報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語).doc

新聞導(dǎo)語(news lead)是新聞報(bào)道開頭的第一段文字，也是新聞報(bào)道全文最重要的部分。它以最簡練的語言把新聞報(bào)道中最重要、最精彩的內(nèi)容完整地呈現(xiàn)出來，使讀者讀完導(dǎo)語之后就能獲悉新聞報(bào)道的主要內(nèi)容。新聞報(bào)道的導(dǎo)語一般具有六個要素，俗稱5個W和一個H：Who，What, Where, When, Why和How。一、新聞導(dǎo)語的分類目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)界對英語導(dǎo)語的分類還沒有一個統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所分類別也五花八門，多少不一。但是有的分類過細(xì)，有的分類過于繁瑣，各種分類之間還有重疊交叉之處，所以一般我們把英語新聞導(dǎo)語分為兩類：直接式導(dǎo)語（Direct lead）和延緩式導(dǎo)語(Delayed lead)。A direct lead tells readers the most important aspect of the story (the five Ws) in a direct and straightforward way, and is often used in “hard news”.A delayed lead attracts readers by hinting the content of the story. It is usually found in news features and other “soft stories” that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event.A delayed lead usually sets a scene or evokes a mood with an incident, anecdote, or example.直接式導(dǎo)語要求記者在導(dǎo)語中把最重要的新聞事實(shí)直截了當(dāng)、簡潔明快地告訴讀者，這種導(dǎo)語主要用于時效性極強(qiáng)的硬新聞（hard news）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語，要求記者有高超的駕馭語言文字的能力，能夠?qū)懗隹勺x性強(qiáng)、引人入勝的報(bào)道，這種導(dǎo)語主要用于解釋性報(bào)道、新聞特寫、新聞評論等軟新聞（Soft news）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語按照寫作方法可以分為：描述式導(dǎo)語、對比式導(dǎo)語、引語式導(dǎo)語、提問式導(dǎo)語、多成分式導(dǎo)語、直呼式導(dǎo)語、空洞式導(dǎo)語、華爾街日報(bào)式, 懸念式導(dǎo)語。二、新聞導(dǎo)語的特點(diǎn)The lead should be brief yet catchy, giving the reader an instant sense of what the article is about and making him or her want to read more. In a soft news story , however , the lead should present the subject of the story by allusion (暗示;引喻) . This type of opening is somewhat literary. Like a novelist, the role of the writer is to grab the attention of the reader.新聞導(dǎo)語是新聞的“導(dǎo)讀之語”，是整個新聞報(bào)道的核心，是新聞報(bào)道內(nèi)容的高度濃縮與概括。所以，一條好的新聞導(dǎo)語有如下幾個特點(diǎn)：1. 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、信息量大。新聞導(dǎo)語是用最簡潔的語言把報(bào)道中最重要的事件概括出來，在導(dǎo)語中記者盡可能用最少的詞語，表達(dá)最多的內(nèi)容，用一兩句話說清楚導(dǎo)語的全部的或幾個基本要素。2. 簡明扼要、敘述清楚。導(dǎo)語是新聞內(nèi)容的概括和濃縮。英語導(dǎo)語通常只用一句話說清楚新聞報(bào)道中的主要事實(shí)和結(jié)果。3. 內(nèi)容充實(shí)、生動形象。新聞導(dǎo)語精煉簡潔地概括了新聞主要事實(shí)，所以不能寫得空洞無物，也不能過于詳細(xì)，所以語言要詳略得當(dāng)，言之有物。4. 充滿活力、引人入勝。新聞導(dǎo)語要能對讀者產(chǎn)生一種吸引力，讓讀者有一種欲罷不能的感覺。所以，好的新聞導(dǎo)語不僅具有高度的概括性和濃縮性，還要語言形象生動，充滿活力，多用動態(tài)動詞。三、 實(shí)例分析 下面我們用實(shí)例來說明每一種導(dǎo)語。1.直接式導(dǎo)語（Direct lead）直接式導(dǎo)語也稱作概括性導(dǎo)語（Summary lead），是新聞報(bào)道寫作中最常用的、最普遍的一種形式， 尤其適用于“倒金字塔”結(jié)構(gòu)的硬消息。其特點(diǎn)就是在第一段寫出導(dǎo)語的六個要素，即：5個W和一個H。當(dāng)然，在導(dǎo)語中有的記者回答全部六個問題，有的只回答其中的部分問題。 For instance: (1) Israel launched a major ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on Saturday night, moving in tanks, infantry (步兵) and artillery (炮兵) units after eight days of relentless air attacks failed to halt Hamas rocket fire (火箭炮) from the narrow coastal territory.在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者回答了全部的6個問題。Who： IsraelWhat: launched a major ground invasionWhen: on Saturday nightWhere: the Gaza StripWhy: to halt Hamas rocket fireHow: moving in tanks, infantry and artillery units(2) At least 1,000 rioters clashed with the police on Sunday in a regional capital in western China after days of rising tensions between Muslim Uyghurs and Han Chinese, according to witnesses and photographs of the riot.在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者只回答了5個問題。Who： at least 1,000 riotersWhat: clashed with the policeWhen: on SundayWhere: in a regional capital in western ChinaWhy: rising tensions between Muslim Uighurs and Han Chinese2描述式導(dǎo)語 (Descriptive lead) 描述式導(dǎo)語指報(bào)道的第一段描寫與新聞事件有關(guān)的某個細(xì)節(jié)，制造氣氛，烘托主題，確定基調(diào)，讓讀者身臨其境般地閱讀理解新聞報(bào)道。 For instance: GUN SHOTS, car horns and firecrackers rang out across the snowy streets here yesterday as Kosovo declared itself the newest nation in the world. 在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者詳細(xì)地描述了人們鳴槍、放煙火、汽車鳴笛的喜慶氛圍，以說明人們對科索沃獨(dú)立的支持。3. 對比式導(dǎo)語（Contrast lead） 有時，一篇新聞報(bào)道要凸顯兩個極端的事實(shí)，過去和現(xiàn)在、大與小、好與壞、悲與喜等情形。這時就可以使用對比式導(dǎo)語，以突出新聞報(bào)道的主旨。 For instance: In two elections this week, voters tossed incumbents (現(xiàn)任在職官員) out of power. One election made barely a ripple internationally. The other broke like a tsunami over the entire world. The response to each vote should teach us the danger of pretending that elections alone can make democracy happen. 在這條導(dǎo)語中，作者對比了一周內(nèi)的兩次選舉。盡管兩次選舉都更換了現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，但是一次選舉在國際上影響甚微，而另一次選舉則在全世界掀起了“海嘯”，影響巨大。4. 引語式導(dǎo)語 (Quotation lead) 引語式導(dǎo)語主要是引用新聞報(bào)道中人物關(guān)鍵性的、或代表性的談會話，以增強(qiáng)報(bào)道的真實(shí)性、可信性或權(quán)威性。引語式導(dǎo)語又分為兩種：“完整引語式導(dǎo)語”（full quotation lead）和“部分引語式導(dǎo)語”（partial quotation lead） For instance: 1. “We did not think, even 1 percent, that the capture would lead to a war at this time and of this magnitude. You ask me, if I had known on July 11 . . . that the operation would lead to such a war, would I do it? I say no, absolutely not.” - Hasan Nasrallah, 2. President Bush told Iraqs prime minister and his cabinet Tuesday that well keep our commitment not to withdraw troops from the country until the new government is capable of defending itself. 例一是“完整引語式導(dǎo)語”，例二是“部分引語式導(dǎo)語”。5. 提問式導(dǎo)語 (Question Lead) 一般來說，記者在新聞報(bào)道中是回答問題而不是提出問題。但是記者可以通過提問題來推遲對問題的回答。這樣可以引發(fā)讀者思考，激發(fā)讀者興趣，然后用事實(shí)回答問題。 For instance:Who killed Benazir Bhutto? Despite formal admission of responsibility by al-Qaeda, we may never know for sure. In one recent conversation she told me that she had “solemn warnings” from a dozen groups who saw her as the main obstacle to their dream of transforming Pakistan into an “Islamic state”, whatever that means.6. 多成分式導(dǎo)語 (Multi-element lead) 多成分式導(dǎo)語是指一個導(dǎo)語中有多個價值相同，或重要性相同的新聞事實(shí)。接著后面的段落會提供每一個新聞事實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)。 For instance: In Chicago, an ambulance driver refused to transport a patient for an abortion. In California, fertility specialists (生育專家) rebuffed (斷然拒絕) a gay woman seeking artificial insemination (人工授精). In Texas, a pharmacist turned away a rape victim seeking the morning-after pill (緊急避孕藥).這條導(dǎo)語提供了三個價值相同的新聞事實(shí)。7. 直呼式導(dǎo)語（Direct address lead） 直呼式導(dǎo)語也叫作“人稱式導(dǎo)語”（Personal lead）是指記者以一種和讀者直接對話的方式，寫出的導(dǎo)語，這種導(dǎo)語縮短了記者和讀者之間的距離，令讀者有一種親切感。 For instance：If you thought the Dubai port deal marked a record high in Washington cynicism, think again. Nothing can match the spectacle of politicians scrambling for cover (“幌子”“偽裝” ) during a spike (peak) in gasoline prices. And this time the panderfest (拉攏人心，拉攏選民, 拉票戰(zhàn)) has gone all the way to the Oval Office (美國白宮內(nèi)總統(tǒng)的辦公室). President Bush has joined the braying (粗聲粗氣地講話或大笑） congressional hordes by ordering the Energy and Justice departments and the Federal Trade Commission to launch an investigation into possible gasoline price fixing.8. 空洞式導(dǎo)語（Punch lead） 空洞式導(dǎo)語是指泛泛介紹一種情況而不具體說明人物、事件、時間、地點(diǎn)，即：毫無實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的導(dǎo)語。它只起到一種“引出話題”或“鋪路”的作用。后面的第二段或第三短才提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)。這種導(dǎo)語在二次大戰(zhàn)以后曾非常流行，很多報(bào)紙上的所有報(bào)道幾乎都用空洞式導(dǎo)語。 For instance： A senior CIA official, meeting with Senate staff in a secure room of the Capitol last June, promised repeatedly that the agency did not violate or seek to violate an international treaty that bars cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment of detainees, during interrogations it conducted in the Middle East and elsewhere. But another CIA officer - the agencys deputy inspector general, who for the previous year had been probing allegations of criminal mistreatment by the CIA and its contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan - was startled to hear what she considered an outright falsehood, according to people familiar with her account. It came during the discussion of legislation that would constrain the CIAs interrogations. 這是一條典型的空洞式導(dǎo)語，兩段里只泛泛地介紹了兩位CIA官員，具體是誰全然不知。后面第三段才作了詳細(xì)的交代。9. 華爾街日報(bào)式導(dǎo)語（Wall Street Journal lead） 這種導(dǎo)語的特點(diǎn)就是第一段先給出一個典型的例子，由該例子引出一個更大的，普遍性的問題或事件，接著是問題或事件所帶來的后果，最后提出解決方法。 For instance：Greg Hayworth, 44, made a good living in his home state, California, from real estate and mortgage finance (按揭貸款；抵押融資). Then that business crashed, and early last year the bank foreclosed (取消抵押品的贖回權(quán)) on the house his family was renting, forcing their eviction (（租地，租房等的）收回;被逐出). Now the Hayworths and their three children represent a new face of homelessness in Orange County: formerly middle income, living week to week in a cramped motel room. 這條導(dǎo)語以Greg Hayworth一家為例說明美國次貸危機(jī)導(dǎo)致很多家庭被迫搬出沒有還清房款的房子，住進(jìn)條件極差的汽車旅館這一普遍問題。10. 懸念式導(dǎo)語（Suspended interest Lead） 懸念式導(dǎo)語是指記者在導(dǎo)語中給讀者提供新聞事件的一點(diǎn)驚人的或戲劇性的細(xì)節(jié)，制造懸念，以吸引讀者繼續(xù)讀下去。For instance: The history of recent trade meetingsfrom Seattle to Doha to Cancun to Hong Kongshows that something is wrong with the global trading system. Behind the discontent (不滿) are facts and theories. 這條導(dǎo)語的最后一句話Behind the discontent are facts and theories制造了一個很好的懸念，讀者不禁要問：什么事實(shí)？什么理論？ Exercise: Read the following news leads and find out as many elements as possible in each of them. 1. BEIJING (AP) -China suspended military exchanges with the United States and threatened sanctions against American defense companies Saturday, just hours after Washington announced $6.4 billion in planned arms sales to Taiwan.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:2. URUMQI - At least 140 people were killed and 828 others injured in riots that erupted in the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region on Sunday night, officials said Monday.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How3. NEW YORK (AFP) - Oil prices posted a modest rise Monday, tracking a Wall Street stock rebound and amid geopolitical concerns as key producer Iran test-fired missiles ahead of talks over its atomic program.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:4. NEW YORK-A torrential downpour sent water surging through New Yorks subway system and highway tunnels and across airport runways Wednesday, leaving thousands of commuters stranded and one big question: How could 3 inches of rain bring the nations largest mass transit system to a halt?Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:5. SHANGHAI-Torrential rains that have caused some of the worst flooding in 50 years and killed scores of people continued to batter a huge swath of southern China on Tuesday near one of the biggest manufacturing zones in the country.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:6. EDINBURGH, Scotland-Scotland freed the terminally ill Lockerbie bomber on compassionate grounds Thursday, allowing him to die at home in Libya despite American protests that mercy should not be shown to the man responsible for the d