自考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義及練習(xí).doc.doc

更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 1 自考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法講義及練習(xí) 主講人：胥國(guó)紅 主要內(nèi)容： 1 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 2非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 3虛擬語(yǔ)氣 4定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句 1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1 1 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表 時(shí)態(tài) 語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) do are done did were done will do will be done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) have been doing 1.2 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)的意義及運(yùn)用 1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ， 過(guò)去完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成時(shí) 英語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ) ： up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：已經(jīng)，早已，了 e.g. We havent met each other since last year. By the end of this week, well have finished the task. 2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在， 沒(méi)有間斷 。 漢語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)：一直 e.g. The water has been running the whole night. 3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) a) said, reported, thought 等引導(dǎo)的間接引語(yǔ)中。 e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. b) hardlywhen, no sooner than e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call. c) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中 e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won. 更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 2 I wish I had done better in the exam. 歷年考題中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. Much of the carbon in the earth _ (come) from things that once lived. 2. In the past two decades, research _ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream. 3. Some proverbs _ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. _ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat. 5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bushs approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling _ (begin) in the 19302. 6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day _ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should. 7. So far, Irving _ (live) in New York City for ten years. 8. The patient _ (send) to another hospital before we got there. 9. The second half of the nineteenth century _ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. 10. All the worries they might have felt for him _ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face. 2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 2.1 動(dòng)詞主要時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一覽表 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 形式 意義 現(xiàn)在分詞 一 般 式 Doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行 被 動(dòng) 式 being done 被動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行 完成主動(dòng)式 having done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成 完成被動(dòng)式 having been done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成 過(guò)去分詞 Done 被動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成 動(dòng)詞不定式 一 般 式 to do 主動(dòng) ,將要進(jìn)行 被 動(dòng) 式 to be done 被動(dòng) , 將要進(jìn)行 完成主動(dòng)式 to have done 主動(dòng) , 已經(jīng)完成 進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式 to be doing 主動(dòng) , 正在進(jìn)行 2.2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式： 1）目的狀語(yǔ)； 2）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的） He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （結(jié)果） 分詞： 1) 伴隨狀語(yǔ)； 2）原因狀語(yǔ)； 3）條件狀語(yǔ) 4）讓步狀語(yǔ)； 5）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （時(shí)間） Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （原因） Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因） Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (條件 ) 2.3 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 ， 狀語(yǔ)從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語(yǔ) ) 更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 3 2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （連詞 +分詞） 3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （狀語(yǔ)從句） 4) With homework done, the children began to play. （獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)） 2.4 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ) 1) If there is no choice, there is no decision _ (make). (to be made) 2) Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) 3) The question _ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 4) The bridge _ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 2.5 動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式 * 作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) /表語(yǔ)表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語(yǔ)表示具體某次的情況。 e.g Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow. My biggest wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believing. * 作賓語(yǔ) 接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc. 接動(dòng)詞 不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞： 5) forget, remember, regret 6) stop, continue 7) need/ want 8) allow doing/ allow sb to do 1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time? Sorry, I forgot to lock the door. 2) I cant stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand? 3)The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut. 4)We dont allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 歷年考題中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys _ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 2. Anyone _(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes _ (control) his direction. 4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _ (use) in experiments may decrease. 5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things _ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 4 6. This poem, if _ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense. 7. They may have their passports _ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. 8. Her body, with hands and feet _ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 9. I couldnt help but _ (feel) this is a very strange life. 10. Let us consider the earth as a planet _ (revolve) round the sun. Key: 1. doing 動(dòng)名詞做 enjoy的賓語(yǔ) 2. wanting 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ) 3. to control 動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ) 4. used 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 5. being 現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 6. translated 連詞加過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ) 7. removed 過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ) 8. bound 過(guò)去分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中 9. feel couldnt help but 后接動(dòng)詞原形 10. revolving 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ) 3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 時(shí)間 從句 主句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 did/ were should/could/would + do 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 had done should/could/would + have done 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 were to do should do should/could/would + do e.g. If I were you, I would be happy to do it. If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier. If the job were to succeed, you should work harder. 第二大類 ： 從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1) would rather + 從句 2) wish + 從句 3) if only + 從句 4) as if/ as though + 從句 5) Its time + 從句 e.g. I would rather you didnt tell me the story now. I would rather you had told me the story yesterday. 第三大類 ： 從句中用 should加動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ， 其中 should可省略。 1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動(dòng)議 ), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句 ； 2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等 名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句 ； 3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在 it is 更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 5 that 句型中 ； 4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。 e.g. It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off. He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 歷年考題中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. If it hadnt been for your help, we _ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he _ (not be) so busy. 3. It is high time that we _ (take) firm measures to protect our environment. 4. It was imperative that students _ (finish) their papers before July 1st. 5. They demanded that the right to vote _ (give) to every adult person. I would rather he _ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _ (meet) them before. 9. Should she come tomorrow, I _ take her to the museum. A can B will C would D must 10. If we _ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. A hadnt got B didnt get C wouldnt have got D wouldnt get Key: 1. would have been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句 2.had not been 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句 3. took It is high time +過(guò)去式的虛擬形式 4.should finish/finish It was imperative that+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式 5. be given demand 所接賓語(yǔ)從句用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式 6. should have received 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有。 7. bought would rather 后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句用過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 8. had met as if 所引導(dǎo)的從句用過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 9. C 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句。 10. A 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（從 by now 可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。 4. 定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句 4.1 定語(yǔ)從句：限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 1）關(guān)系代詞 (在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)）： which, that, who, whom, whose 2） 關(guān)系副詞（在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)）： when, where, why, how 名詞性從句：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、 同位語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句： 1）主從連詞（不在從句中作任何成分）： that, whether, if 2） 連接代詞 （ 在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ) ）： what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever 3） 連接副詞 （ 在從句中作狀語(yǔ) ）： when, where, why, how 更多 優(yōu)質(zhì) 自考資料盡在百度貼吧 自考樂(lè)園 俱樂(lè)部 （ /club/5346389）歡迎 加入 .歡迎 交流 .止不住的驚喜等著你 . 6 4.2 定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行修飾限制，而同位語(yǔ)從句闡述的是名詞的具體內(nèi)容。從語(yǔ)法上看， that, which 在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而同位語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞 that 不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。 e.g. 1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定語(yǔ)從句 2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位語(yǔ)從句 4.3 什么時(shí)候用介詞 which 的形式 ? 如果定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用 that/ which 形式。如果定語(yǔ)從句缺狀語(yǔ)，用介詞 +which形式。 e.g. 1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. 2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful. 4.4 which 和 as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 which 和 as 都能 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 ， 修飾整個(gè)一句話。 As有 “ 正如 ” 的意思 ， 而 which沒(méi)有。 1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生氣，這一點(diǎn)大家都知道。 2)He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那樣，他很容易生氣。 歷年考題中的定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句 1. Studies have shown _ teenagers often suffer from depression. A that B which C in which D in that 2. It is a well-known fact _ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. A that B if C when D whether 3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. A which B what C that D in that 4. It is not yet known _ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision. A whether B if C that D how 5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _ leisure can and should be put to good use. A which B if C whether D that 1. The reason for making a decision is _ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing i