英語詞匯學(xué)lexic4MajorProcessofWordFormation補充Conversion.ppt

Word Formation,Conversion （轉(zhuǎn)化法）,What is conversion?,Dont trouble troubles until trouble troubles you. Can you can a can as a canner can a can? FATHER JAILED FOR MURDER OF DAUGHTER to plan a table, or to table a plan; to book a place, or to place a book.,Conversion vs. derivation,GIRL OF 18 RAPED AFTER THREAT WITH BREAD KNIFE after being threatened with bread knife Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. Also called “functional shift“ or “derivation by zero suffix.“,e.g., mushroom n. a fast-growing fungus (菌類) of which some kinds can be eaten. v. to gather mushrooms; now to spread or grow rapidly.,Conversion,Definition Noun to Verb conversion Verb to Noun conversion Adjective to Verb conversion Adjective to Noun conversion Other types,Conversion is a result of the almost entire loss of inflection in Modern English conversion is extremely productive. The percentage of converted words in the vocabulary of contemporary English is about 10.5%.,Sometimes a word may be under multiple conversion, which enables it to function as a member of several word-classes, but the actual grammatical classification of any word depends upon its use in a sentence. E.g., The second round was exciting. n. Any round plate will do. adj. Some drivers round corners too rapidly. v. The sound goes round and round （旋轉(zhuǎn)不息）. adv. He lives round the corner. adv. Conversion may result in different pronunciation or stress. For example? :,Types of conversion (1): Noun to Verb conversion,Conversion e.g. radio n.-to radio a message Xerox n.- to Xerox a book tape n. -to tape a lecture x-ray n.-to x-ray sbs chest videotape n. - to videotape the conference Other sources of verb: Suffixation: a few verb-forming affixes in English. be-, en-, -ify, -ize and en Back-formation,Ways of conversion: a. To put in/on N: e.g. can The workers canned apples. The workers put apples in cans. bottle, cage, corner, pocket. b. To give N, to Provide N: e.g. shelter They sheltered the orphans. cf. They gives shelter to the orphans coat, wax, sugar, label, plaster, grease. c. To deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from sth.: e.g. Bill weeded the garden. cf. Bill cut off weeds in the garden. core, dust. skin, gut, peel.,d. To .with N:,e.g. John braked the car. cf. John stopped the car with a brake. She fingered the soft silk. cf. She felt the soft silk with her fingers. screw, glue, nail, elbow, knife x-ray, head. be e. To N with respect to .: act as 1) verbs from human nouns: e.g. She mothered the orphan. cf. She looked after the orphan like an mother. nurse, pilot, referee, usher.,2) verbs from animal nouns: e.g. Tom parroted what the boss had said. cf. Tom repeated what the boss had said by rote like a parrot. Ape, monkey, dog, wolf 3) verbs from inanimate nouns: e.g. The police shadowed the suspected spy. cf. The police followed the suspected spy closely like a shadow. make f. To .into N: change e.g. Please cash this cheque for me. cf. Please change this cheque into cash. cripple, feature, orphan, fool, group,send g. To by N: go e.g. Will you please mail the parcel? cf. Will you please send the parcel by mail. We bicycled to the Summer Palace. cf. we went to the Summer palace by bicycle. motor, boat, ski. h. To spend the period of time denoted by N: e.g. We summered in Qingdao. cf. We spend summer in Qingdao holiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, vacation,Types of conversion (2): Verb to Noun conversion,Ways of verb to noun conversion: a. “state“ (static verbs can be changed to count or mass nouns) e.g. He has a desire to be a scientist. He desired to be a scientist. doubt, disgust, want, surprise.,b. “Event/activity (from dynamic v):,his usual morning commute to work. to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh; to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink; to make a dash, dive, guess, search, an attempt; to take a peep, stroll, turn. c. “Object or result of V“: e.g. This little restaurant is quite a find. catch (of dish), answer, cough, import, reject,d. “Agent of V“: e.g. He is a great bore. cheat, spy, coach, help, rebel. e. “Instrument of V“ e.g. The cloth is a good cover for the table. cure, wrap, polish f. “ Place of the V“: e.g. This is the divide between the two rivers.-This is the place where the turn, rise, retreat, dump g. compound e.g. breakdown, breakthrough, dropout, frame-up, get-away, get-together, hold-up, sell-out, show-down,Types of conversion (3): Adj. to Verb conversion,a. intransitive verbs meaning “to be, become, the quality denoted by the adjective,“ pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim (out), and idle (away). e.g., She is trying to slim by jogging dieting. b. Transitive verbs meaning “ to cause someone or sth. to be become, the quality denoted by the adjective“, such as: e.g. calm (down), clear, cool, dry, dirty, empty, narrow, slow (down), sober up.,Types of conversion (4): Adj. to Noun conversion,Ways of conversion: partial conversion and complete conversion.,a. partial conversion: Some adj. are used as nouns when proceeded by the definite articles e.g. the poor, the wounded 1) The + adjectives (including participles) e.g. This is a school for the deaf and the blind. The poor were oppressed by the rich during pre-liberation days. He had a great sympathy for the oppressed and the exploited. Note: one cannot say : *I saw a poor. *These poors are good people., *Those poors houses need repairing.,2) Adj. ending in -sh,-se, and -ch denote peoples of a nation when they are preceded by the definite article: e.g. In former days the English and the Scotch were often at war. The Japanese are an industrious people. 3) Adj. denoting a quality in the abstract may be used as nouns, preceded by the definite article. e.g. Mary has a strong dislike for the sentimental. In those days my father had to take the rough with the smooth. (能享樂也能吃苦) 4) Adverbial superlatives are sometimes preceded by a definite article and used substantively. I will give you a definite answer on Tuesday at the latest. He is at his best in his description of college life.,5) Instead of being used to denote a group of persons, some nouns converted from participles, when preceded by the definite article, can refer to a single person: the accused, the deceased, the departed, the deserted, and the condemned. Some such converted nouns may be used without being preceded by a definite article e.g. Both young and old are doing their best for the four modernizations. The accuseds condition is quite critical,b. complete conversion: The conversion of adj. to n. is complete when the converted form takes on all the features of a noun. native : a native, two natives, the natives language, and