《非謂語動詞》PPT課件.ppt

,1. 動詞不定式,2. v-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞）與 v-ed（過去分詞）,3. 非謂語動詞的用法比較,Grammar Review2,時態(tài) 主動形式 被動形式 一般時 to write to be written 進行時 to be writing 完成時 to have written to have been written 完成進行時 to have been writing,不定式的形式變化（以write為例）,1.1 不定式的一般式、進行式、完成 進行式或完成式： 將不定式表示的動作所發(fā)生的時間與句子謂語表示的動作（狀態(tài)）所發(fā)生的時間進行對比，可將不定式分成以下四種形式。,1. 動詞不定式,一般式： 表示不定式的動作與謂語的動作（狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或在它之后發(fā)生。 Who heard him say that? （幾乎同時發(fā)生） They arranged to start early. （后于謂語發(fā)生）,2) 進行式： 表示主謂的動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正 在進行。 They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. He pretended to be listening attentively.,3）完成進行式： 表示不定式的動作在謂語表示的時間之前一直在進行。 The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you.,4) 完成式： 表示不定式的動作先于謂語動作（狀態(tài)）就完成了。 Mrs Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week. Im sorry to have made such a foolish mistake. He seems to have missed the train.,注： 不定式的完成式常用作主語補足語（如例1和例3），也用于“be+形容詞”之后作表示原因的狀語（如第2句） 不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意圖的及物動詞如：expect, wish, suppose, plan, intend, hope, want, mean 或動詞 be 之后可表示過去曾打算做而實際沒有做到的事情。 I meant to have telephoned. but I forgot. 我本來想打電話的，但我忘了。 He was to have been the ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本來是要出任新任大使的，但他病倒了。,動詞不定式有主動態(tài)及被動態(tài)之分，當不定式的邏輯主語是該不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時，該不定式用主動態(tài)；當不定式的邏輯上的主語是該不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，該不定式用被動態(tài)。 被動態(tài)不定式可在句中充當如下一些語法作用：,1.2 不定式的被動態(tài),Is it possible for our hopes to be realized ? （作主語） She hated to be flattered . （奉承） （作賓語） He wanted the letter to be typed at once. （作賓語補足語） The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. （作主語補足語） There are a lot of things to be done.（作定語） She was too young to be assigned such work. （作狀語）,此外，不定式的主動態(tài)或被動態(tài)與一定的語言環(huán)境有密切關(guān)系，請注意以下幾點。 1) 在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式用主動態(tài)或被動態(tài)均可，口語中用主動態(tài)代替被動態(tài)的情況更多。 There is not much work to do/to be done. 2) 在tooto結(jié)構(gòu)中，如主語是不定式的邏輯賓語時，不定式用主動態(tài)比用被動態(tài)更為普通。 Atoms are too small to see/to be seen.,3) 當不定式位于“be+形容詞”后并與句子的主語具有動賓關(guān)系時，不定式總是用主動態(tài)。 Dirty water is nasty to drink. （不說：to be drunk） The question is difficult to answer. （不說：to be answered）,如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式屬于不及物動詞，則必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)或含義所需的介詞。 The river is dangerous to bathe in. Good conversation is often exciting to listen to.,如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式屬于不及物動詞，則必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)或含義所需的介詞。 The river is dangerous to bathe in. Good conversation is often exciting to listen to.,這種情況同樣適用于作名詞后置定語的不定式。如果不定式與被修飾的名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，也應該在不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式后加上適當?shù)慕樵~，如：,a comfortable house to live in a very nice person to get along with a difficult problem to deal with,英語中不定式不能帶符號to的情況可歸納如下： 1) 在情態(tài)動詞和助動詞can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must之后的不定式。 2) 在使役動詞let, make, have和感覺動詞之后作賓補的不定式. 3) 在Why或Why not 后常直接用不帶to的不定式構(gòu)成問句。 Why come so late? Why not stay away from them?,1.5 不帶to的不定式的用法小結(jié),4) 在 had better/best, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner than, may/might as well（還是為好）， cannot (choose) but（不得不）， do nothing/anything but, do nothing/anything except 等之后的不定式。,You had better tell them the truth. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan. She was so resolute that we couldnt but let her try. I have done nothing except / but do what I should.,不定式的邏輯主語一般就是句子的主語，但有時則需另加專門的邏輯主語。引出不定式邏輯主語通常用“for+名詞/代詞賓語”，但當有關(guān)有形容詞表示人的感情色彩、性格脾氣時，不定式的邏輯主語則通常用“of+名詞/代詞賓語”。,1.6 不定式的邏輯主語,1) “for+名詞/代詞賓格”引出的邏輯主語 It is impossible for us to learn a third foreign language. We must try to make it possible for lost time to be recovered. He opened the gate for the car to enter. The best thing for us is to make our own decision.,2) “of+名詞/代詞賓格”引出的邏輯主語 It is so kind of you to think so much of us. It was foolish of her to believe him. 注：與第二種形式的不定式邏輯主語的關(guān)的形容詞常見的有：good, kind, stupid, foolish, wise, clever, unwise, silly, wrong, right, careless, considerate, thoughtful, rude, polite, impolite, naughty 等。,3) “with+名詞/代詞賓格“引出的邏輯主語 With the Party branch to lead them, they will finish the task ahead of time.,不定式在句中可充當?shù)恼Z法作用有以下幾種。 1) 作主語 當不定式（短語）內(nèi)容簡短時可直接位于句首主語的位置上；當不定式（短語）內(nèi)容較多時則移后，用先行代詞It代替主語。例如： To persevere means victory!,1.7 不定式的語法作用小結(jié),2) 作表語 不定式作表語一般位于系動詞be之后。 Our main task now is to develop the students ability to carry on independent work. 3) 作賓語 不定式在某些及物動詞后面作賓語。 She pretended not to see me. 4) 作賓補/主補 不定式作賓補或主補的 You made me laugh.,5) 作定語 不定式可位于某些名詞、不定代詞、序數(shù)詞后面作后置定語?？煞忠韵滤念?。 抽象名詞，如：wish, way, chance, opportunity, courage, determination, decision, tendency, right, intention, ambition, attempt, promise, ability, capacity, anxiety, refusal, eagerness, plan 等，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式與被修飾名詞之間有同位關(guān)系或具體說明先行名詞。,We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant. This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience. Is that the best way to solve the problem?, 表示為了做事而需要使用某物的名詞。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? 與不定式能構(gòu)成動賓搭配的一些名詞。 I gave him a comic（連環(huán)漫畫）to read. He needs a place to live in. She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 作序數(shù)詞的后置定語，旨在對序數(shù)詞作具體說明。 We declare that China wont be the first to use nuclear weapons.,6) 做狀語 表示目的 We started early to avoid being late. I came in order to hear the report. Ill leave soon so as not to / in order not to disturb you., 表示結(jié)果 He arrived late to find the train gone. I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.（only+不定式可表示一種意思不到的結(jié)果） He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighhours. （so as to與soas to 的區(qū)別在于：前者表示目的；后者表示結(jié)果） His is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.（=His story is so sad as to） We are too tired to walk any further., 表示原因 不定式作表示原因的狀語有兩種形式 (1) 位于“be+形容詞/過去分詞”之后； (2) 位于“with/without+名詞/代詞賓格”之后。 I am sorry to hear you are not well. We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide. With him to stay in the house I feel quite safe. Without anything to eat he died of hunger.,2.V-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞）與v-ed（過去分詞）,2.1 V-ing的一般式和完成式 V-ing的一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或稍先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作，在某些特定的動詞（如：suggest, put off等）之后也可以表示在謂語動詞的動作之后發(fā)生的動作。 Last night I enjoyed his playing at the concert. （同時發(fā)生） Taking up his belongings, he walked out of his office. （稍先于謂語發(fā)生） He suggested spending the evening in his aunts. （后于謂語發(fā)生）,V-ing 的完成式表示的是在謂語動詞之前已完成的動作。 He was praised for having done so much work for the public. He did not realize having made a serious mistake. Having found the solution, we felt greatly relieved. 注：V-ing的完成式經(jīng)常用作狀語表示時間，原因等,位于句首（如第3句）,2.2 V-ing的被動形式 V-ing的被動形式表示它的邏輯主語是該 V-ing所表示的動作的承受者。 He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment. The problem being discussed is of vital importance. Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow.,2.5 位于介詞to后面的V-ing 某些動詞或介詞短語的末尾有介詞to，此時切不可將其看成是不定式符號to,因為這些短語的末尾介詞to必須后續(xù)V-ing, 這種“to+V-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)有：,.He devoted every Saturday afternoon to fishing. . He studies hard with a view to serving the people better in the future. . I object to being blamed for something that I havent done.,這種“介詞to+V-ing”還可出現(xiàn)于“形容詞+介詞to”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如： deaf to 不愿聽； equal to 有力量，能力；loyal to 忠于； preferable to 較合人意；similar to 類似； superior to 優(yōu)于，勝過 等。,2.6 某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的V-ing 在如下一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中往往用 V-ing: It is (of ) no use/no good/useless+ V-ing; have fun/trouble/difficulty/a hard time+ V-ing be busy+ V-ing be late+ V-ing be worth+ V-ing be through+ V-ing spend/waste time+ V-ing lose no time+ V-ing 不失時機（做某事） prevent. sb. + V-ing whats the use+ V-ing there is no + V-ing 不可能,2.8 V-ing與V-ed的語法作用小結(jié) 1) V-ing作主語 V-ing位于句首主語的位置上作主語，情況類似于不定式作主語，當V-ing短語與某些表語搭配時可后移，并在主語位置上由先進代詞it代替，這類表語有：tiring, interesting, nice, better, foolish, fun, no good, a waste of time, a bore 等。 Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays. Its foolish behaving like that. Its fun having guests for the weekend.,2) V-ing與V-ed作表語 V-ing作表語時可分成名詞性及形容詞性，而V-ed分詞作表語則總是形容詞性的。 My favorite sport is swimming. （名詞性） Prices are stable and the market is flourishing . （形容詞性） The door is locked. （形容詞性）,3) V-ing作動詞/介詞賓語 V-ing作可以動詞的賓語，此外，V-ing也經(jīng)常作介詞賓語。 I couldnt risk missing that train. Did you take part in installing the equipment? Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？,4) V-ing 與 V-ed 作賓補 I saw Mary entering the office. Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I hate young people smoking. We saw the thief arrested. They kept everything locked. I consider the matter settled.,5) V-ing與V-ed作定語 一般來說，V-ing作定語多表示動作上的主動或進行，V-ing作定語多表示動作的被動或完成。 Will the people sitting at the back please keep quiet? There were a lot of people cutting rice in the fields. This is the book recommended by the professor. The material needed is iron.,6) V-ing與V-ed作狀語 表示時間 Arriving at the station, he found his train gone. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. 表示原因 Born and bred a countryman (因為生長在農(nóng)村)，he could not live happily in London. Knowing English well, he translated the article without a dictionary. 表示條件 Given more time, he would be able to do better. Working hard, you will succeed., 表示結(jié)果 A letter has just come, relieving me from anxiety. 表示讓步，經(jīng)常由though或although引出 Although / Though working very hard,he didnt feel a bit tired. 表示伴隨狀況和方式 He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.,7) 連詞+V-ing/V-ed結(jié)構(gòu) 當+V-ing與V-ed作狀語時表示時間、條件、讓步及方式時，有時可在分詞短語前加上 when, while, before, after, until, if, unless, though, although, as if, as though 這樣的連詞。 When summoned（呼喚）by her nurse, she rose and departed very quickly. While reading, I fell asleep. He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles. He will be imprisoned if caught by the police. Even if invited, I wont go. Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged.,不定式，V-ing, V-ed在某些語法功能方面是相同的，掌握它們的區(qū)別對于正確使用是很重要的。以下我們對這三種非謂語動詞在作定語、賓補、狀語、表語等方面加以比較及區(qū)別。,3. 非謂語動詞的用法比較,3.1 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作名詞的后置定語時的區(qū)別 一般來說，作后置定語的不定式多表示一個未來的動作，當它修飾抽象名詞時不存在與被修飾名詞之間的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。 作后置定語的V-ing有濃厚的“進行”意味，而且與被修飾名詞之間構(gòu)成明顯的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。 作后置定語的V-ed有濃厚的“完成”意味，而且與被修飾名詞之間構(gòu)成明顯的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。 We can see the childrens anxiety to go to the beach. （表示未來的動作） The students waving red flags and banners lined the streets. （表示進行中的動作） The method adopted was thought to be effective. （表示完成的動作）,3.2 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作賓語補足語時的區(qū)別 不定式作賓補時多表示動作的完成，即全過程；V-ing 多表示的進行；V-ed則表示動作的完成或被動。對某些動詞的來說，用不定式的被動態(tài)或V-ed 作賓補區(qū)別不大。 I watched her cross the street.（表示“穿越”的全過程） I saw him crossing the road. （表示“正在穿越”） Jane had her bad tooth pulled out at the dentists. （表示動作完成）,3.3 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作狀語時的區(qū)別 三種非謂語動詞作狀語時的區(qū)別有以下幾點。 1) 不定式可位于句首或謂語之后或采用so as to, in order to 作 表示目的的狀語，而V-ing, V-ed則幾乎不能。 2) 不定式可位于謂語之后或在be+形容詞（或分詞）之后作表示原因的狀語，而V-ing, V-ed則往往位于句首用逗號與句子分開，表示原因，試比較： We were surprised to find them there. Being ill all last year, he lived in a sanitorium.（療養(yǎng)院） Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. 3) V-ing與V-ed可表示時間、讓步、方式等狀語意義而不定式則幾乎不能。,Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 這是一個昨天已經(jīng) 討論了的問題。 2. 這是一個正在 討論的問題。 3. 這是一個將要 討論的問題。 This is a problem discussed yesterday. （已經(jīng)完成的被動動作） This is a problem being discussed. （正在進行的被動動作） This is a problem to be discussed. （將要進行的被動動作）,discussed,being discussed,to be discussed,已經(jīng),正在,將要,考點一;to do/-ing與done的基本區(qū)別,1I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2The trees _in the storm have been moved off the road A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down,知 識 鏈 接,考點一;不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的基本區(qū)別,被動,主動被動,done,-ing,to do,完成,進行,將來,時間關(guān)系,主動,主動,【分析】答案選 C。動詞不定式表示未來的動作。,【分析】答案選B。 blown down表“完成、被動”,知 識 鏈 接,結(jié)合句子意思，考察非謂語動詞與相應邏輯主語的關(guān)系， 若為主動關(guān)系，用主動式；若為被動關(guān)系，用被動式。 特別注意，過去分詞沒有相應的被動式，因為它本身 可以表示被動。如：,考點二;考查非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式。,1 I feel greatly honored _ into their society. A to welcome B welcoming C to be welcomed D welcome 2 I hear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention_ when we talked on the phone. A to promote B having been promoted C having promoted D to be promoted,2 Her dress has become loose. She appears_ weight. A to lose B to have lost C losing D being lost 3._ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. Waiting B To wait C Having waited D To have waited,知識鏈接,考點三、考查非謂語動詞一般式和完成式的用法,當非謂語動詞比謂語動詞先發(fā)生時，用完成時，否則用一般式 做題時要注意根據(jù)題干所提供的語境來推斷這種先后關(guān)系。,When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there_ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained,考點四；考查非謂語動詞作狀語,_the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete,原則動詞用作目的狀語，原則上要用to do,考點四；考查非謂語動詞作狀語,1.He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 2. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not_， and asked myself what I was going to do. A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved 3. He sat _ to her _ the stairs. A. to listen; to climb B. listening; to climb C. listening; climb D. listening; to climbing,原則動詞用作伴隨狀語，原則上要用-ing.,【解析】A項是個陷阱，如選A則stood, moved, asked構(gòu)成三個并列謂語，而謂語的否定應didnt move而非not moved 句意為：當信號燈變綠時，我站在那兒一會兒沒動，心想自己該怎么辦。,考點四；考查非謂語動詞作狀語,to do目的狀語,-ing伴隨狀語,與謂語動詞的動作同時,發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作后,帶一逗號,放在主句后不能有逗號,考點四；考查非謂語動詞作狀語,to do,-ing,一定邏輯結(jié)果,非邏輯結(jié)果,意料之外,意料之中,原則用作結(jié)果狀語時，可用-ing或不定式，但有區(qū)別在于,1 5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ in the natural light during the day. A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let 。 2 He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found,真題再現(xiàn),【解析 此處用-ing 表示自然而然的結(jié)果。,【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的結(jié)果。,考點五、考查非謂語動詞作賓補的用法。,考查非謂語作賓補的常見搭配,1.需要不定式作賓語補足語的動詞：ask, advise, allow, beg, believe, call on, cause, command, direct, feel, expect, enable, encourage, force, get, hate, intend, invite, lead，like, order, permit, persuade, prefer，request, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。 2. 要求省掉不定式的to作賓補的動詞：五看see, look at, observe, watch notice 三使have, let, make 兩聽hear, listen to,一感feel, 。,（吾看兩廳三室一感覺）,feel/see notice/watch look at listen to hear,meikpsmcarfed (妹可不是磨咖啡的),+,sb.,do doing done,+,merdowphal,輕松 記憶,只+-ing,只+to do,(“磨豆腐哦！”），,mind,enjoy,imagine,keep,practise,suggest,miss,consider,avoid,risk,finish,escape,delay,manage,expect,refuse,decide/demand/determine,offer,wish,promise, pretend, plan,hope,ask/agree,learn/long,考點一;不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的基本區(qū)別,考點二;考查非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式。,考點三、考查非謂語動詞一般式和完成式的用法,考點四；考查非謂語動詞作狀語,考點五、考查非謂語動詞作賓補的用法。,考查熱點,非謂語動詞解題 四大步驟,什么時候使用非謂語動詞,當一個句子中,有兩個或兩 以上的獨立動詞時,又沒有連詞，那么就要進行非謂語動詞化.,（一）分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),辨別“謂與非謂”,（一）分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),辨別“謂與非謂”,_many times , but he still couldnt understand it .,2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .,A. Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was told,C,_,A,注意連詞,3.It _ a hot day, wed better go swimming.,is B. to be C. being D.It being E. It was F. been,C,注意標點符號,非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者/承受者就叫做邏輯主語。,（二）找邏輯主語,1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. 2.She is reading a book found on the way. 3.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 4. Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it.,一般來說，作狀語的非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語； 作賓補的非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是賓語； 作定語的非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是被修飾詞。,（三）分析語態(tài),分析語態(tài)就是在確定邏輯主語之后，分析非謂語動詞 和邏輯主語在搭配使用時是主動還是被動關(guān)系。,“You cant catch me !” Jane shouted, _ away. A. run B. running C.to run D. ran 2._ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven,Jane,farmers,（四）分析時態(tài),1. The building _now will be a restaurant .,2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .,3. The building _last year is a restaurant.,having been built B. to be built C.being built D. built,_,C,_,B,_,D,考點1 辨別謂語與非謂語,Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】答案為C。該題目把祈使句，非謂語動詞以及破折號的作用綜合到一起來進行考察查。句意：請幫我個忙邀請我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7點半到青年劇院。破折號后是一個祈使句。,考點2 非謂語動詞作各種成分的區(qū)別,1.作賓語時的區(qū)別 I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stop D.