不銹鋼外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、鋼材機(jī)械外文翻譯

外文原文： Stainless Steel Petro-chemical industry with its own production of some of the features, such as its operating temperature range, low-temperature conditions up to -196 , temperatures can reach more than 500 ； operating pressure there is external pressure, vacuum, atmospheric pressure, medium pressure, high pressure, ultra-high pressure (more than 100MPa)； In addition, the operating environment in the medium complexity, such as the existence of corrosion, wear and tear, and flammable, explosive, toxic and other solid, gaseous, liquid and a variety of mixed media chloride, sulfide and other salt category. Therefore, the petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel, the requirements of stainless steel has strong corrosion resistance, including anti-chloride, sulfide and other corrosive salts； resistant to high temperature and low temperature performance. Among them, the petrochemical plant at 500 600 , the equipment and pipe materials in general to choose a variety of austenitic stainless steel-based, such as 304H, 316,321, such as austenitic stainless steel has been widely used； and for oil exploration, the development of the field of stainless steel with anti-called carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide corrosion properties. At present, Chinas crude oil exploration, development is mainly used in 3Cr, 9Cr, 13Cr, super 13Cr and containing more than Cr22 stainless steel thick-walled, non-magnetic drill collar and drill pipe. At present, Chinas petrochemical industry in the stainless steel variety of choice, in general to 304 mainly, steel plate thickness of 6 to 22 millimeters, the main polymer used in the construction of storage tanks, heat exchanger shell. In addition, some pieces of the use of reactor tower 316L, TP347, etc., the thickness of 2 6 mm. Glacial acetic acid and liquid delivery vehicles (train tanker) General use of 304 and 306 plate. In addition, production of the device because of the existence of urea carbamate amine condensate, a highly corrosive, generally stripper, separation, and the use of 316L stainless steel condenser. On the stainless steel clad plate, such plate mainly used in oil refining equipment reaction tower, commonly used for 20R +0 Cr13AL, 16MnR +0 Cr13AL, 20R +0 Cr13 such. Due to the substrate, rehabilitation materials and production methods, equipment limitations, domestic composite steel plate thickness, length far from being able to fully meet the demands of the petrochemical industry. In addition, the domestic stainless steel plate splicing, heat treatment, testing and other means yet to be improved. As a result of a wide range of stainless steel, petrochemical industry, currently used for the type of austenitic stainless steel, of which 304 brands of stainless steel plate, tube forgings largest amount, 316,304 L, 316L of the plate, tube, forging a larger amount, ASTM standard TP321, TP347, TP316 brands of boiler tubes, heat exchanger is also gradually increasing dosage. In addition, a special two-way stainless steel as a result of corrosion resistance, Chiang Kai-shek in the petrochemical industry has been rapid promotion and use, of which two-way gradually increasing the amount of stainless steel tubes. At present, Chinas petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel is about 70,000 tons, of which stainless steel plate (8 mm or more) the amount of approximately 10,000 tons, stainless steel composite plate is about 15,000 tons, stainless steel seamless steel tube is about 40,000 tons , stainless steel pipe is about 5000 tons. Domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application of the reasons for not widespread At present, the domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application is not extensive, mainly in the following reasons: First, do not support the issue of standards. Chinas petrochemical industry has been formed to meet the development needs of the standard system； at home and abroad for high-pressure, high-sulfur, carbon dioxide high three high natural gas production equipment, material smelting, manufacturing, testing, testing technology subsidiary norms and standards is still incomplete. Second, product problems. In this regard, mainly stainless steel plate, tube, forging, welding material is not matching. Third, the issue size. Domestic metallurgical industry needs of the petrochemical industry in the thick wide board, large-diameter, thick-walled steel pipe production capacity is very limited. Fourth, quality issues, product quality stainless steel tube instability. Fifth, research and development problems. New varieties of the domestic stainless steel R & D and production is still unable to meet the petrochemical industrys development needs. In addition, the stainless steel research, production and exchange of information between users of the existence of the problem poor. As a result of these factors, the need for stainless steel and petrochemical industries there are many varieties of domestic enterprises can not provide, such as four meters wide of the heavy plate production in China is not yet, there are many forms of stainless steel equipment is imported. In addition, domestic enterprises in product development with foreign enterprises is still lagging behind compared to, for example, some steel companies in Europe every year to launch a dozen new varieties of stainless steel, and Chinese enterprises in this respect, the work is not enough. The five major trends in the petrochemical proposed new requirements for stainless steel The future of Chinas petrochemical industry will move towards the top five trends in the development of stainless steel products and higher requirements. First of all, the future of Chinas oil and gas field exploration and development efforts will further increase. Such as carbon dioxide will be injected back underground ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve the oil recovery rate. At the same time, Chinas natural gas exploration and development efforts will be greater than the crude oil exploration and development, and to the high sulfur content, carbon dioxide area development (16% hydrogen sulfide content, carbon dioxide content of about 8%), and will further deepen the depth of wells, land Sham Tseng will exceed the 8000 meters. Second, the petrochemical plant will be large scale. Ethylene production of single device will exceed one million tons； refining single factory refining capacity more than 15 million tons； of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) production capacity of a single plant more than 800,000 tons； stainless steel tanks to the large-scale development. The third is run petrochemical plant will be a long-term development, and gradually overhaul the current cycle of the transition to 3 years. Fourth, the petrochemical production will diversify the source of materials development. With the improvement of the requirements of environmental protection and energy consumption structure, using natural gas as raw materials of chemical industry is developing rapidly. As a result of natural gas at minus 160 can be achieved under the conditions of liquefaction, so the need for stainless steel storage and transportation equipment. In addition, as Chinas LNG imports increase in coastal areas need to receive large-scale construction, working capital and storage facilities, can be expected in this regard will be very large stainless steel consumption. These petrochemical industry development trend of stainless steel products, specifications and varieties have put forward new demands. From anti-corrosion requirements, the petrochemical industry production device temperature, pressure, media are major changes have taken place, stainless steel used in a more harsh environment, anti-corrosion performance by a single change to the composite performance. In the processing performance, the requirements of stainless steel a higher intensity, better toughness, weldability and good processability. In geometry, the requirements of stainless steel products and high precision, width increased, large-diameter steel pipe, steel pipe wall thickness increased. In the standards, stainless steel production as soon as possible with international standards. In addition, the petrochemical industry as a result of each of wells, each set of conditions of service refining device there is a difference, related stainless steel production enterprises should be based on the actual situation in the provision of personalized services. In addition, with the increased usage of stainless steel, stainless steel used in economics is even more important. Therefore, the domestic iron and steel enterprises, especially the steel pipe industry should improve the technological content of products and value-added, high-end product market occupation. At present, many European steel is no longer the production of low value-added oil well pipes, and will focus entirely on high added-tube, the preparation for these high-end products occupied the Chinese market. ( Focus Recently, China Special Steel Enterprises stainless steel branch of Li Cheng, executive president of the stainless steel industry in talking about Chinas problems in the development pointed out that the stainless steel to replace imports from the side, although capacity has been able to achieve self-sufficiency, but in fact only part of to replace imports, it is necessary to fully or largely replaced by imports, but also depends on our variety and quality products can meet the various requirements. He also pointed out that the market of fake and shoddy products that seriously endangers the users of stainless steel, it is proposed to increase the relevant departments the crackdown. Said Li Cheng, Chinas stainless steel production capacity from the already self-sufficiency can be achieved, but only a partial substitute for imports. Common market of the four most common grades, namely, 316 and 304 Austenitic. Ferrite 409 and 430, including 304 in the world, accounting for 50 percent of consumption, the use of nearly a hundred years of history. But it is not a single species to the new production of the 304 as an example, in order to meet the varying demands of customers, they will have a brand dozens of varieties, the same as a result of the 304 different varieties in the market price per ton can also be a difference of several hundred dollars to a thousand dollars, we can see the value of a good product, there are markets. This value needs to be done can be. 430 the past two years has developed very rapidly, in fact, this is an in production is not easy to master the varieties, r value of the performance of stamping a crease resistance, it is difficult to achieve, and now the worlds more advanced r 1.2, At a time when there was virtually no punching fold, China and some production plants in both there are still some problems； 409 brands, it seems easier to see the production of components, but its forming, and welding of the automobile industry to meet the requirements of the development will not be easy. In recent years, the development of Chinas manufacturing of stainless steel materials for many new requirements, such as power generation, petrochemical, and automobile industries are faced with the new requirements of the material. Power generation systems need a lot of supercritical required stainless steel pipe, China is now still can not produce, the number of heat exchanger tubes we find it difficult to adapt, petrochemical development needs of some special stainless steel We are also in the trial. Automobile manufacturing, a number of special varieties of high-quality stainless steel requirements, we simply have not yet produced. To meet the needs of users and the use of the industry is necessary to combine joint research, innovation through research in order to solve the problem. In short, we can not just the manufacturing enterprises in the advanced hardware, we are in process technology, smelting technology and the development of both species have a larger gap, attracted the greatest attention to and constantly strive to improve. Chinas stainless steel market is facing a prominent issue is that the market is flooded with fake and shoddy products. In this regard, Li Cheng pointed out that in recent years because of soaring nickel prices do not appear in accordance with international and domestic standards of the low production of low nickel chromium high manganese so-called 200 series of steel, poor corrosion resistance, in which steel Based on the more serious occurred, the evolution of the market is now known as the double-free steel of inferior goods. The so-called double-free is no nickel, non-magnetic, this so-called double-free Steel does not have the non-rust and corrosion-resistant properties, which cause great harm to the user at the same time, for the jerry-built illegal producers and sellers the opportunity to bring huge profits, a very serious problem. Another is the emergence of stainless steel decorative tube size and thickness specifications for the production of non-serious shrink, does not have the necessary stiffness of stainless steel tubes, so all kinds of deception users, to the credibility of stainless steel brought the crisis. At present the country is building a number of major projects, such as the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo project works, if only to keep the prices down in the tender, it will naturally arise in a cheap fake and shoddy products. Therefore, he called on the community especially the construction of the developers, must be quality-oriented, to avoid all kinds of hidden dangers and accidents to avoid failure and lead to very serious consequences as a result of the material. We should be treated in good faith users of harm to reputation and the interests of consumers of stainless steel act. Suggested that the state departments intensify the crackdown. Development history: The invention of stainless steel is the worlds metallurgical history of a significant achievement. The early 20th century, khazrajiya (LBGuillet) in 1904 -1906 and Porter million (AMPortevin) in 1909-1911 in France； Giessen (W. Giesen) in the years 1907-1909, respectively, in the United Kingdom found Fe - Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni alloy resistance to corrosion.蒙納爾茨 (P. Monnartz) in 1908-1911 in Germany put forward a theory of stainless steel and passivation of the many viewpoints. The inventor of stainless steel for industrial use are: Brearley (H. Brearly) 1912-1913 was developed in the United Kingdom with Cr12% -13% of the martensitic stainless steel； Dan Qi Zeng (C. Dantsizen) 1911-1914 in The United States has developed with Cr14% -16%, C0.07% -0.15% of ferritic stainless steel； Maurer (E. Maurer) and Strauss (B. Strauss) 1912-1914 was developed in Germany with C 1%, Cr15% -40%, Ni 20% of austenitic stainless steel. In 1929, Strauss (B. Strauss) made of low carbon 18-8 (Cr-18%, Ni-8%) stainless steel patent. In order to solve 18-8 steel sensitized state Intergranular corrosion, in 1931 Germanys Huo 譯文 ： 不銹鋼 石油化工行業(yè)生產(chǎn)具有自身的一些特點(diǎn)，例如其操作溫度范圍寬，低溫條件時(shí)可達(dá) -196 ，高溫時(shí)可達(dá) 500 以上；操作壓力有外壓、真空、常壓、中壓、高壓、超高壓 (大于 100MPa)；此外，操作環(huán)境中介質(zhì)復(fù)雜，如存在腐蝕性、磨損性、易燃、易爆、有毒等固態(tài)、氣態(tài)、液態(tài)以及各種混合介質(zhì)氯化物、硫化物和其他鹽類(lèi)。因此，石化行業(yè)在使用不銹鋼時(shí)，要求不銹鋼具有很強(qiáng)的耐腐蝕性能，包括抗氯化物 、硫化物和其他鹽類(lèi)腐蝕；要具有耐高溫與耐低溫性能。其中，石化裝置處于 500 600 時(shí)，設(shè)備與管道材料一般以選用各種奧氏體不銹鋼為主，如 304H、 316、 321 等奧氏體不銹鋼已得到了廣泛應(yīng)用；而用于原油勘探、開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域的不銹鋼則要求具有抗二氧化碳、硫化氫腐蝕的特性。目前，我國(guó)在原油勘探、開(kāi)發(fā)中常用的主要是 3Cr、 9Cr、13Cr、超級(jí) 13Cr 以及含 Cr22 以上的不銹鋼厚壁無(wú)磁鉆鋌和鉆桿。 目前，我國(guó)石化行業(yè)在不銹鋼品種的選擇上，一般以 304 為主，鋼板厚度一般在 6 22 毫米，主要用于建造聚合物儲(chǔ)罐、熱交 換器外殼。另外，部分反應(yīng)器塔內(nèi)件使用 316L、 TP347 等，厚度在 2 6毫米。而輸送冰醋酸的液體汽車(chē) (火車(chē)罐車(chē) )一般使用 304 和 306 鋼板。此外，生產(chǎn)尿素的裝置由于存在氨基甲酸胺冷凝液，有較強(qiáng)的腐蝕性，一般在汽提塔、分離器、冷凝器中使用 316L 不銹鋼。就不銹鋼復(fù)合板來(lái)說(shuō)，該類(lèi)鋼板主要用于煉油設(shè)備反應(yīng)塔，常用的為 20R +0Cr13AL、 16MnR +0Cr13AL、 20R+0Cr13 等。由于受基材、復(fù)材及生產(chǎn)方法、設(shè)備的限制，國(guó)產(chǎn)復(fù)合鋼板的厚度、長(zhǎng)度遠(yuǎn)不能完全滿(mǎn)足石化行業(yè)的使用要求。此外，國(guó)內(nèi)不銹鋼板拼接、 熱處理、檢驗(yàn)手段等還有待提高。 由于不銹鋼種類(lèi)繁多，對(duì)石化行業(yè)而言，目前使用的多為奧氏體類(lèi)不銹鋼，其中 304 牌號(hào)的不銹鋼板、管鍛件用量最大， 316、 304L、316L 的板、管、鍛件用量較大， ASTM 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中 TP321、 TP347、 TP316牌號(hào)的鍋爐管、換熱器用量也在逐漸增大。此外，雙向不銹鋼由于具有特殊的耐腐蝕性能，在石化行業(yè)中正迅速得到推廣與運(yùn)用，其中雙向不銹鋼管用量逐漸增大。目前，中國(guó)石化行業(yè)不銹鋼年使用量大約為 7 萬(wàn)噸，其中不銹鋼中厚板 (8 毫米以上 )用量約為 1 萬(wàn)噸、不銹鋼復(fù)合板約為 1.5 萬(wàn)噸、不 銹鋼無(wú)縫鋼管約為 4 萬(wàn)噸、不銹鋼焊管約為5000 噸。 國(guó)產(chǎn)不銹鋼在石化領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用為何不廣泛 目前，國(guó)產(chǎn)不銹鋼在石化領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用還不廣泛，主要有以下原因：一是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不配套的問(wèn)題。我國(guó)尚未形成滿(mǎn)足石油化工發(fā)展需要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系；國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)高壓、高含硫、二氧化碳含量高的 三高 天然氣生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、基材冶煉、產(chǎn)品制造、檢驗(yàn)、附屬試驗(yàn)等技術(shù)規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚不完備。二是產(chǎn)品配套問(wèn)題。在這方面，主要是不銹鋼板、管、鍛件、焊接材料不配套。三是尺寸問(wèn)題。國(guó)內(nèi)冶金行業(yè)對(duì)石化行業(yè)需要的中厚寬板、大口徑、厚壁鋼管生產(chǎn)能力非常有限。四是質(zhì)量 問(wèn)題，不銹鋼管產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定。五是研發(fā)問(wèn)題。國(guó)內(nèi)不銹鋼新品種的研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)尚無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足石油化工工業(yè)的發(fā)展需要。此外，不銹鋼的研究、生產(chǎn)部門(mén)和用戶(hù)之間存在信息交流不暢問(wèn)題。由于這些因素的限制，石化行業(yè)需要的不銹鋼品種有很多國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)不能提供，如寬達(dá) 4米的寬厚板我國(guó)尚不能生產(chǎn)，有許多不銹鋼是以設(shè)備的形式進(jìn)口的。另外，國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)方面與國(guó)外企業(yè)相比還有差距，例如歐洲的一些不銹鋼企業(yè)每年都會(huì)推出有十幾種新的不銹鋼品種，而我國(guó)企業(yè)在這方面做的工作還很不夠。 五大趨勢(shì)對(duì)石化用不銹鋼提出新要求 未來(lái)我國(guó)石 化工業(yè)將朝著五大趨勢(shì)發(fā)展，并將對(duì)不銹鋼產(chǎn)品提出更高的要求。首先，今后我國(guó)油氣田勘探開(kāi)發(fā)力度將進(jìn)一步加大。如將采用二氧化碳回注地下的辦法，減少二氧化碳排放和提高采油回收率。同時(shí)我國(guó)天然氣勘探開(kāi)發(fā)的力度將大于原油勘探開(kāi)發(fā)，并將向高含硫、二氧化碳地區(qū)進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā) (硫化氫含量達(dá) 16%，二氧化碳含量達(dá)8%左右 )，且打井深度將進(jìn)一步加深，陸地最深井將突破 8000 米。其二，石化裝置規(guī)模將實(shí)現(xiàn)大型化。乙烯生產(chǎn)單套裝置將突破 100 萬(wàn)噸；煉油單工廠(chǎng)煉油能力超過(guò) 1500 萬(wàn)噸；精對(duì)苯二甲酸 (PTA)單廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)能力超過(guò) 80 萬(wàn)噸；不銹鋼儲(chǔ)罐 向大型化發(fā)展。三是石化裝置運(yùn)行將向長(zhǎng)期化發(fā)展，逐步將目前的檢修周期過(guò)渡到 3年以上。四是石化生產(chǎn)所需物料的來(lái)源將向多元化發(fā)展。隨著環(huán)保要求的提高及能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整，以天然氣為原料的化工工業(yè)正在迅速發(fā)展。由于天然氣在零下 160 條件下才能實(shí)現(xiàn)液化，因此其儲(chǔ)運(yùn)設(shè)備需要不銹鋼。此外，隨著我國(guó)進(jìn)口 LNG 的增加，沿海地區(qū)需建設(shè)大型的接收、周轉(zhuǎn)和儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施，可以預(yù)料這方面的不銹鋼消費(fèi)也會(huì)非常大。 石化行業(yè)的這些發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，對(duì)不銹鋼產(chǎn)品的規(guī)格與品種都提出了新的要求。從防腐要求方面講，石化工業(yè)生產(chǎn)裝置的溫度、壓力、介質(zhì) 均發(fā)生了較大的變化，不銹鋼使用的環(huán)境更為苛刻，防腐由單一性能向復(fù)合性能轉(zhuǎn)變。在加工性能方面，要求不銹鋼強(qiáng)度更高、韌性更好、可焊性和加工性好。在幾何尺寸方面，要求不銹鋼產(chǎn)品精度高、板寬加大、鋼管口徑大、鋼管壁厚增加。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面，不銹鋼生產(chǎn)應(yīng)盡快與國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接軌。此外，由于石化行業(yè)每口井、每一套煉化裝置服役條件有差別，相關(guān)不銹鋼生產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況提供個(gè)性化服務(wù)。此外，隨著不銹鋼使用量的加大，不銹鋼使用的經(jīng)濟(jì)性更為重要。因此，國(guó)內(nèi)鋼鐵企業(yè)，特別是鋼管企業(yè)應(yīng)盡快提高產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量與附加值，占領(lǐng)高端產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)。目前歐 洲許多鋼廠(chǎng)已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)低附加值的油井管，而將重點(diǎn)完全放到高附加的管材上，準(zhǔn)備用這些高端產(chǎn)品占領(lǐng)中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。（ 重點(diǎn) 近日，中國(guó)特鋼企業(yè)不銹鋼分會(huì)常務(wù)會(huì)長(zhǎng)李成在談到中國(guó)不銹鋼行業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的問(wèn)題時(shí)指出，不銹鋼從取代進(jìn)口方面看，雖然從產(chǎn)能上已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自給，但是實(shí)際上只能是部分取代進(jìn)口，要全部或基本上取代進(jìn)口，還要取決于我們產(chǎn)品的品種和質(zhì)量能否符合社會(huì)的各種不同要求。他還指出，市場(chǎng)上假冒偽劣不銹鋼產(chǎn)品嚴(yán)重危害用戶(hù)，建議有關(guān)部門(mén)加大打擊力度。 李成說(shuō)，我國(guó)不銹鋼從產(chǎn)能上已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)自給，但只能是部分取代進(jìn)口。市場(chǎng)上常見(jiàn)的最通用的 4個(gè)牌號(hào)，即奧氏體的 316和 304，鐵素體的 409 和 430，其中 304 在世界上的消費(fèi)占 50，使用了近一百年的歷史。但它的品種并不是單一的，以日新生產(chǎn)的 304 為例，為了滿(mǎn)足客戶(hù)不同的要求，他們這一個(gè)牌號(hào)就有幾十個(gè)品種，同樣的304由于品種不同，在市場(chǎng)上的價(jià)格每噸也可以相差幾百元到一千元，可見(jiàn)好的產(chǎn)品是有價(jià)值、有市場(chǎng)的。這個(gè)價(jià)值需要努力才能得到。 430這兩年發(fā)展很快，實(shí)際上這是一個(gè)在生產(chǎn)中很不容易掌握的品種，沖壓的性能 r值有一個(gè)抗皺性，很難達(dá)到，現(xiàn)在世界上比較先進(jìn)的 r1 2，在沖壓的時(shí)候基本上沒(méi)有褶皺，中國(guó)有的生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)兩個(gè)方面都還存在一些問(wèn)題； 409 牌號(hào)，看成分似乎比較容易生產(chǎn)，但是要使它的成型性、焊接性能夠滿(mǎn)足汽車(chē)工業(yè)發(fā)展的要求并不容易。 近年來(lái)，我國(guó)制造業(yè)的發(fā)展為不銹鋼材料提出了許多新的要求，如發(fā)電、石化、汽車(chē)等行業(yè)都面臨著對(duì)材料的新要求。發(fā)電系統(tǒng)需要的超臨界要求的很多不銹鋼管材，中國(guó)目前還不能生產(chǎn)，熱交換器的一些管材我們也很難適應(yīng)，石油化工發(fā)展需要的一些特殊的不銹鋼我們也正在試制中。汽車(chē)制造方面，一些高質(zhì)量特殊品種要求的不銹鋼，我們根本還沒(méi)有生產(chǎn)。要滿(mǎn)足用戶(hù)的 需求就要和各個(gè)使用行業(yè)結(jié)合起來(lái)共同研究，通過(guò)攻關(guān)創(chuàng)新才能解決問(wèn)題?？傊?，我們的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)不能只是表現(xiàn)在硬件上的先進(jìn)，我們?cè)诠に嚰夹g(shù)、冶煉技術(shù)和品種開(kāi)發(fā)等方面都還有較大的差距，要引起十分的重視并不斷努力提高。 當(dāng)前中國(guó)不銹鋼市場(chǎng)面臨的一個(gè)突出問(wèn)題，就是假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品充斥市場(chǎng)。對(duì)此，李成指出，近年來(lái)由于鎳價(jià)暴漲而出現(xiàn)的不按國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)的低鎳低鉻高錳的所謂的 “200”系列鋼，抗腐蝕性能很差，在這種鋼的基礎(chǔ)上，又發(fā)生了更為嚴(yán)重的演變，就是現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上被稱(chēng)為 “雙無(wú)鋼 ”的偽劣產(chǎn)品。所謂雙無(wú)就是無(wú)鎳、無(wú)磁， 這種所謂的“雙無(wú) ”鋼根本不具備不生銹和抗腐蝕的性能，它在給用戶(hù)帶來(lái)極大傷害的同時(shí)，為偷工減料的不法生產(chǎn)者和銷(xiāo)售者帶來(lái)牟取暴利的機(jī)會(huì)，問(wèn)題十分嚴(yán)重。另外就是不銹鋼裝飾管中出現(xiàn)的尺寸和厚度不按規(guī)格生產(chǎn)，嚴(yán)重 “縮水 ”，已經(jīng)不具備應(yīng)有剛度的不銹鋼管材，如此種種欺騙用戶(hù)，給不銹鋼的信譽(yù)帶來(lái)了危機(jī)。 當(dāng)前國(guó)家正在建設(shè)的許多重大工程，如北京奧運(yùn)工程和上海世博會(huì)工程等，如果僅僅以壓價(jià)招標(biāo)，也自然會(huì)出現(xiàn)廉價(jià)的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品問(wèn)題。所以，他呼吁社會(huì)上特別是目前工程建設(shè)的開(kāi)發(fā)商，一定要以質(zhì)量為本，避免各種隱患和事故的發(fā) 生，避免由于材料不合格而后患無(wú)窮。我們應(yīng)該以誠(chéng)信對(duì)待用戶(hù)，對(duì)損害不銹鋼名譽(yù)和消費(fèi)者利益的行為建議國(guó)家有關(guān)部門(mén)加大打擊力度。 發(fā)展史： 不銹鋼的發(fā)明是世界冶金史上的一項(xiàng)重大成就。 20 世紀(jì)初，吉耶（ L.B.Guillet）于 1904 年 1906 年和波特萬(wàn)（ A.M.Portevin）于19091911 年在法國(guó)；吉森（ W.Giesen）于 19071909 年在英國(guó)分別發(fā)現(xiàn)了 FeCr 和 FeCr-Ni 合金的耐腐蝕性能。蒙納爾茨（ P.Monnartz）于 1908-1911 年在德國(guó)提出了不銹性和鈍化理論的 許多觀點(diǎn)。 工業(yè)用不銹鋼的發(fā)明者有：布里爾利（ H.Brearly） 19121913 年在英國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)了含 Cr12%13%的馬氏體不銹鋼；丹齊曾（ C.Dantsizen）19111914 年在美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)了含 Cr14%16%， C0.07%0.15%的鐵素體不銹鋼；毛雷爾（ E.Maurer）和施特勞斯（ B.Strauss） 19121914年在德國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)了含 C1%， Cr15%40%， Ni20%的奧氏體不銹鋼。1929 年，施特勞斯（ B.Strauss）取得了低碳 18-8（ Cr-18%， Ni-8%）不銹鋼的專(zhuān)利 權(quán)。 為了