修辭學(xué)論文.doc

姓名：周春雨學(xué)號：20063960班級：英語0603班就希特勒入侵蘇聯(lián)而發(fā)表的演說修辭賞析本文是英國前首相丘吉爾在德國人入侵蘇聯(lián)后發(fā)表的廣播演講，號召英國人民摒棄前嫌，團(tuán)結(jié)一切可以團(tuán)結(jié)的力量，共同抗擊法西斯。在演講中，丘吉爾使用了大量的排比句式，同時還有發(fā)文等修辭手段，時演講富有感染力，號召力。本文將會從不同的修辭手法出發(fā)，對本文進(jìn)行一個系統(tǒng)的修辭分析，以求盡己所能對文章加以分析研究使大家對本文有更加深刻的認(rèn)識。Parallelism：（排比）In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallelism in sentence construction improves writing style and readability. Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction. In English, parallelism of the predicate provides for one of the few structural situations in which the subject for each verb does not need restatement. 排比是一種修辭手法，利用 三個或三個以上意義相關(guān)或相近，結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似和語氣相同的詞組（主謂/動賓）或句子并排，達(dá)到一種加強(qiáng)語勢的效果。它可使文章的節(jié)奏感加強(qiáng)，條理性更好，更利于表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情。在本文中，丘吉爾運(yùn)用了大量的排比句式來支撐他的觀點(diǎn)，這些排比句式使內(nèi)容集中，增強(qiáng)氣勢；敘事透辟，條分縷析；節(jié)奏鮮明，長于抒情。In this text, the sentences as follows are all parallelism structure:1. The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.2.I see,.I see.I see3.the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.4.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air5.Any man or state. Any man or state.6.Let us. Let us在這一部分中，丘吉爾使用的排比句式有很大的不同，部分選用句子排比，部分選用詞語排比，部分選用了短語上的排比，通過使用這一系列的排比句式，可以說在語言感染力的表達(dá)上遠(yuǎn)勝于了空洞的說教和吟唱！此外，在他的演講中，這種形式的排比句式屢見不鮮，但是卻讓人讀起來瑯瑯上口，層次選用較為分明，并不是毫不邏輯的生拉硬套。Repetition:（重復(fù)） Repetition is just the simple repetition of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words. This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech. 重復(fù)是一種修辭手法表示不止一次的使用某一詞語或短語，以及用不同的詞語表達(dá)著同樣的意思。使用重復(fù)的修辭方法主要目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)，通過使用重復(fù)，讀者可以對作者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分有更加清楚的認(rèn)識，以及得到視覺和感覺上的享受。在本文中，丘吉爾有如下句子使用了重復(fù)的手法：1.We have but one aim and one single purpose在本句中，one aim和one single purpose是表達(dá)的同一種意思，是說明整個社會都抱有同樣的目的那就是要決心消滅希特勒及納粹政權(quán)的一切痕跡。通過使用不同的詞語來表達(dá)同樣的意思，使讀者更加明確了丘吉爾演講中所要表達(dá)的目的。2.nothing will turn us-nothing3.We will never parley, we will never negotiate.4.This is our policy and this is our declaration5.as we shall faithfully and steadfastly以下句子也都是通過這種使用不同詞語卻表達(dá)相同意思的重復(fù)手段來強(qiáng)調(diào)了某一問題的實(shí)質(zhì)，都在某種程度上使讀者對文章所要表達(dá)的主旨有了更加深刻的理解。而這種重復(fù)的手段，也在一定程度上讓大家在閱讀的時候產(chǎn)生了輕快明朗的感覺。Metaphor:（暗喻） a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblancebetween two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. 暗喻是本體和喻體同時出現(xiàn)，它們之間在形式上是相合的關(guān)系，說甲（本體）是（喻詞）乙（喻體）。喻詞常由：是、就是、成了、成為、變成等表判斷的詞語來充當(dāng)。暗喻又叫隱喻。1.They will be rounded up in hordes. 他們將會大批地被包圍2.I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold.我眼前看到的是俄國的士兵昂然挺立于自己的國土3.Means of existence is wrung from the soil. 那兒的人們雖然要靠在土地上辛勤耕作才能勉強(qiáng)維持生計，卻依然能夠享受到天倫之樂，那兒的姑娘在歡笑，兒童在嬉戲4.cataract of horrors慘絕人寰的滔天罪行5.rid the earth of his shadow.liberate people from his yoke將他的魔影從地球上消除，將納粹統(tǒng)治下的人民從他所設(shè)的枷鎖中解放出來6.The scene will be clear for the final act. 可以騰出場地來演出最后的一幕將整個西半球置于他的控制和統(tǒng)治之下Rhyme: ( 押韻) A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs.押韻修辭是中最重要、運(yùn)用最多的修辭手段,押韻使得文章節(jié)奏鮮明、抑揚(yáng)頓挫、格調(diào)優(yōu)美、容易記憶,從而達(dá)到使讀者過目不忘的效果.押韻使文章句式達(dá)到了形式與內(nèi)涵、視覺美與聽覺美的統(tǒng)一,增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力.對于押韻可采取直譯、四字格、彌補(bǔ)、套譯的翻譯方法.在本文中使用了一系列的押尾韻。1. with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies2. with its clanking , heel-clicking3. cowing and tying .plodding on like crawling locusts, .smarting from many a British whipping.Alliteration:（頭韻）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.頭韻是英語語音修辭手段之一,它蘊(yùn)含了語言的音樂美和整齊美,使得語言聲情交融、音義一體,具有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力和感染力.1.dull, drilled, docile.2.for his hearth and home3.with its clanking, heel-clicking.與押尾韻一樣，本文中使用的頭韻也是起到了渲染氣氛的作用，同時主要是加強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。Simile：（明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 明喻是常用as或like等詞將具有某種共同特征的兩種不同事物連接起來的一種修辭手法。明喻的表達(dá)方法是：A像B。使用明喻可以對事物的特征進(jìn)行描繪和渲染，使事物生動、具體、給人以鮮明深刻的印象。另外，比喻可以用淺顯常見的現(xiàn)象對深奧的道理假意說明。幫助人深入理解。1. the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarmof crawling locusts在本句中把德國士兵比喻成一群蝗蟲般地向前蠕動。Allusion: (典故) Allusion is a brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or ficticious, or to a work of art. Casual reference to a famous historical or literary figure or event.An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion. 1. to bow down in the House of Rimmon: 為了附和別人而做出違心之事；為了順應(yīng)社會習(xí)俗而違背自己的原則源自圣經(jīng)。rimmon為古巴比侖的風(fēng)暴之神Litotes: (雙重否定) Afigure of speech, conscious understatement in which emphasis is achieved by negation. 雙重否定句除了有加強(qiáng)肯定語氣的作用外,還有兩個語用功能:強(qiáng)調(diào)否定和委婉肯定1. No one has been a more consistent consistent opponent of Communism than I have for the last twenty - five yearsRhetorical question: (修辭性問句) A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply. Rhetorical questions encourage the listener to reflect on what the implied answer to the question must be. 它用疑問形式表示肯定或否定意義的句式。1.but can you doubt what our policy will be?綜上所述，本文使用的大量修辭手法均增強(qiáng)了文章的節(jié)奏感和感染力。使讀者得到了聽覺上的享受，同時也證明出了演講大師丘吉爾的出色演講天賦。一篇好的演講稿所期望達(dá)到的效果在我認(rèn)為就是要引起共鳴，而本篇演講詞正是達(dá)到了次目的，實(shí)為演講稿之佳作。注：本文部分修辭的定義均來自于維基百科, 由于個人能力有限，不詳盡之處還望老師見諒，學(xué)生定將繼續(xù)努力！Campaign SpeechMy respectful leaders and dear friends,First I will make a brief introduction, I am Zhou Chunyu from class three, and I have been the monitor of class for three years. During this three years, I have gained my experience for how to be a so-called good leader or a serverant.While its my great honor to stand on this stage to speak out my strong desire. I have been my slaver all the time and I have served for myself for my existed years. But now I want to do the same to all of you.Maybe my dear audiences will say “I am a big talker”, but from what I have done, you will know I am an honest as well as modest girl and I will be responsible to my words;Maybe my dear audiences will say “I am a timid girl ”, but from what I have experienced, you will know I am a brave as well as loyal girl and I will be responsible to all my supporters.If I will become the right guy, I will do everything I can to make our students union work better; If I will become the chosen guy, I will improve my characters and serve for our students union in my whole heart; If I will become the excellent guy, I will truly be the bridge to exchange the words between the teachers and the students.Please give your since