翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比規(guī)律語(yǔ)義詞法句法思維.ppt

1,新編英漢翻譯教程 A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLATION,Chapter 5 Rules of Language Comparisons 第五章 翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比規(guī)律,2,Differences between English and Chinese,I. Semantic differences II. Differences in lexicology III.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinking,3,General introduction Different language families: English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India). Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese). English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文字).,4,Different nature of language: English is a comprehensive language. So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language. So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-but by empty word ,particle and word order and so on.,5,Difference of sentence structure: English sentences are well-knit, close and compact In English, nouns, especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese, verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo,6,I. Semantic differences,1. Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷達(dá) New York =紐約 Tianjin University=天津大學(xué) The U.S. State Department =美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飛機(jī),7,2. Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹 gun 槍、炮 Wife: 妻子、愛(ài)人、老伴、內(nèi)人、賤內(nèi)、夫人、老婆； president: 總統(tǒng)、主席、校長(zhǎng)、議長(zhǎng)、會(huì)長(zhǎng)、社長(zhǎng)； Morning: 早晨、上午,8,部分對(duì)應(yīng)造成翻譯時(shí)的選擇，如對(duì)于morning 的翻譯： Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 Mid morning: 上午十點(diǎn)左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四點(diǎn),9,3. Non-correspondence or almost non-correspondence Teenager: 13至19歲的青少年 Clockwatcher: 老是看鐘等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族,10,糖葫蘆 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick 文房四寶 the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明禮貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 特困生 the most needy students 一窮二白 poor and blank 烏紗帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五經(jīng) The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals),11,. Word collocation cut ： cut wheat 割麥子 cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲 wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼鏡，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。,12,II. Differences in lexicology,古英語(yǔ)： Synthetic language 詞與詞的關(guān)系是靠詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表現(xiàn)的,漢語(yǔ)： Analytic language 通過(guò)詞序或 虛詞（助詞）等手段來(lái)表示的。,英語(yǔ)： synthetic +analytic language 通過(guò)形態(tài)變化包括性、數(shù)、格、時(shí)、體、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、人稱(chēng)、比較級(jí)等來(lái)表示的。,13,English:Tense ; Chinese:Particle,漢語(yǔ)有幾類(lèi)時(shí)態(tài)助詞： （） Preposed adverbs 前置的時(shí)態(tài)副詞（過(guò)去， 曾經(jīng)，已經(jīng)，現(xiàn)在， 正在，將要） （） tense auxiliary words 附著的時(shí)態(tài)副詞（過(guò)， 著，了，起來(lái)） （） postposed auxiliary words 后置的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)氣詞 （了，來(lái)著） 翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)使用這些時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)助詞來(lái)表示原文的時(shí)態(tài)意義: Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生過(guò)去是一個(gè)軍官，而現(xiàn)在在監(jiān)獄里。,14,2. measure words: Unit words of nouns (個(gè)，只，份，把，塊，張） Unit words of verbs （趟，遭，次，遍，場(chǎng)，回） 翻譯時(shí)要作適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)： 一張紙，一塊肥皂，一條巧克力（表狀態(tài)特征） 一個(gè)忠告，一條消息，一段時(shí)間（表抽象名詞）,15,3.Modal particle： auxiliary words that indicates moods: emotional particles 語(yǔ)氣助詞； 英語(yǔ)借助語(yǔ)調(diào)（intonation) 翻譯時(shí)需要譯者加以增補(bǔ) 1) declarative mood: 的，了，呢，罷了，而已，啦 2）question mood: 嗎，吧，啦，啊，么 3）imperative mood: 吧，罷，呀，啊，啦,16,4.Pronouns She and he He asks, she replied. It ,they e.g. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. And once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 關(guān)于家務(wù)事，第一點(diǎn)要說(shuō)的就是它們的重要性。它們差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段時(shí)間還得再做。 家務(wù)事的第一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是反反復(fù)復(fù)，幾乎每天都有，而且做完后隔一段時(shí)間又要重做一番。,17,英語(yǔ)里的指示代詞處理方法：,1) pronoun equivalent 2) omission 3) noun equivalent 4) “其, 之”,18,5 詞序 iron and steel ourselves and the enemy fire and water old and new right and left sooner or later back and forth twos and threes tables and graphics,19,III. Syntactic differences,1 hypotaxis vs parataxis 2 Complex vs Simplex 3 End-weight vs Top-heavy 4 Subject-prominent vs Topic- prominent 5 Static vs Dynamic 6 Sentence order,20,1. hypotaxis（形合） in English; parataxis （意合）in Chinese,As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.,21,形合（Hypotaxis） Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction. 英語(yǔ)句子的特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)形式和功能，因而英語(yǔ)句法特征是形合（hypotaxis）.句子成分之間的關(guān)系要求用形式標(biāo)記表明： 英語(yǔ)名詞的性、數(shù)、格; 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài); 主句與從句之間的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞和連詞等形態(tài)和形式詞; 都行使其語(yǔ)法功能,起著紐帶作用，將句子各成分銜接在一起。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法外顯性的表現(xiàn)。,22,意合 (Parataxis) Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence, or else a sequence of sentences, are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations. 漢語(yǔ)句子的特征是“以意統(tǒng)形”， 強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯關(guān)系與意義關(guān)聯(lián)(logic and semantic coherence), 不在意詞語(yǔ)之間和句際之間形態(tài)和形式詞等的形式連接(formal cohesion)，靠詞語(yǔ)與句子本身意義上的連貫與邏輯順序而實(shí)現(xiàn)的連接，漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法隱含性的一種表現(xiàn)（covertness)。 漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法隱含性還表現(xiàn)在: 詞類(lèi)無(wú)標(biāo)記 動(dòng)詞無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)或語(yǔ)態(tài)標(biāo)記 名詞和代詞的主格和賓格沒(méi)有形式變化 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)只要求在意義上一致，無(wú)需在形式上對(duì)應(yīng)等方面。,23,e.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？ e.g. He has never been back to Beijing since he left five years ago. 離開(kāi)北京五年了，從未回去過(guò)。,24,E.g. I went to dance with a girl who is from Russia and who has a Southern accent. 我同一位操南方口音的俄羅斯姑娘跳舞。 E.g. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass. 蛇吃癩蛤蟆，癩蛤蟆吃蟲(chóng)子，蟲(chóng)子吃綠葉。,25,E.g. If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?,不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？,26,2 Complex vs. Simplex,The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses. The Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following the other rather in a line.,27,1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 月球離地球非常遙遠(yuǎn)，即使那邊山上長(zhǎng)著大樹(shù)，有大象在移動(dòng)，我們用當(dāng)今發(fā)明的最高倍率的望遠(yuǎn)鏡，也不能看見(jiàn)它們。,28,Any person leaving litter about instead of putting it in this basket will be liable to a fine of 5 pounds. 廢物入筐，違者罰款5磅。,29,3 End-weight vs. Top-heavy,In an English sentence, the shorter elements usually go before longer ones in arrangement order, thus the weight of the sentence is put at the end, and the whole sentence looks like a pyramid. That also explain why there are so many inverted sentences in English. The arrangement of a Chinese sentence seems quite the opposite, where the important elements are often said at the beginning of a sentence. So it looks like an inverted pyramid or triangle.,30,1. Gone are the days when we Chinese people depended on foreign steel. 中國(guó)人民靠洋鋼的日子已一去不復(fù)返了。 2. The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home. 普通人在辦公處和家庭中使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來(lái)。,31,3. It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist modernization drive. 學(xué)科技、學(xué)英語(yǔ)，對(duì)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)很重要。 4. Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass. 美麗的草原，茵茵的綠草，野生動(dòng)物成群結(jié)隊(duì)，綿延數(shù)英里，展現(xiàn)在眼前。,32,4. Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent,In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. An English sentence is built on the subject-predict-pivot, with the subject and predicate in agreement. A Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.,33,1. 1到了鐵公祠前，2朝南一望，只見(jiàn)對(duì)面千佛山上，梵宇僧樓，與那蒼松翠柏，3高4下相間，紅的火紅，白的雪白，青的靛青，綠的碧綠，更有那一株半株的丹楓夾在里面，5仿佛宋人趙千里的一幅大畫(huà)，作了一架數(shù)十里長(zhǎng)的屏風(fēng)。 （劉鶚：老殘游記，齊魯書(shū)社，1985，14頁(yè)） When he reached the temple, he looked southwards and saw on the other side of the lake the Mount of a Thousand Buddha. There were temples and monasteries, some high and some low, scattered among the greyed pines and green cypresses: the red were as red as fire, the white as white as snow, the blue as blue as indigo and the green as green as emerald, while here and there were a few red maples. It looked like a big painting by Zhao Qianli, the Song-dynasty painter, only made into a screen a dozen miles long. (from The Travels of Lao Can, tr. By Yang Hsienyi and Gladys Yang, Panda Books, 1983, p24-25),34,2. You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear. 你吃的糧食不是你自己種的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。,R,35,5. Static vs. Dynamic,English tends to use less verbs than Chinese. In a simple English sentence or in an English clause, only one verb is used as the predicate of the sentence or clause. In a Chinese sentence, a number of verbs can be used as its predicate at the same time. so we may say that the English is “static”. while the Chinese is rather “dynamic”,36,1. A mastery of Chinese and English is essential for E-C or C-E translation. 做英漢/漢英翻譯必須掌握好漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)。 2. Engineering design is a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need. 工程設(shè)計(jì)是為發(fā)展人類(lèi)所需工程而作決定的過(guò)程。,37,3. A few steps will bring you to the laboratory building. 再走幾步就到實(shí)驗(yàn)大樓了。,38,4. Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses. 激光可以應(yīng)用于許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，又適用于各種實(shí)際用途，因此成了近年來(lái)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的科學(xué)成就之一。,39,6. Sentence order,(1) inversion (2) attributives (3) adverbials (4) negation,40,(1)Inverted sentence 英語(yǔ)的倒裝句，用漢語(yǔ)的正?！爸髦^”結(jié)構(gòu) e.g. Feminist fell that it is an invasion of their privacy to be obliged to indicate via the title “Mrs.” or “Miss” whether or not they are married. 女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)者們認(rèn)為，必須用“太太”或“小姐”的稱(chēng)呼來(lái)表明她們已婚或未婚，這種做法是對(duì)她們私事的干涉。 e.g.How beautiful the hills look with the clouds behind them! 襯著后面的云彩，這些山看起來(lái)多美呀！,41,(2)Attribute 定語(yǔ)的位置 單詞作定語(yǔ) e.g. something important 重要的事情 the ancient Chinese printing technique 中國(guó)古代的印刷術(shù) 短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ) e.g. a candidate with little chance of success 一個(gè)當(dāng)選希望極微的候選人,42,（3）Adverbial 英語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)一般在被修飾的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，譯成漢語(yǔ)后一般在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，放在主語(yǔ)之前 單詞作狀語(yǔ) Modern science and technology are developing rapidly. 現(xiàn)代科技正在迅速發(fā)展。 Hes running fast enough. 他跑得夠快的了。,43,短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) He was born in Furth on May 27,1923. 他是1923年5月27日在菲爾特出生的。 Tom left the shop without a word. 湯姆一聲不吭地離開(kāi)了商店。,44,（4）Negative word not 英語(yǔ)句子的部分否定有否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象，譯成漢語(yǔ)的否定時(shí)形式上要調(diào)整。 She did not marry you because you were a bi