我國機械制造業(yè)管理信息化特點及發(fā)展趨勢外文文獻翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

外文原文： 1. forewords The manufacturing industry specially is the mechanical manufacturing industry is the national economy pillar industry, the modern manufacturing industry is changing peoples production method, the life style, the management management pattern and even societys organizational structure and the culture. As a result of the Chinese latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the world manufacturing industry is shifting to China, China is becoming the world the manufacture great nation. Our country and so on certain products output has occupied the first in the world in the electrical appliances. But in independent aspect and so on intellectual property rights innovation design, advanced manufacture craft and equipment and modern management still had the very big disparity, therefore we make the powerful nation. Does this article only at present manage the question on the machine manufacture enterprise which exists, how using the information technology enhancement management level, the management information characteristic and the technological development tendency does some research, formulates when the information plan for the machine manufacture enterprise refers. 2. machine manufactures enterprise at present manages has the problem The Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry passed through for several dozens years diligently already to have the suitable scale, accumulated the massive technologies and the experience. But along with the world economics integration formation, as a result of the Chinese latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the overseas technology, the fund, the product massively wells up into China, the Chinese enterprise faced with the unprecedented domestic and foreign keen competition aspect. The competition request enterprise product renewal quick, the product quality high, the price low, the delivery is prompt, serves. These market competitions weapons and business management pattern, management, management method, organizational structure, service flow close correlation. However Chinese enterprise and peoples ideology because receives 30-40 year planned economy the influence, the above competition weapon and the developed country compare the existence very big disparity. (1) productive plan control pattern backwardness not yet implements ERP the machine manufacture enterprise nearly 100% to use the wrap plan the way. Namely proposes the earlier period and the production by the product longest production cycle as the constitution product each kind of material purchase proposes the earlier period. Excessively exaggerating proposes the earlier period is creates the stock and the goods in process stockpiles high, the floating capital takes the big basic reason. The productive plan and purchases the plan to come apart, the components complete set level error, cannot punctually deliver. Or with high stockpiles guarantees the date of delivery. Plans MRP from the modern management material demand, punctually produces JIT, the supplier manages storehouse VMI, the synchronized production is far from. (2) the enterprise strain capacity difference today market is fast changing, demand diversification. Assembles MTO according to the order form, makes MTO according to the order form, designs MTD according to the order form, large-scale has custom-made MC. Variety specification many, the production, the purchase exceptionally is complex. From the customer - sale - design - production - purchase - finance - cost, needs a complete supply chain management, can dynamic fast respond the customer demand, adapts the ever changing market and the customer has custom-made request. (3) cost finding, the cost control difference artificial cost accounting generally only cannot calculate the product cost, is unable to calculate the spare part cost. The cost expense shares very thickly, the massive costs data acquisition is artificially gathers together, the data accuracy is very bad, causes cost finding plate out of true. Generally does not carry on the standard cost the computation, also very little carries on the cost analysis, therefore cost control difference. (4) the information disperses, is inferior to when, does not share the manufacture immovable property, for, sells, the person, the wealth, the thing is an organic whole, between them has the massive exchange of information. When artificially manages the information to disperse, to lack the consummation the foundation data, the information disperses, is inferior to, does not share, the tremendous influence management decision-making scientific nature. (5) the branch level -like organizations and agencies but are not face the service flow the flat organization, the general service flow is unreasonable, the service flow management and the control is not standard, is at will big. (6) lacks standardized, standardized, the institution, the formula management, the management fit and unfit quality is different from person to person. Although has formulated a series of procedures document through ISO9000, the execution effect may because of the enterprise and the superintendent but different. (7) manages the tool to be backward, the majority of enterprises still were in the manual disperser management or the microcomputer single item management stage. Some enterprises have also established the entire factory computer network, but applied was still dispersible, has not realized information sharing and the resources optimized disposition. (8) modern management new thought, new method, new technical application difference. For example: Agilely makes AM, hypothesized makes VM, punctually produces JIT, the customer relations manages CRM, supplies the chain to manage SCM, commercial intelligence BI, electronic commerce EC, the enterprise resources plans ERP and so on. 3. raises the mechanical system industry management level with the information technology The above at present manages the question which exists seriously to affect the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive ability. Uses modernized the management thought, the method and the computer network communication, realizes the machine manufacture enterprises management innovation, the system innovation and the technical innovation is suspends in front of each enterprise the urgent duty. Therefore inside and outside the establishment joint factory computer network communications system, the choice advanced, is mature, the suitable business management demand enterprise resources plansERP, the customer relations managesCRM, supplies the chain to manageSCM, commercial intelligenceBI, software systemand so onelectronic commerce EC, through management consultation and service flow reorganization, optimized design enterprises organizations and agencies, management pattern, service flow, application above software system, realization business management information. Overcomes the question which in at present business management exists, raises the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive ability, is the enterprise the inevitably choice which makes facing the knowledge economy and the whole world economic integration. The system construction goal is: (1) completes to cover the entire company the computer network management information system. This system causes the enterprise the production management realization class, the fund class, the information flow and the work flows is highly unified and the parallel operation, and throughIntranet,in the Internet realization enterprise, exterior full information exchange and the enterprise and the outside relation, forms the effective agile supply and demand chain system. (2) uses the advanced productive plan control method. Breaks the wrap plan the way, proposes the earlier period and the production according to each kind of material purchase raises the earlier period establishment material demand plan. Establishes effectively, is nimble the productive plan management system which by the host productive plan, the material demand plan and the workshop work plan three levels of plans is composed, maximum limit reduces the product production cycle, the purchase cycle, the punctual delivery, the fast response customer demand, maximum limit reduces the stock and the cost, raises the post-sale service level. Has the condition the enterprise to carry out punctually producesJIT, the supplier manages storehouseVMI, the synchronized production and so on the advanced management. (3) realizes the entire company foundation data (for example material data, product structure data, product design craft data, productivity data and so on) unifies the production, the unification maintains and unifies the management, for uses after authorized each related department, truly achieves several, data sharing, avoids the redundancy. Furtherstraightens outthe enterprise through the ERP system establishment and the implementation the executive program, achieves the management the institution, the standardization and the scientific style. (4) in view of at present each control section in the information division situation, establishes take the customer as the central dynamic information feedback and the monitoring system, realizes signs, the design, the production, the purchase, the cost accounting end product to each duty from the contract delivers goods the entire process dynamic track, causes each duty to be in under the effective monitoring. (5) strengthens the financial control and the perfect cost accounting function. Truly establishes two levels of cost accounting system, uses the advanced cost accounting method, a more accurate core figures out the spare part cost and the product cost, is the sales quoted price and the financial calculation provides the reliable basis. Carries on the cost analysis, discovers reduces the cost the factor, effectively reduces the cost. (6) uses the computer to strengthen the quality data the statistical analysis. The full use quality examination data, the use many kinds of analysis method, carries on the thorough statistics and the analysis. Powerfully supervises and raises the quality level. (7) through the computer realization enterprises information management, liberates the general administrative personnel from the tedious manual labor, enable them to have the opportunity to study the management theory and the enhancement management skill, from essentially raises the business management personnels management level. 4. Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management characteristic The mechanical manufacturing industry has the general character with other manufacturing industries management also to have the individuality； Mechanical manufacturing industry itself along with production type, production batch, production organization way different its management existence difference； Chinas manufacturing industry and the developed country compare, because the enterprise culture, the law, the system different also have its particularity. Under performs on these characteristics to elaborate: (1) the mechanical manufacturing industry is the typical separate manufacturing industry, its management software basis enterprises production type, the production batch, the production organization way is different, needs the different solution. The next chart lists the production type division: These manufacture types characteristics: The separate manufacture - different material passes through the non- continual migration, through the different way, produces the different material and the product. If automobile, engine bed, airplane, computer, electrical appliances and so on. The flow industry - material after the mix, the separation, takes shape or the chemical reaction, the material mostly continuously through the same way, produces the valuable product. It divides into the continuous production, the volume production and the mix makes several kind of types. Requests the formula management, the wastage, the payment proportional to production in the management, the many kinds of measuring unit, the identical goods many quality rank, the batch number track, guarantees characteristic and so on nature time, generally uses specialized flow industry software. The piecework - product according to the order form design, according to the customer demand production, the product is very complex. The product production cycle all very is generally long. Sometimes a contract many times delivers according to the part. If three big power plants (big electrical machinery, steam turbine, boiler) heavy duty machinery, shipbuilding and so on. The production organization according to the craft division, the equipment is general. In the production management besides applies the multi- varieties small volume production the entire wrap method, must increase the network plan (project management), essential resources arrangement. HereCRMcertainly is unimportant. The multi- varieties small volume production - product is standard or selects and matches. The demand may be the forecast, or according to order form production, according to order form assembly. The production organization according to a craft characteristic minute workshop, the construction section, the teams and groups, like casts, hammers, the riveting, welds, the vehicle, the mill, digs, rubs, the assembly and so on. The productive plan characteristic is typicalMRPIIadds the disposition control. They also needCRM,SCMand so on. The mass production - product is the standard or minority selects and matches. The demand mainly depends on the forecast, also considers the order form. The production equipment is take the material (components, part) as the object composes a strip running water production line. The productive plan characteristic is traditionalMRPIIandthe JITmix manufacture, center the long-term plan and the volume production components use the material demand to planMRP, the execution plan useJIT, looked the board (electron looks at board), plan and so on recoil stock, bar code material track.CRM, the electronic commerce very is important. Large-scale has custom-made - satisfies the multi- varieties small volume production the different customer individuality demand and the mass production enhances the productivity, reduces the cost the superiority to unify. The production organization was still an assembly line, but the product disposition is many and varied. It needs to unify synthesis application and so on the MRP,JIT,dispositioncontrol in the productive plan control aspect. Is the first two kind of mixes manufacture pattern. Therefore, the enterprise produces the type to be different, when choosesERPsoftw are must seek according to these different management characteristics meets the enterprise need software. You are yearly produce10ten thousand automobiles the production factories, in software do not haveJITI to look is inappropriate. You are a heavy machine shop, in his product does not have the project management, Guan Zhujian the quality follow-up, I looked is not good. Moreover, the different business management with emphasis also 不盡相同 , some enterprises sell extremely complex, but produces simply. Some purchases and the production manufacture are extremely complex, but a year only has several contracts, the sales management is certainly unimportant. Therefore, certainly wants dialectical Shi Zhi, to act appropriately to the situation. (2) as a result of the East and West culture difference, causes us to have reto carefully examine the western ERPsystemin Chinas application question. West take law as center of gravity management pattern, therefore the westernERPsystem is acts according to take the law as the heavy enterprise culture, governments policy law, the rules and regulations, the tax policy, the design development； Compared with the heavy time progress, the heavy plan, guaranteed the date of delivery is a goal, to the intervalometer dividees into the master line, to the standard changes into the foundation, emphasized the correct material will deliver the correct place in the correct time according to the correct quantity. The software function and the logic tally in the country governments policy law, the rules and regulations, the tax policy. The people strictly observe the contract, the heavy plan, defends the discipline. Must say that,ERPhas solved the developed country manufacture enterprises integrated management problem well. East take sentiment as special characteristic management philosophy, this kind of management because stresses to persons function and the value realization, actually neglects the system effect and the rule management, thus displays relates the aspect rational spirit at the emphasis human affairs to display fully, but in the emphasis duty and the regular aspect, the rational spirit displays is not full. Therefore, the laws and regulations system is lax, the human affairs relate excessively much, the rational spirit are insufficient, is precisely the Chinese type management flaw and the deficiency. It in the management performance, is comparatively considers the consequence. So-called the host the spirit, the denial is the superintendent or by the superintendent, all pays great attention to the oneself behavior the standard of value, they pledged again, light contract； Heavy dispatch, light plan； Heavy emotion, light system； Is at will strong, being punctual difference. Therefore westernERPmust pay great attention to in Chinas application to persons values management. Therefore the establishment responsibility right unifies, comprehensively carries on the enterprise achievements management is extremely essential. (3)the ERPthis modern manufacturing industry management tool, it has its social attribute and the natural attribute two aspects. Speaking of its natural attribute, Chinese and foreign enterprise not wide difference. They all pursue maximum limit reduce the production manufacture cycle, reduces the cost, reduces the stock, punctual delivery, fast response customer demand. Thereforethe ERPuniversal principle is the Chinese and foreign suitable. But speaking of its social attribute, business management national policy law, rules and regulations, tax policy, market environment influence. ThereforeERPcertainly must consider the national condition. For example,inERP financial software, it must conform to accountant which the Chinese Ministry of Finance promulgates the criterion and accountant the computerization request. Also must process the triangle debt in the present stage； Rubs the account by thing Yi Wu processing； Retains the plan price in the cost accounting gradually to switch through, the difference shares method； Also has the finance to be supposed to collect debts, but also must record the sale to be supposed to collect debts； Dual man-hour of fixed quantity and so on. (4) the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management is most complex. Mechanical manufacturing industry because material variety specification many, produces not continuously, production manufacture process complex, therefore the mechanical manufacturing industry management is more complex than other manufacturing industries. Moreover, the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry and the overseas developed country compared still was large and complete, small and the entire production organization pattern, the specialized division of labor has not liked overseas such to be thin, the Chinese enterprise interior management relatively overseas had to be complex, therefore the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management was most complex. 5.weapons weapons manufacturing industry management information development tendency Along with whole world economic integration advancement speeding up, the new management pattern and the management unceasingly emerge, the computer and the network communication high speed development, specially the Internet seeps to world each quoin. Plans the ERP system as the machine manufacture business management informationimportant tool -enterpriseresources, is having the profound change and the development. Under we from the management thought, the system performance and the software development platform three aspects narrate its development tendency. (1) manages the thought the development 1.under the network system support, the newERPsystem will lead this kind of kind of boundary to the world: The consumer or the customer through the internet in the electronic market understanding product performance, the price, issue the order form through the electronic commerce for the production merchant； The producer issuesthe materialpurchase and the production manufacture instruction through the ERP system, completes the material purchase, payment through the electronic commerce； After the production manufacture, finally on time delivers the commodity the user, on-line completes the transaction and the settlement. It causes the supplier, the producer, to retail business, the customer, through supplies the chain close integration, material uninterrupted flowing, achieved the reduced stock, maximum limit reduces the cost of operation, the fast response customer demand, sharpens the enterprise market competition ability and the economic efficiency. Therefore will supply the chain to manageSCM, electronic commerceECwill be essential. 2.because the market competition intensifies, the manufacturer had as the centerchangestake the customer asthe centerthe managementstrategy from the pasttake the product . The customer relations managesCRMit to provide the omni-directional customer angle of view for the enterprise, entrusts with the enterprise to be more perfect and the customer exchange ability, is one maximized customer income rate method. It in the full understanding customer special demand foundation, carries ona pair onethe individuality service, enhances the customer to enterprises degree of satisfaction and the loyalty, causes the enterprise to have the competitive advantage. Its goal lies in establishes a system, causes the enterprise in the customer service, the market competition, the sale and the support aspect forms each other coordination the brand-new relations.CRMnot only is the technology, also is one kind of new management philosophy and the mechanism. 3.supports agile manufactures and hypothesized manufacture. The agile manufacture is enable the enterprise to have the remarkable auto-adapted ability, occupies the competition dominant position in the changeable environment the overall strategy. Its realization technical method includes in the management management category: Punctually producesJIT, excellent producesLP, parallel projectCE, the service flow makes BPRagain, hypothesized makesVMand so on. Through the fast modelling tool and the reference model storehouse, speed up the process which the service flow makes again. Uses based on the browser/service system structure and the soft component technology, through the standard hypothesized special-purpose networkVPNtechnology, definitely may construct the hypothesized manufacture the environment, supports the hypothesized enterprise and the hypothesized manufacture management demand. 4.enterprises achievements manageEPM(Enterprise Performance Management).The EPMbasis enterprises strategic target and the management goal, establish each department the goal, and layer upon layer decomposes these goals into each staffs goal, gathersitsexecution situation through the ERP system, and carries on the comparison with the assignment goal, determines staffs reward and the reward. And to the entire company, the department and staffs achievements carries on the analysis.EPMincluding plan, management and analysis entire process. Establishes the perfect drive mechanism, facilitates the corporate goal the realization, enhances the enterprise the achievements. 5.ERPmust walk the specialized path. In view of the fact that the different profession has a bigger difference in the management detail, needs to aim at the different profession characteristic, the operation mechanism, establishes the corresponding service flow, builds the corresponding organizational structure and the design corresponding software overhead construction realizes. Cannot count on is suitable all professions with an general solution, specially when involves to the production, sales, the purchase and the cost such enterprise service detail, must have a dedicated Yu profession the plan to be able the effective addressing different application environment information question. Moreover the specializedERPsoftware product its development cycle short, turns to a new generation quickly, the implementation is easy, the cost is low and so on the characteristic. (2) system performance request 1.in order to adapt the organizational structure and the service flow which unceasingly changes,the ERPsystem needs to develop the commercial process management (Business Process Management) and the work flows the management, supports the service flow reorganization and the enterprise dynamic modelling. In view of enterprises different demand, the realization merit prefers to cut out, the system may dispose, the flow may again construct, the process may manage. 2.in order to cause the general suppliers, the customer, the partner, the general staffs to enter the application system,the ERPsystem must provide to in foreign may the integration and the flexibility. Wants andCIMS, OA,the multi-layered storehouse,the bar code to in ERP system, system close integration and so on data mining. Foreign with supplier, customer, partner isomerism system integration, fully realizes information sharing； The support migration work and wireless turns on. 3.supports groups corporate business. Supports the multi- companies, the multi- organization, cross region commercial operation pattern. (3) software development platform request In order to realize the above management function and the system performance request below,the ERPsoftware development platform must use the technology:1. based on browser/server multilayered system structure. In order to cause the user at any place, any time service data to become possibly, greatly develops the customer scope, expands the customer to the entireInternetnetwork in, usesJ2EEorNETdevelops the platform, the realization customer end browser level,the Weblevel, the service logic level and the database level multilayered system structure is extremely essential. In order to realize between the module to exchange, mutually to operate, manages the component building with the cross environment deployment and the management, all needs the middleware the strut. 2.enablethe ERPsystem to have the good probability, may the integration, be mutually operational, must use conforms to the industry standard development language, the development kit, the correspondence agreement and the database system. Causes the application software truly to achieve is independent to the operating system (NT,UNIX,Linux), is independent to the database (ORACLE,SQL SERVER,Sybase,DB2) also is naturally independent to the hardware platform. 3.realizations systems have been possible to dispose, the flow may again construct, the software development must use the soft component technology. 4.supports the distributional application system. The new generation of management software system is ultra large-scale, also may according to need to cut 裁成 the middle and small scale application system. It no longer will be concentrates in the identical local area network winds on the server the system, therefore will support the distributional application and the distributional database is the future manages software a characteristic. In summary, the machine manufacture enterprise is the management extremely complex enterprise, at present manages has many problems, is extremely disadvantageous to the intense market competition environment. Using the information technology realization management innovation, the system innovation and the technical innovation, raise the management level is undeniable. The article narrated the machine manufacture business management information characteristic, from the management thought,the ERPsystem performance request and the software development platform three aspects discussed the technological development tendency. Developssoftwareand the machine manufacture enterprise for the ERP software supplier formulates time the information plan refers. Integration of machinery network Our country mechanical manufacturing industry management information characteristic and a development tendency article by the polymerization halllw.JuHeTcollection and collation, the copyright belongs to the author all,the reprint please give the source 我國機械制造業(yè)管理信息化特點及發(fā)展趨勢 北京機械工業(yè)自動化研究所首席顧問 蔣明煒 1前言 制造業(yè)特別是機械制造業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在改變著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式、經(jīng)營管理模式乃至社會的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和文化。由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的 勞動力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國轉(zhuǎn)移，中國正在成為世界的制造大國。我國在家電等若干產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計、先進制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我們還不是制造強國。本文僅就機械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在的問題、如何利用信息技術(shù)提高管理水平、管理信息化的特點和技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢作一些研究，供機械制造企業(yè)制定信息化方案時參考。 2機械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在問題 中國機械制造業(yè)經(jīng)過幾十年的努力已經(jīng)具有相當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模，積累了大量的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗。但是隨著世界經(jīng)濟一體化的形成 ，由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的勞動力資源，國外的技術(shù)、資金、產(chǎn)品大量涌入中國，中國企業(yè)面臨前所未有的國內(nèi)外激烈的競爭局面。競爭要求企業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高、價格低、交貨及時、服務(wù)好。這些市場競爭的武器與企業(yè)管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、業(yè)務(wù)流程密切相關(guān)。然而中國企業(yè)及人們的思想意識由于受到 30-40 年計劃經(jīng)濟的影響，上述競爭武器與發(fā)達國家相比存在很大差距。 （ 1）生產(chǎn)計劃控制的模式落后 尚未實施 ERP 的機械制造企業(yè)幾乎 100%采用臺套計劃的方式。即以產(chǎn)品最長生產(chǎn)周期作為構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品各種物 料的采購提前期和生產(chǎn)提前期。過分夸大的提前期是造成庫存和在制品儲備高，流動資金占用大的根本原因。生產(chǎn)計劃與采購計劃脫節(jié)，零件成套水平差，不能準時交貨?；蛘哂酶邇鋪肀＝回浧凇＞嚯x現(xiàn)代管理方法物料需求計劃 MRP、準時生產(chǎn) JIT、供應(yīng)商管庫房 VMI、同步生產(chǎn)相差甚遠。 （ 2）企業(yè)應(yīng)變能力差 今天的市場瞬息萬變，需求多樣化。按訂單裝配 MTO，按訂單制造 MTO，按訂單設(shè)計 MTD，大規(guī)模定制MC。品種規(guī)格繁多，生產(chǎn)、采購異常復(fù)雜。從客戶 銷售 設(shè)計 生產(chǎn) 采購 財務(wù) 成本，需要一個完整的供應(yīng)鏈管理，才能動態(tài)快速地 響應(yīng)客戶需求，適應(yīng)千變?nèi)f化市場和客戶定制化的要求。 （ 3）成本計算不準確，成本控制差 人工成本核算一般只能計算產(chǎn)品成本，無法計算零部件成本。成本費用分攤很粗，大量成本數(shù)據(jù)采集是人工歸集的，數(shù)據(jù)準確性很差，使得成本計算不準確。一般不進行標(biāo)準成本的計算，也很少進行成本分析，因此成本控制差。 （ 4）信息分散、不及時、不準確、不共享 制造業(yè)產(chǎn)、供、銷、人、財、物是一個有機的整體，他們之間存在大量信息交換。然而人工管理信息分散、缺乏完善的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，信息分散、不及時、不準確、不共享、大大影響管理決策的科學(xué)性。 （ 5）科層式的組織機構(gòu)而不是面向業(yè)務(wù)流程的扁平化的組織，一般業(yè)務(wù)流程不合理，業(yè)務(wù)流程的管理和控制不規(guī)范，隨意性大。 （ 6）缺乏標(biāo)準化、規(guī)范化、制度化、程式化的管理，管理的優(yōu)劣因人而異。盡管通過 ISO9000 制定了一系列的程序文件，執(zhí)行的效果可因企業(yè)和管理者而異。 （ 7）管理工具落后，大部分企業(yè)仍處于手工分散管理或微機單項管理的階段。有的企業(yè)也建立了全廠的計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)，但應(yīng)用仍是分散的，沒有實現(xiàn)信息的共享和資源的優(yōu)化配置。 （ 8）現(xiàn)代化管理的新思想、新方法、新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用差。例如：敏捷制造 AM、虛擬制造 VM、準時生產(chǎn) JIT、客戶關(guān)系管理 CRM、供應(yīng)鏈管理 SCM、商業(yè)智能 BI、電子商務(wù) EC、企業(yè)資源計劃 ERP 等。 3用信息技術(shù)提高機械制業(yè)管理水平 上述目前管理中存在的問題嚴重地影響著企業(yè)管理水平、管理效率和企業(yè)的競爭能力。采用現(xiàn)代化的管理思想、方法和計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)機械制造企業(yè)的管理創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是擺在每個企業(yè)面前刻不容緩任務(wù)。所以建立聯(lián)接廠內(nèi)外的計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信系統(tǒng)，選擇先進、成熟、適合企業(yè)管理需求的企業(yè)資源計劃 ERP、客戶關(guān)系管理 CRM、供應(yīng)鏈管理 SCM、商業(yè)智能 BI、電子商務(wù) EC 等 軟件系統(tǒng)，通過管理咨詢和業(yè)務(wù)流程重組，優(yōu)化設(shè)計企業(yè)的組織機構(gòu)、管理模式、業(yè)務(wù)流程，應(yīng)用上述軟件系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)企業(yè)管理的信息化。以克服目前企業(yè)管理中存在的問題，提高企業(yè)管理水平、管理效率和企業(yè)的競爭能力，是企業(yè)面對知識經(jīng)濟和全球經(jīng)濟一體化做出的必然選擇。系統(tǒng)建設(shè)的目標(biāo)是： （ 1）建成一個覆蓋全公司的計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的管理信息系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營實現(xiàn)物流、資金流、信息流和工作流的高度統(tǒng)一與并行運作，并通過 Intranet、 Internet 實現(xiàn)企業(yè)內(nèi)、外部充分的信息交流及企業(yè)與外界的聯(lián)系，形成有效的敏捷供需鏈 系統(tǒng)。 （ 2） 采用先進的生產(chǎn)計劃控制方法。打破臺套計劃的方式，按各種物料的采購提前期和生產(chǎn)提前期編制物料需求計劃。建立一個有效、靈活的由主生產(chǎn)計劃、物料需求計劃和車間作業(yè)計劃的三級計劃所組成的生產(chǎn)計劃管理體系，最大限度的縮短產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期、采購周期、準時交貨，快速響應(yīng)客戶需求，最大限度的降低庫存和成本，提高售后服務(wù)水平。有條件的企業(yè)推行準時生產(chǎn) JIT、供應(yīng)商管庫房 VMI、同步生產(chǎn)等先進管理方法。 （ 3）實現(xiàn)全公司基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)（如物料數(shù)據(jù)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計工藝數(shù)據(jù)、生產(chǎn)能力數(shù)據(jù)等）統(tǒng)一生成、統(tǒng)一維護和統(tǒng) 一管理，供經(jīng)授權(quán)的各相關(guān)部門使用，真正做到數(shù)出一家、數(shù)據(jù)共享，避免冗余。通過 ERP系統(tǒng)的建立和實施進一步理順企業(yè)的管理程序，做到管理的制度化、規(guī)范化和科學(xué)化。 （ 4）針對目前各管理部門中信息分割的情況，建立以客戶為中心的動態(tài)信息反饋和監(jiān)控體系，實現(xiàn)對每項任務(wù)從合同簽訂、設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)、采購、成本核算到成品發(fā)貨全過程的動態(tài)跟蹤，使每項任務(wù)處于有效的監(jiān)控之下。 （ 5）加強財務(wù)管理和健全成本核算功能。真正建立起二級成本核算體系，采用先進的成本核算方法，較為準確地核算出零部件成本和產(chǎn)品成本，為銷售報價和財務(wù)核算提供 可靠依據(jù)。進行成本分析，找出降低成本的因素，有效降低成本。 （ 6）使用計算機加強質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析。充分利用質(zhì)量檢測數(shù)據(jù)，利用多種分析方法，進行深入的統(tǒng)計和分析。有力地監(jiān)督和提高質(zhì)量水平。 （ 7）通過計算機實現(xiàn)企業(yè)的信息化管理，將廣大管理人員從繁瑣的手工勞動中解放出來，使他們有機會學(xué)習(xí)管理理論和提高管理技能，從本質(zhì)上提高企業(yè)管理人員的管理水平。 4中國機械制造業(yè)管理的特點 機械制造業(yè)與其它制造業(yè)的管理具有共性也有個性；機械制造業(yè)本身隨著生產(chǎn)類型，生產(chǎn)批量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同其管理方法存在差異；中國的 制造業(yè)與發(fā)達國家相比，由于企業(yè)文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。下面就這些特點加以論述： （ 1）機械制造業(yè)是典型的離散制造業(yè)，其管理軟件根據(jù)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類型，生產(chǎn)批量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同，需要不同的解決方案。下圖列出生產(chǎn)類型的劃分： 這些制造類型的特征： 離散制造 不同的物料經(jīng)過非連續(xù)的移動，通過不同路徑，生產(chǎn)出不同的物料和產(chǎn)品。如汽車、機床、飛機、計算機、家電等。 流程工業(yè) 物料經(jīng)過混合、分離、成型或者化學(xué)反應(yīng)，物料大多連續(xù)地通過相同路徑，生產(chǎn)出有價值的產(chǎn)品。它又分為連續(xù)生產(chǎn)、批量生產(chǎn)和混合制造 幾種類型。在管理上要求配方管理、副產(chǎn)品、聯(lián)產(chǎn)品、多種計量單位，同一物品多個質(zhì)量等級、批號跟蹤、保質(zhì)期等特點，一般用專業(yè)流程工業(yè)軟件。 單件生產(chǎn) 產(chǎn)品按訂單設(shè)計、按客戶需求生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)品很復(fù)雜。產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)周期一般都很長。有時一個合同按部件多次交貨。如三大動力廠（大電機、汽輪機、鍋爐）重型機械、造船等。生產(chǎn)組織按工藝劃分，設(shè)備是通用的。生產(chǎn)管理中除應(yīng)用多品種小批量生產(chǎn)的整套方法外，需增加網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃（項目管理），關(guān)鍵資源排序。這里 CRM 就并不重要。 多品種小批量生產(chǎn) 產(chǎn)品是標(biāo)準的或選配的。需求可以是預(yù)測，或按訂單 生產(chǎn)，按訂單裝配。生產(chǎn)組織按工藝特征分車間、工段、班組，如鑄、鍛、鉚、焊、車、銑、刨、磨、裝配等。生產(chǎn)計劃的特征是典型的 MRPII 加配置控制。他們也需要 CRM， SCM 等。 大批量生產(chǎn) 產(chǎn)品是標(biāo)準或少數(shù)選配。需求主要靠預(yù)測，也考慮訂單。生產(chǎn)設(shè)備是以物料（零件、部件）為對象組成一條條流水生產(chǎn)線。生產(chǎn)計劃的特征是將傳統(tǒng) MRPII 與 JIT 混合制造，中長期計劃和批量生產(chǎn)的零件采用物料需求計劃 MRP，執(zhí)行計劃采用 JIT、看板（電子看板）、反沖庫存、條碼物料跟蹤等計劃。CRM，電子商務(wù)就很重要。 大規(guī)模定制 將多 品種小批量生產(chǎn)以滿足不同客戶個性需求和大批量生產(chǎn)提高生產(chǎn)率，降低成本的優(yōu)勢相結(jié)合。生產(chǎn)組織仍是流水線，但產(chǎn)品配置是多種多樣。在生產(chǎn)計劃控制方面它需要結(jié)合 MRP、 JIT、配置控制等綜合應(yīng)用。是前兩種的混合制造模式。 所以，企業(yè)生產(chǎn)類型不同，