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A New Approach to Cancer Immunotherapy 腫瘤免疫治療的新思路,1) Slower tumor growth (抑制 90%) 2) Tumors shrink (腫瘤體積減小,少見(jiàn)) 3) Tumors disappear (治愈, 極少),治療,0-30 days,5x105 tumor cells,How to do antitumor experiments 如何做腫瘤治療效果試驗(yàn),32-day MCA207 before treatment,One week after Cy+IL-12,Two weeks after Cy+IL-12,Three weeks after Cy+IL-12,Four weeks after Cy+IL-12,Five weeks after Cy+IL-12,Six weeks after Cy+IL-12,Potentiation of Cy-induced Cancer Regression by IL-12 通過(guò)白介素12提高化療的抗腫瘤效果,no Rx,Cy alone,IL-12 alone,Cy+IL-12,Day-18 peritoneal MCA207 tumors 18天腹腔實(shí)體MCA207腫瘤,Day-14 experimental lung metastases 14天靜脈注射建立的肺擴(kuò)散腫瘤模型,Antitumor effects of Cy+IL-12 in MCA207 i.p. and i.v. models Cy+IL-12在腹腔及肺擴(kuò)散腫瘤模型中的治療效果,route of inoculation 接種,treatment (start at day) 治療(起始時(shí)間),cure rate (survival days) 治愈率(存活天),i.p.腹腔,i.p.腹腔,i.v.肺擴(kuò)散,None無(wú),Cy+IL-12 (18),Cy+IL-12 (14),0/5 (20-27),0/5 (21-31),5/5 (90),8/8 (90),i.v.肺擴(kuò)散,None無(wú),Effects of IL-12 and Cy+IL-12 in the Sa1 ascites tumor model IL-12和Cy+IL-12在Sa1腹水腫瘤模型中的治療效果,100%,50%,0%,saline 生理鹽水,IL-12,Cy,Cy+IL-12,0,10,20,30,40,tumor接種,treatment治療,survival存活率,days天數(shù),The rejection induced by IL-12/Cy+IL-12 is associated with a strong T cell response 與腫瘤排斥所對(duì)應(yīng)的強(qiáng)免疫反應(yīng),CD4,CD8,before之前,after之后,Tumor rejection is mediated by a Th1 response 抗腫瘤作用需要Th1型T細(xì)胞參與,host宿主,cure rate治愈率,Normal正常,TCRb KO T細(xì)胞受體敲除,Nude裸鼠,IFN-g KO 咖瑪干擾素敲除,IL-4 KO 白介素-4敲除,10/10,0/3,0/20,0/20,10/10,Does Cy+IL-12 work on other tumor models? 環(huán)磷酰胺加白介素是否對(duì)所有腫瘤有效?,Responding tumors: C57B/6: MC203, MCA205, MCA207, FBL-3 BALB/c: CT26, CSA1M, OV-HM A/J: Sa1 Non-responding tumors: C57BL/6: MCA101,B16, LLC, Pan02, EL-4 BALB/c: 4T1, S180,Question 問(wèn)題,If immunotherapy is able to eradicate late-stage large tumor burdens, what is the proper condition for it? 如果免疫療法有可能治愈晚期癌癥,條件是什么?,Does Cy+IL-12 work on other tumor models? 環(huán)磷酰胺加白介素12是否對(duì)所有腫瘤有效?,Condition#1: Pre-existing immunity 條件一:預(yù)存免疫,What is pre-existing immunity? 什么是預(yù)存免疫?,Antigenspecific recognition of tumor by the host immune system 宿主對(duì)腫瘤抗原有特異性識(shí)別 The immune system has responded to the existing tumor prior to therapy start 宿主免疫系統(tǒng)在治療之前已經(jīng)對(duì)腫瘤有攻擊 The host response to the tumor is cell-mediated Th1 type 宿主對(duì)腫瘤的應(yīng)答屬于Th1型細(xì)胞反應(yīng),Experimental procedure for adoptive cell transfer 體細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)試驗(yàn)步驟,donor供體,tumor vaccine瘤苗,tumor challenge 腫瘤接種,tumor-free 排斥接種,recipient受體,tumor challenge腫瘤接種,14 day,T cell transfer 輸入T細(xì)胞,T cell,IL-12/Cy+IL-12 治療,Response效果?,2 day,Tumor-sensitized T cells are necessary for IL-12-induced tumor rejection 腫瘤特異的T細(xì)胞在白介素12治療中的關(guān)鍵作用,donor cells 輸入細(xì)胞,treatment 治療,cure rate 治愈率,none,nave T cells,tumor-immune T cells,IL-12,saline,saline,IL-12,IL-12,Cy+IL-12,0/10,assembly of pre-existing immunity in T cell-deficient host,0/8,0/8,1/10,9/12,10/10,tumor-immune T cells,nave T cells,tumor-immune T cells,nave T cells,Cy+IL-12,0/5,Ccondition #2 條件2 IL-12 should be given during the early phase of recalled pre-existing immunity 白介素12 最佳給藥時(shí)間是在預(yù)存免疫的回放早期,Timing of IL-12 following chemotherapy 白介素12 的給藥最佳時(shí)期,time,tumor size,Cy,IL-12,IL-12,IL-12,Critical timing of IL-12 administration 白介素12 給藥時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵性,IL-12 timing following Cy,cure rate治愈率,day 3-7(第37天),100%,day 7-11第711天),day 14-18(第1418天),40%,0%,Large MCA207 model Cy at 125 mg/kg IL-12 at 200 ng x 3 (q.o.d.),Ccondition #3 條件3 chemotherapy must activate antitumor immunity 化療必須激活一個(gè)抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng),Chemotherapy to activate antitumor immunity? 化療引發(fā)抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)?,Immunity is responsible for cure of small tumor by Cy chemotherapy 免疫參與是環(huán)磷酰胺化療治愈小腫瘤的必要條件,host,70-100%,tumor burden,cure rate,normal,normal,no T cell,3-day,7-10-day,8-day,0%,0%,MCA207 small tumor model used 3-day tumor is non-palpable 7-10 tumors are 2-5 mm in size Cy at 125 mg/kg is used,PEI status,not yet,established,never,Immunity is responsible for significant large tumor regression following chemotherapy 免疫參與加大環(huán)磷酰胺化療療效,Cy,time,tumor size,normal,no T cell,Why can chemotherapy activate antitumor immunity? 為什么化療可以激活抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)? Through acute antigen release and recall of pre-existing immunity 通過(guò)抗原急性釋放達(dá)到記憶免疫的回放 If true, then increase antigen presentation at the site of antigen release may increase response to chemotherapy 如果如此,那么在抗原釋放位置增加抗原呈遞救有可能提高化療療效,Increase antigen presentation by DC following chemotherapy enhances tumor responses 提高化療后的抗原呈遞可以提高化療療效,cure rate治愈率,treatment治療,Cy alone單獨(dú)化療,DC alone單獨(dú)樹(shù)突細(xì)胞,Cy + DC聯(lián)合治療,Responses應(yīng)答,regr. relapse,2/10,progression,regression,0/10,10/10,Medium sized (8-11 mm) MCA207 tumor used. Cy= 120mg/kg given on day 21 DC=cultured immature DC at 1x106 given intratumor two days after Cy,Chemotherapy Responses, Relapse and Resistance to Repeated Therapy 化療應(yīng)答,復(fù)發(fā)及隨后的抗藥性,Relapsed tumor is resistant to repeated chemotherapy with Cy in normal mice 腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)后對(duì)二次化療產(chǎn)生抗藥性,1st Cy,time,tumor size,2nd Cy,normal,no T cell,Relapsed tumor following Cy becomes resistant to Cy+IL-12 therapy 復(fù)發(fā)后的腫瘤對(duì)CyIL-12也產(chǎn)生抗藥性,mice bearing,response to,Cy+IL-12,Cy alone,untreated tumor,Cy-treated relapsed tumor,+,100% cure,+,20% cure,MCA207 large tumor model used +: significant tumor regression following Cy +: transient shallow tumor regression following Cy response to Cy+IL-12: cure by standard Cy+IL-12 therapy,What is the reason for relapse-associated resistance to repeated chemotherapy? 產(chǎn)生抗藥性的原因是什么呢? MDR?,Selection of chemo-resistant tumor cell is NOT the reason for resistance 抗藥性不是由于篩選了抗藥性腫瘤細(xì)胞的原因,tumor from,sensitivity to Cy after replanting in nave host,untreated stock,after 1st Cy relapse,after 2nd Cy relapse,100%,100%,100%,Sensitivity to Cy in vivo is measured by complete eradication of small tumors established in nave mice by Cy therapy,Tolerance of antitumor immunity is responsible for relapse-associated resistance to Cy+IL-12 抗藥性是由于抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生耐受,Transfer of chemo-resistance from relapsed host to untreated host 化療抗藥性可以通過(guò)免疫耐受轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)達(dá)到,Immune cell donor(脾細(xì)胞供體): Cy-treated tumor relapsed mice(化療后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的小鼠) Nave mice or (凈鼠) Untreated tumor-bearing mice (未治療過(guò)的荷瘤鼠) Immune cell recipient(脾細(xì)胞受體): mice bearing primary day-10 MCA207 tumor (荷瘤鼠) Manipulation: transfer immune cells and then treat with Cy (導(dǎo)入脾細(xì)胞然后開(kāi)始環(huán)磷酰胺的治療),Transfer of resistance from relapsed host to untreated host 抗藥性可以從帶復(fù)發(fā)腫瘤的供體通過(guò)脾細(xì)胞導(dǎo)入未受治療的荷瘤鼠,time,tumor size,Cy,control spl cells,relapsed spl cells,The new insight into the high efficacy of Cy+IL-12 環(huán)磷酰胺加白介素12之所以有效的最新解釋,Host bearing immunogenic tumor generates pre-existing immunity 免疫型腫瘤在其宿主體內(nèi)誘發(fā)預(yù)存免疫 This immunity is too week and too late to control the primary tumor 這個(gè)免疫反應(yīng)太弱太遲,不足以控制原發(fā)腫瘤 Chemotherapy kills large number of tumor cells and releases large amount of tumor antigen 化療藥物殺死一些腫瘤細(xì)胞,釋放大量腫瘤抗原,This newly released tumor antigen induces an acute recall immune response 新釋放的腫瘤抗原引發(fā)急性免疫回放反應(yīng) The chemotherapy-triggered immunity runs into exhaustion due to autoimmune-protective mechanism and becomes tolerated 這個(gè)反應(yīng)最終由于自身免疫保護(hù)機(jī)制而停止而產(chǎn)生耐受 In the presence of IL-12 during early phase, the response turns into a Th1 type and persists longer 白介素12 的存在使這個(gè)反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變成Th1型,持久下去,The new insight into the high efficacy of Cy+IL-12 環(huán)磷酰胺加白介素12之所以有效的最新解釋,Other chemotherapy drugs and other tumor models: The same findings apply 其他化療藥和腫瘤模型: 同樣的情況,Doxorubicin vs. Cyclophosphamide 阿霉素與環(huán)磷酰胺的對(duì)比,Cyclophosphamide a pro-drug, must be given systemically (需要代謝,只能全身給藥) narrow anti-tumor range (抗腫瘤范圍較窄) well-known immune regulator (著名的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑) removes suppressive T cells at low dose (去除抑止性功能細(xì)胞) enhance type I cytokine for T cell growth (提高Th1型因子分泌) create space for T cell expansion (創(chuàng)造T細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增空間) Doxorubicin active both systemically and locally(可以全身或局部給藥) wide anti-tumor range(抗腫瘤范圍較廣) not known for immune regulatory activity(對(duì)免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能不祥),Response of established MCA207tumors to Dox+IL-12 阿霉素加白介素12對(duì)MCA207腫瘤的治療效果,Dox dose and route 阿霉素的劑量和給藥方式,cure rate,i.v. at 16mg/kg,i.t. at 10mg/kg,i.t. at 5mg/kg,i.t. at 2.5mg/kg,80%,100%,20%,0%,Large and mid-sized MCA207 model Dox alone failed to cure any tumors,Response of another tumor to Dox+IL-12 阿霉素加白介素12對(duì)另外一個(gè)腫瘤的治療效果,cure rate(治愈率),Treatment治療手段,None無(wú),Dox alone單獨(dú)阿霉素,IL-12 alone單獨(dú)白介素12,Dox+IL-12阿霉素加白介素12,80%,0%,0%,0%,Day 12-14 established MCA203 sc tumors Dox at 5mg/kg i.t. IL-12 started 3 days after Dox,Local gemcitabine+IL-12 in the MCA207 tumor model 腫瘤局部潔西它濱加白介素12治療MCA207腫瘤,cure rate(治愈率),Treatment治療手段,None無(wú),Gem alone at 2.5- 10mg/kg,IL-12 alone單獨(dú)白介素12,Gem-50mg/kg+IL-12,80%,0%,0%,0%,Gem-20mg/kg+IL-12,Gem-10mg/kg+IL-12,20%,40%,Day-14 established MCA207 sc tumors Gemcitabine given intratumorally IL-12 started 3 days after gemcitabine,A case of a weakly immunogenic tumor model 一個(gè)弱免疫型腫瘤的模型,Pan02 is a weekly immunogenic tumor Pan02是弱免疫型腫瘤 Pan02 does not respond to Cy+IL-12 or Dox+IL-12, but respond weakly to Gem+IL-12 (inhibition) 白介素12不能提高環(huán)磷酰胺和阿霉素的化療療效,但可以稍微增加潔西它濱的療效(腫瘤生長(zhǎng)抑止) Small established Pan02 can be cured under the most optimal treatment combination of Gem+DC+IL-12 聯(lián)合應(yīng)用潔西它濱,樹(shù)突細(xì)胞加白介素12 可以根治生成的小腫瘤,Response of Pan02 tumors to gemcitabine, DC and IL-12 Gem+DC+IL-12在Pan02腫瘤模型的效果,cure rate治愈率,treatment治療,Gem alone,IL-12 alone,0/5,0/5,Gem+IL-12,Gem+DC,0/5,0/5,9-day established Pan02 sc tumors (3-7 mm) Gemcitabine given intratumorally (i.t) for 3 days and then weekly DC and IL-12 started one days after gemcitabine and then weekly,Gem+DC+IL-12,4/5,DC alone,0/5,Not all chemotherapy drugs can activate antitumor immunity 并非所有的化療藥都能與白介素12配合使用,cure rate,Tumor model,MCA207,0/10,Pan02,vinblastin+IL-12,0/10,0/5,0/20,drug/treatment,MCA207,MCA207,paclitaxal+IL-12,5-FU+IL-12,Cy+IL-12,30-day established MCA207 sc tumors Chemotherapy was given either i.t or ip a single time IL-12 started 3 days after chemotherapy Results of multiple experiments was combined,Not all cytokines can match the effect of IL-12 并非其他白介素因子能夠替代白介素12,cure rate,Tumor model,MCA207,10/10,Cy+IL-12,1/10,1/10,0/10,drug/treatment,MCA207,MCA207,Cy+IL-2,Cy+IFN-g,Cy+IL-23,Cy+TNFa,MCA207,MCA207,0/10,Small or large established MCA207 sc tumors Chemotherapy was given ip a single time at 120mg/kg All cytokines were started 3 days after chemotherapy and lasted for 5-7 days Results of multiple experiments was combined,The best way to use IL-12 for immunotherapy 白介素12的最佳使用環(huán)境,對(duì)腫瘤和宿主的選擇 抗原具備較強(qiáng)的免疫原性 對(duì)化療藥的選擇 制造大量抗原釋放 對(duì)給藥方式的選擇 誘發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的記憶應(yīng)答 對(duì)因子的選擇 使用白介素12調(diào)節(jié)應(yīng)答 對(duì)效果的選擇 造成 持續(xù)的應(yīng)答及防止耐受生成,Why have the early clinical trials of IL-12 failed? 為什么白介素12的早期臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗了?,白介素12早期臨床試驗(yàn),GI/Wyeth做的一期臨床 40腫瘤病人(腎癌,黑色素癌,直腸癌) 身體狀況良好(Karnofsky指數(shù)70) 31000ng/kg/day 靜脈給藥,每周5天,隔周重復(fù),一共兩次 一個(gè)CR(melanoma),一個(gè)PR(RCC) MTD為500ng/kg 毒副作用: 感冒癥狀(發(fā)燒,惡心,嘔吐,厭食,懶惰) 口瘡 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶升高 血液白細(xì)胞,淋巴細(xì)胞暫時(shí)下降(3080),白介素12早期臨床試驗(yàn),Roche做的準(zhǔn)一期臨床 10例黑色素瘤病人 皮下給藥,每周一次,500ng/kg 有混和臨床療效,但達(dá)不到PR標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 毒副作用: 感冒癥狀 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶升高 血液白細(xì)胞,淋巴細(xì)胞暫時(shí)下降,白介素12早期臨床試驗(yàn),Roche做的一期臨床 28例腎癌病人 皮下給藥,每周一次,100-1250ng/kg MTD為1000ng/kg 1PR(500ng/kg) 毒副作用: 感冒癥狀(發(fā)燒,惡心,嘔吐,厭食,懶惰) 口瘡 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶升高 血液白細(xì)胞,淋巴細(xì)胞暫時(shí)下降(3080),白介素12早期臨床試驗(yàn),Roche做的二期臨床試驗(yàn) 設(shè)計(jì)80例,實(shí)際30例腎癌病人 皮下給藥,每周一次,逐漸上升到1250ng/kg 2例PR 沒(méi)有明顯的毒副作用 試驗(yàn)由于達(dá)不到預(yù)期的臨床療效而停止,白介素12的二期臨床事故,GI做的二期臨床 17腎癌病人 500ng/kg靜脈給藥,每周5天 12個(gè)病人在兩次注射之后發(fā)生4級(jí)副作用 2個(gè)病人最終死于副作用(胃腸道出血和結(jié)腸炎),白介素12二期臨床事故的原因,二期省略了預(yù)備注射(pre-dosing)步驟 預(yù)備注射是在連續(xù)注射之前一周單獨(dú)給藥 預(yù)備注射降低了連續(xù)給藥時(shí)的血液伽馬干擾素水平 動(dòng)物(小鼠和猴子)試驗(yàn)可以證明預(yù)備注射降低毒副作用的意義 實(shí)際問(wèn)題是只要控制伽馬干擾素水平就可以防止白介素12的毒副作用,白介素12后期臨床試驗(yàn),自從事故發(fā)生后,兩家公司均對(duì)高劑量白介素12的臨床應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生懷疑 此后的白介素12腫瘤臨床試驗(yàn)多為學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)以研究為目的進(jìn)行的中低劑量試驗(yàn) 新的動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)表明低劑量的白介素12有時(shí)也可以起到抗腫瘤效果,白介素12后期臨床試驗(yàn),降低給藥頻率,但保持500ng/kg給藥量 28個(gè)腎癌病人 每周兩次(第一,四天)靜脈注射 一個(gè)PR三個(gè)SD 停藥后仍觀察到持續(xù)的腫瘤消退 沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重毒副作用 因?yàn)榀熜c伽馬干擾素的持續(xù)誘發(fā)相關(guān),認(rèn)為增加白介素2可能會(huì)提高療效(后來(lái)證明是錯(cuò)誤的),白介素12后期臨床試驗(yàn),皮下注射,降低單次藥量,增加頻率 15個(gè)腎癌,黑色素癌及大腸癌病人 每周三次,每次50,100,300ng/kg 1CR(50ng/kg),1PR(300ng/kg) 毒副作用: 白細(xì)胞,淋巴細(xì)胞和中性淋巴細(xì)胞抑制 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶升高 Beta2-微球蛋白及C反應(yīng)蛋白升高(系統(tǒng)炎癥),白介素12后期臨床試驗(yàn),低劑量白介素12與疫苗結(jié)合 黑色素癌抗原Melan-A的片段 IL-12:0100ng/kg,第一,第22天(靜脈或皮下) Melan-A肽段:第1,8,15,22,57 gp100試驗(yàn): IL-12:30ng/kg與肽段同時(shí),同點(diǎn)皮內(nèi)注射 gp100:兩周一次(x2)到四周一次(x2)到八周一次 沒(méi)有明顯毒副作用 沒(méi)有明顯白介素12與臨床效果的對(duì)應(yīng),白介素12臨床失敗的主要原因,沒(méi)有掌握白介素12 的最佳使用條件 沒(méi)有預(yù)存免疫回放的存在 排除任何接受放化療的病人 沒(méi)有給藥依據(jù) 白介素12受體表達(dá)不明:沒(méi)有任何測(cè)試 給藥劑量錯(cuò)誤 高劑量造成NK細(xì)胞激活,T細(xì)胞抑止 大量游離伽馬干擾素造成系統(tǒng)炎癥,白介素12在抗病毒方面的臨床試驗(yàn),抗艾滋?。℉IV)一期臨床試驗(yàn) 65個(gè)艾滋病毒感染者 CD4細(xì)胞數(shù)300x106 皮下注射,30-300ng/kg, 一周兩次(共4周) 沒(méi)有明顯毒副作用 沒(méi)有明顯的抗病毒效果 體外細(xì)胞特異免疫功能沒(méi)有明顯變化,白介素12在抗病毒方面的臨床試驗(yàn),抗慢性丙肝病毒(HCV)的I/II期臨床試驗(yàn)(Roche) 60個(gè)慢性丙肝病人 皮下注射,30-500ng/kg,每周一次,一共10周 毒副作用同以前報(bào)道過(guò)的相同,不嚴(yán)重,與劑量有關(guān) 根據(jù)劑量有17-53的病人病毒RNA量下降50% 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶沒(méi)有明顯下降 沒(méi)有完全病毒轉(zhuǎn)陰的情況 療效比不上a干擾素(10轉(zhuǎn)陰),白介素12在抗病毒方面的臨床試驗(yàn),抗慢性丙肝病毒(HCV)的臨床試驗(yàn)(GI) 225個(gè)抗a干擾素的慢性丙肝病人 皮下注射,500ng/kg,每周兩次,一共12周 百分之三的病人因副作用退出試驗(yàn) 百分之一的病人中有療效 肝臟活檢沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯變化 肝臟轉(zhuǎn)胺酶水平?jīng)]有明顯下降,白介素12在抗病毒方面的臨床試驗(yàn),抗慢性乙肝病毒(HBV)的臨床試驗(yàn)(Rohe) 46個(gè)慢性乙肝病人 皮下注射,30,250,500ng/kg,每周一次,12周 病毒轉(zhuǎn)陰率:15左右 病毒轉(zhuǎn)陰伴隨HBeAg抗原轉(zhuǎn)陰和轉(zhuǎn)胺酶正常化 副作用與劑量相關(guān)但沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重情況出現(xiàn),為什么有些乙肝病人有應(yīng)答而另一些沒(méi)有?,白介素12的主要功能是修飾激活后的T細(xì)胞,防止耐受 在沒(méi)有T細(xì)胞激活的情況下,白介素12主要靠NK生成的伽馬干擾素有一些左右,但不治本 個(gè)別病人在治療期間發(fā)生自發(fā)的再激活(reactivation),造成對(duì)白介素12 的應(yīng)答,白介素12的當(dāng)前處境,基本分子專(zhuān)利于2010年到期 兩家美國(guó)公司已于2000年之前放棄自己進(jìn)行白介素12的臨床開(kāi)發(fā) 剩余的白介素12由GI公司交給美國(guó)NIH使用 從2005年6月以后GI拒絕繼續(xù)向NIH提供臨床級(jí)白介素12 目前西方國(guó)家沒(méi)有可供臨床試驗(yàn)使用的白介素12,重新啟動(dòng)白介素12臨床應(yīng)用的機(jī)會(huì),美國(guó)Wyeth公司因?yàn)榕R床事故與缺乏療效而放棄了白介素12 的開(kāi)發(fā) 中國(guó)藥廠指望白介素12在美國(guó)上市后仿制的道路已經(jīng)堵死 中國(guó)有數(shù)家重組白介素12的GMP生產(chǎn) 中國(guó)有龐大的白介素12應(yīng)用適應(yīng)癥人群:腫瘤,乙肝,艾滋病 這些因素與我們最新理念的結(jié)合,白介素12的臨床最佳應(yīng)用角度,腫瘤治療方面 常規(guī)放化療對(duì)實(shí)體瘤的一部分(1040)有抑止但無(wú)法根治 無(wú)法根治的原因一部分是因?yàn)榉呕熂せ畹拿庖叻磻?yīng)進(jìn)行不徹底并形成免疫耐受 白介素12一方面推進(jìn)免疫反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)化和深化,另一方面防止耐受,實(shí)體瘤(肺癌,乳腺,消化道,肝癌等),放化療,急性免疫回放反應(yīng),抗原釋放,樹(shù)突細(xì)胞,應(yīng)答,耐受,復(fù)發(fā),死亡,白介素12,持續(xù)應(yīng)答,治愈或帶瘤生存,白介素12的臨床最佳應(yīng)用角度,肝炎治療方面 免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)乙肝病毒有良好識(shí)別 病毒和免疫系統(tǒng)之間交叉抑止 慢性乙肝的無(wú)法根治的原因是因?yàn)榭共《久庖叻磻?yīng)進(jìn)行不徹底并形成免疫耐受 白介素12如果用在抗病毒免疫反應(yīng)回放發(fā)生的早期可以一方面推進(jìn)免疫反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)化和深化,另一方面防止耐受,慢性乙肝病人,白介素12,耐受打破,病毒復(fù)制,急性免疫回放,病毒量下降,肝損傷,二次耐受,病毒量持續(xù)下降,病毒清除,根治,白介素12臨床應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵是必須建立在一個(gè)新激活的免疫反應(yīng)之上,Can we assume that patients experiencing delayed significant response to cytoreduction therapy have activated ant

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