)出口限制”在形式上表現(xiàn)為自愿性，但在實(shí)質(zhì)上卻具有強(qiáng)制的性質(zhì)：進(jìn)口國(guó)往往以商品大量進(jìn)口使其有關(guān)工業(yè)受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，造成“市場(chǎng)混亂”為理由，要求出口國(guó)實(shí)行有秩序的增長(zhǎng)，自動(dòng)限制商品出口。因此，“自動(dòng)

11、出口限制”往往是出口國(guó)在面臨進(jìn)口國(guó)采取報(bào)復(fù)性貿(mào)易措施的威脅時(shí)所作出的一種選擇。,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,c. Anti-dumping 反傾銷,Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material” injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 傾銷，是指一國(guó)（地區(qū)）的

12、生產(chǎn)商或出口商以低于其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格或低于成本價(jià)格將其商品拋售到另一國(guó)（地區(qū)）市場(chǎng)的行為。,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非關(guān)稅壁壘,d. Export Subsidies 出口補(bǔ)貼,Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate

13、the nations exports. 一國(guó)政府為了降低出口商品的價(jià)格，增加其在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，在出口某商品時(shí)給予出口商的現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼或財(cái)政上的優(yōu)惠待遇 。,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,e. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技術(shù)壁壘,TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity a

14、ssessment procedure.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非關(guān)稅壁壘,f. International Cartels 國(guó)際卡特爾,列寧指出：“資本主義早已造成了世界市場(chǎng)。所以隨著資本輸出的增加，隨著最大壟斷同盟的國(guó)外聯(lián)系和殖民地聯(lián)系以及勢(shì)力范圍的擴(kuò)張，自然就使得這些壟斷同盟之間達(dá)成全世界的協(xié)定，形成國(guó)際卡特爾”（列寧選集第2卷，第788頁(yè)）。,Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffs Socio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and manners Economi

15、c barriers exchange rate extra cost,To think globally, but to act locally,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,中國(guó)人砍價(jià),1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,A. GATT VS WTO,1.6.1 International Organizations,世界貿(mào)易組織是根據(jù)烏拉圭回合多邊貿(mào)易談判達(dá)成的建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)議（Agreement Establishing the World Trade

16、 Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的關(guān)說與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定。,GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定 1947年10月30日在日內(nèi)瓦簽訂,WTO,The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows

17、 as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.,The WTO has 159 members,WTO founder members (1 January 1995) WTO subsequent members,On 11 december 2001,

18、China become the 143rd member of the WTO,中國(guó)臺(tái)北 2002年1月1日加入,中國(guó)香港、澳門1995年1月1日加入,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,B. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 國(guó)際商會(huì),國(guó)際商會(huì)是為世界商業(yè)服務(wù)的非政府間組織，是聯(lián)合國(guó)等政府間組織的咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)國(guó)際商會(huì)于1919年在美國(guó)發(fā)起，1920年正式成立其總部設(shè)在法國(guó)巴黎。,世界銀行（WBG）是世界銀行集團(tuán)的俗稱，于1945年成立。“世界銀行”這個(gè)名稱一直

19、是用于指國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行（IBRD）和國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)（IDA）。這些機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)合向發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供低息貸款、無息信貸和贈(zèng)款。 它是一個(gè)國(guó)際組織，其一開始的使命是幫助在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中被破壞的國(guó)家的重建。今天它的任務(wù)是資助國(guó)家克服窮困，各機(jī)構(gòu)在減輕貧困和提高生活水平的使命中發(fā)揮獨(dú)特的作用。在2012年，世界銀行為發(fā)展中國(guó)家或轉(zhuǎn)型國(guó)家提供了大約300億美元的貸款或幫助。,C. World Bank 世界銀行,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,現(xiàn)任行長(zhǎng) 金辰勇，韓裔醫(yī)學(xué)專家，美國(guó)籍，,國(guó)際貨幣基金組織（英語：Internationa