有關(guān)鋰電池設(shè)計的外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯英文+中文

The design of the lithium battery charger Introduction Li-Ion rechargeable batteries are finding their way into many applications due to their size, weight and energy storage advantages.These batteries are already considered the preferred battery in portable computer applications, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly becoming the second major marketplace for Li-Ion. The reason is clear. Li-Ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers, Li-Ion battery packs offer longer run times over NiCad and NiMH packs for the same form factor and size, while reducing weight. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter using Li-Ion batteries without sacrificing run time. As Li-Ion battery costs come down, even more applications will switch to this lighter and smaller technology. Market trends show a continual growth in all rechargeable battery types as consumers continue to demand the convenience of portability. Market data for 1997 shows that approximately 200 million cells of Li-Ion will be shipped, compared to 600 million cells of NiMH. However, it is important to note that three cells of NiMH are equivalent to one Li-Ion cell when packaged into a battery pack. Thus, the actual volume is very close to the same for both. 1997 also marked the first year Li-Ion was the battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. Data for the cellular market showed a shift to Li-Ion in the majority of phones sold in 1997 in Europe and Japan.Li-Ion batteries are an exciting battery technology that must be watched. To make sense of these new batteries, this design guide explains the fundamentals, the charging requirements and the circuits to meet these requirements. Along with more and more the emergence of the handheld electric appliances, to the high performance, baby size, weight need of the light battery charger also more Come more big.The battery is technical to progress to also request continuously to refresh the calculate way more complicatedly is fast with the realization, safety of refresh.Therefore need Want to carry on the more accurate supervision towards refreshing the process, to shorten to refresh time and attain the biggest battery capacity, and prevent from the battery Bad.The AVR has already led the one step in the competition, is prove is perfect control chip of the next generation charger. The microprocessor of Atmel AVR is current and can provide Flash, EEPROM and 10 ADCses by single slice on the market Of 8 RISC microprocessors of the tallest effect.Because the saving machine of procedure is a Flash, therefore can need not elephant MASK ROM Similar, have a few software editions a few model numbers of stock.The Flash can carry on again to weave the distance before deliver goods, or in the PCB Stick after pack carry on weaving the distance through an ISP again, thus allow to carry on the software renewal in the last one minute. The EEPROM can used for conservancy mark certainly coefficient and the battery characteristic parameter, such as the conservancy refreshes record with the battery that raise the actual usage Capacity.10 A/ Ds conversion machine can provide the enough diagraph accuracy, making the capacity of the good empress even near to its biggest capacity. And other project for attaining this purpose, possible demand the ADC of the exterior, not only take up the space of PCB, but also raised the system Cost. The AVR is thus deluxe language but 8 microprocessors of the designs of unique needle object C currently.The AT90S4433 reference The design is with C to write, the elucidation carries on the software designs is what and simple with the deluxe language.Code of C this design is very Carry on adjust easily to suit current and future battery.But the ATtiny15 reference design then use edit collected materials the language to write of, with Acquire the biggest code density. An electric appliances of the modern consumption mainly uses as follows four kinds of batteries: 1.Seal completely the sour battery of lead( SLA) 2.The battery of NiCd 3.The NiMHhydrogen battery( NiMH) 4.Lithium battery( Li- Ion) At right choice battery and refresh the calculate way need to understand the background knowledge of these batteries. Seal completely the sour battery( SLA) of lead seals completely the sour battery of lead to mainly used for the more important situation of the cost ratio space and weights, such as the UPS and report to the police the backup battery of the system. The battery of SLA settles the electric voltage to carry on , assist limits to avoid with the electric current at refresh the process of early battery lead the heat.Want only the electricity .The pond unit electric voltage does not exceed the provision( the typical model is worth for the 2.2 Vs) of produce the company, the battery of SLA can refresh without limit. The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd use very widespread currently.Its advantage is an opposite cheapness, being easy to the usage；Weakness is from turn on electricity the rate higher.The battery of NiCd of the typical model can refresh 1,000 times.The expired mechanism mainly is a pole to turn over.The first in the battery pack drive over.The unit that all turn on electricity will take place the reversal.For prevent froming damage the battery wrap, needing to supervise and control the electric voltage without a break.Once unit electric voltage Descend the 1.0 Vs must shut down.The battery of NiCd carries on refresh in settling the electric current by forever . The NiMH hydrogen battery( NiMH) holds to shoot the elephant machine such as the cellular phone, hand in the hand that the importance measure hold equipments, the etc. NiMHhydrogen battery is an usage the most wide.This kind of battery permit.The quantity is bigger than NiCds.Because lead to refresh and will result in battery of NiMH lose efficacy, carry on measuring by the square in refresh process with.Stop is count for much in fit time.Similar to battery of NiCd, the pole turn over the battery also will damage. Battery of NiMH of from turn on electricity the rate and is probably 20%/ month.Similar to battery of NiCd, the battery of NiMH also settles the electric current to refresh .Other batteries says compare in lithium battery( Li- Ion) and this texts, the lithium battery has the tallest energy/ weight to compare to compare with energy/ physical volume.Lithium battery Settle the electric voltage to carry on refresh with , want to have the electric current restrict to lead the heat in the early battery of refresh the process by avoid at the same time.When refresh the electric current Descend to produce the minimum electric current of the enactment of company will stop refresh.Leading to refresh will result in battery damage, even exploding. The safety of the battery refreshes the fast charge machine( namely battery can at small be filled with the electricity in 3 hours, is usually a hour) demand of the modern.Can to the unit electric voltage, refresh the electric current and the battery temperatures to carry on to measure by the square, avoid at the time of being filled with the electricity because of leading to refresh.Result in of damage.Refresh the method SLA battery and lithium batteries refreshes the method to settle the electric voltage method to want to limit to flow for the ever ； The battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs refresh the method.Settle the electric current method for the ever , and have severals to stop the judgment method for refresh differently. Biggest refresh the electric current biggest refresh the electric current to have relation with battery capacity( C).Biggest usually refresh the electric current to mean with the number of the battery capacity.For example, The capacity of the battery for 750 mAhs, refresh the electric current as 750 mAs, then refresh the electric current as 1 C(1 times battery capacity).If The electric current to flow refresh is a C/40, then refreshing the electric current for the battery capacity in addition to with 40.Lead the hot battery refresh is the process that the electric power delivers the battery.Energy by chemical reaction conservancy come down.But is not all.The electric powers all convert for the sake of the chemistry in the battery ability.Some electric power conversions became the thermal energy, having the function of the heating to the battery.When electricity.After pond be filled with, if continue to refresh, then all electric powers conversion is the thermal energy of the battery.At fast charge this will make the battery.Heat quickly, if the hour of can not compare with stop refresh and then will result in battery damage.Therefore, while design the battery charger, to the temperature.It is count for much that carry on the supervision combine to stop refresh in time. The discretion method battery stopped refresh of different and applied situation and work environment limitted to the choice of the method that the judgment stop refresh.The sometimes temperature allow of no.Measure easily, but can measure electric voltage, or is other circumstances.This text takes the electric voltage variety rate(- dV/ dt) as the basic judgment to stop The method for refresh, but with the temperature and absolute electric voltage be worth for assistance and backup.But the hardware support that this text describe speaks as follows.The method of the havings of say. Time of t this method that is the decision when stop refresh most in brief.Usually used for spare project of the hour of fast charge.Sometimes also be .Refresh(14- 16 Hour) basic project of the method.Be applicable to various battery.Stop refresh when the electric voltage of V be the electric voltage to outrun the upper limit.Usually with the forever settle the electric current refreshes the match usage.The biggest electric current is decide by the battery, usually For the 1 C.For prevent froming refresh the electric current leads to causes battery lead greatly hot, the restrict of the electric current at this time very key.This method Is a lithium battery basic to refresh and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger usually still continues into after attain biggest electric voltage Go the second stage refresh, to attain 100% battery capacity. For battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs are originally method can Be the spare judgment stops refreshing the project. - The method exploitation that this judgment of the dV/ dt electric voltage variety rate stops refresh negative electric voltage variety rate.For the battery of some types, be the battery to be filled with the subsequence Refreshing continuously will cause electric voltage descend. At this time this project was very fit.This method usually useds for the ever to settle the electric current to refresh, Be applicable to to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMH. The electric current of I is to refresh the electric current small in a certain the number that set in advance stop refresh. Usually used for the ever to settle the electric voltage to refresh the method.Be applicable to the SLA Battery and lithium battery.The T temperature absolute zero can be the basis that battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs stop refresh, but even suited for to be the backup project.Any battery for temperature to outrun initial value have to stop refresh.The basis that the dT/ dt temperature rising velocity fast charge variety rate of the temperature of hour can be to stop refresh.Please consult the norm that the battery produces the company( battery of NiCdOf typical model be worth for the 1 oC/ min) the be applicable to the battery of NiCd and battery of NiMHs.Need to stop refresh when the DT outrun the temperature value of the environment temperature to be the bad battery temperature and the environment temperature to exceed the certain threshold.This method can be the battery of NiCd and The project that battery of SLA stops refresh.While refreshing in the cold environment this method compares the absolute zero to judge the method better.Because big Most systems usually only have a temperature to stretch forward, have to will refresh the previous temperature to be the environment temperature. DV/ dt=0 s zero electric voltages differ this method with- the method of dV/ dt is very and similar, and more accurate under the condition that electric voltage will not go up again. Be applicable to the NiCd Battery and battery of NiMH.This reference design completely carried out the battery charger design of latest technique, can carry on to various popular battery type quicklyRefresh but need not to modify the hardware soon, a hardware terrace carries out a charger product line of integrity.Need only Want to will refresh the calculate way to pass lately the ISP downloads the processor of FLASH saving machine can get the new model number.Show very much However, this kind of method can shorten time that new product appear on market consumedly, and need a kind of hardware of stock only.This design provide The in keeping with SLA, NiCd, NiMH of the integrity and the database function of the battery of Li- Ion. 鋰 電池充電器的設(shè)計 介紹 根據(jù)其尺寸，重量和能量儲存優(yōu)點(diǎn)，鋰 - 離子可再充電電池正在被用于許多的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。這些電池已經(jīng)被考慮為優(yōu)先的電池于手提式計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用 ,移置 NiMH 和 NiCad電池 ,而且行動電話正在飛快地成為鋰電池的第二個主要的市場。 理由是明顯的。 鋰 - 離子的電池提供很多的好處對與終端消費(fèi)者。 對于手提式計算機(jī)來說 ,鋰 - 離子電池在相同條件和大小并減少重量的情況下能夠提供比 NiCad 和 NiMH更為持久的電力。 相同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)對于蜂窩電話更是真實(shí)的。 一 個 電話能被做得更小和更輕如果使用李 - 離子的電池的話而不犧 牲續(xù)航時間。 當(dāng) 鋰 - 離子的電池費(fèi)用降下來的話 ,甚至更多的應(yīng)用將會轉(zhuǎn)變到這一個更輕巧和更小巧的技術(shù)上來。當(dāng)消費(fèi)者一直要求方便的時候，市場的趨勢表明一個持續(xù)不斷的增長在所有的可再充電的電池中。 根據(jù)以前市場的資料大約在 1997年的時候表明大約二億個 鋰 -離子電芯將會被裝船運(yùn)送 ,相比較于 600 百萬 個 NiMH 的電芯 。 然而 ,有必要說明的是三個 NiMH 的電芯相當(dāng)于一個 鋰 - 離子的電芯在被包裹為電池包裝的時候。 因此，真實(shí)的體積對兩者來說是非常接近一樣的。 1997 年也被標(biāo)記為第一年 鋰 - 離子作為電池類型用于 在大多數(shù)的手提式的計算機(jī)中 , 移置 NiMH 為高端領(lǐng)域中。 資料顯示 1997年在歐洲和日本電池電芯市場表現(xiàn)出一個變化對于 鋰 - 離子在多數(shù)的電話的應(yīng)用中。 鋰 - 離子的電池是一種令人興奮的電池技術(shù)必須給于高度的關(guān)注。要想 了解這些新的電池，這設(shè)計引導(dǎo)者解釋這些原則，要價需求以及符合這些需求的線路。 隨著越來越多的手持式電器的出現(xiàn)，對高性能、小尺寸、重量輕的電池充電器的需求也越來越大。電池技術(shù)的持續(xù)進(jìn)步也要求更復(fù)雜的充電算法以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速、安全的充電。因此需要對充電過程進(jìn)行更精確的監(jiān)控，以縮短充電時間、達(dá)到最大的電 池容量，并防止電池?fù)p壞。 AVR 已經(jīng)在競爭中領(lǐng)先了一步，被證明是下一代充電器的完美控制芯片。 Atmel AVR 微處理器是當(dāng)前市場上能夠以單片方式提供 Flash、 EEPROM 和 10 位 ADC的最高效的 8 位 RISC 微處理器。由于程序存儲器為Flash，因此可以不用象 MASK ROM一樣，有幾個軟件版本就庫存幾種型號。 Flash 可以在發(fā)貨之前再進(jìn)行編程，或是在 PCB貼裝之后再通過 ISP 進(jìn)行編程，從而允許在最后一分鐘進(jìn)行軟件更新。 EEPROM 可用于保存標(biāo)定系數(shù)和電池特性參數(shù)，如保存充電記錄以提高實(shí)際使 用的電池容量。 10位 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換器可以提供足夠的測量精度，使得充好后的容量更接近其最大容量。而其他方案為了達(dá)到此目的，可能需要外部的 ADC，不但占用 PCB 空間，也提高了系統(tǒng)成本。 AVR 是目前唯一的針對象 “C”這樣的高級語言而設(shè)計的 8 位微處理器。 AT90S4433 參考設(shè)計就是用 “C”寫的，說明用高級語言進(jìn)行軟件設(shè)計是多么的簡單。 C 代碼似的此設(shè)計很容易進(jìn)行調(diào)整以適合當(dāng)前和未來的電池。而 ATtiny15 參考設(shè)計則是用匯編語言寫的，以獲得最大的代碼密度。 現(xiàn)代消費(fèi)類電器主要使用如下四種電池： 密 封鉛酸電池 (SLA) 鎳鎘電池 (NiCd) 鎳氫電池 (NiMH) 鋰電池 (Li-Ion) 在正確選擇電池和充電算法時需要了解這些電池的背景知識。 密封鉛酸電池 (SLA) 密封鉛酸電池主要用于成本比空間和重量更重要的場合，如UPS和報警系統(tǒng)的備份電池。 SLA 電池以恒定電壓進(jìn)行充電，輔以電流限制以避免在充電過程的初期電池過熱。只要電池單元電壓不超過生產(chǎn)商的規(guī)定 ( 典型值為2.2V)， SLA 電池可以無限制地充電。 鎳鎘電池 (NiCd) NiCd 電池目前使用得很普遍。它的優(yōu) 點(diǎn)是相對便宜，易于使用；缺點(diǎn)是自放電率比較高。典型的 NiCd 電池可以充電 1,000 次。失效機(jī)理主要是極性反轉(zhuǎn)。在電池包里第一個被完全放電的單元會發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn)。為了防止損壞電池包，需要不間斷地監(jiān)控電壓。一旦單元電壓 下降到 1.0V 就必須停機(jī)。 NiCd 電池以恒定電流的方式進(jìn)行充電。 鎳氫電池 (NiMH) 在輕重量的手持設(shè)備中如手機(jī)、手持?jǐn)z象機(jī)，等等鎳氫電池是使用最廣的。這種電池的容量比 NiCd 的大。由于過充電會造成 NiMH 電池的失效，在充電過程中進(jìn)行精確地測量以在合適的時間停止是非常重要的。和 NiCd 電池一樣，極性反轉(zhuǎn)時電池也會損壞。 NiMH 電池的自放電率大概為 20%/ 月。和 NiCd 電池一樣， NiMH 電池也為恒定電流充電。 鋰電池 (Li-Ion) 和本文中所述的其他電池相比，鋰電池具有最高的能量 / 重量比和能量 / 體積比。鋰電池以恒定電壓進(jìn)行充電，同時