高中定語從句和同位語從句詳細講解.doc

高中定語從句詳細講解一、定義及相關術語1定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。 關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；關系副詞有when,where,why, that等。關系詞通常有下列三個作用：A、引導定語從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。例如：-Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.在本句中，whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定語從句，修飾先行詞theman，who是引導定語從句的關系代詞，代替先行詞theman，在定語從句中作主語。二、關系代詞引導的定語從句1who指人，在定語從句中作主語。- TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。- Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。- YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕? Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。2whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略。- MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談論的那個人。- LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要見的男孩。- Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。- Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。注意：關系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3Which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時常可省略。- Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運動。- Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。- Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜歡外國作家寫的書。- Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。- Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.這是他昨天買的鋼筆。- Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。4That指人時，相當于who或whom；指物時，相當于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。- Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。- Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？- Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介紹給我的那個人很友好。- Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。- YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。- Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學家。- Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一個爸爸當醫(yī)生的朋友。- Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物時，常用下列結構來代替：- Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.= Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.- Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?= Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?三、介詞+關系代詞” 引導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關系代詞”引出。- Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.= Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學校很出名。- TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.= TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。- Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.= ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。- Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.= Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談論的著名歌唱家演唱。- ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.= ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：、含有介詞的短語動詞lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。- Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)這是我正在找的手表。- ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(誤)- Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)那個保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。- Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（誤）、若介詞放在關系代詞前，關系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who,that；關系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that。關系代詞是所有格時用whose。（介詞后面不可用who和that）- Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)你剛才跟他談話的那個人是我的鄰居。- Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(誤)- TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正) 我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機實在很舒服。- TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(誤)、“介詞+關系代詞” 前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：- Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。- Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。- Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我們班總共有40個學生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。- Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今為止，他寫了10部小說，其中部是關于農(nóng)村生活的。四、關系副詞引導的定語從句 （關系副詞 = 介詞+關系代詞 ）1、when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。- IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。- Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我們團聚的時刻終于到了。- October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。- Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？2、where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。- ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。- ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。- Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.我參觀了那個飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場。- Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?這是他們當初打敵人的地方嗎？3、why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。- Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.請告訴我你誤機的原因。- Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。- Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。注意：關系副詞引導的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關系代詞”引導的定語從句來表示。如：-(Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountry)hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。-Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。- Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1、限制性定語從句 形式上：不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上：是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。譯法上：譯成先行詞的定語：“的”關系詞的使用上：A作賓語時可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom2、非限制性定語從句形式上：用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上：只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。譯法上：通常譯成主句的并列句。關系詞的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom限制性定語從句舉例：- TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。- InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上我看到一個來自非洲的人。非限制性定語從句舉例：- Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴格。- China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中國是1949年成立的，現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強大。- LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會議。六、關系代詞選用 高級篇 (一)、限制性定語從句中只能用that引導定語從句的情況1當先行詞是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代詞時，或當先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時。如：- HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？- Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。- Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。- ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能為你干什么。- Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關系代詞who，如：- Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.任何有責任感的人都不會做這樣的事。- Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有應邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。2當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：- ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。3當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：- ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.這是我看過的最好的電影。4當先行詞被thevery,theonly修飾時。如：- ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.這正是我要買的詞典。- Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.家里發(fā)生了火災過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關系代詞who。如：- WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.王華是我校唯一出席會議的人。5當先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時。如：- Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在門口的那個人是誰？- WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6當先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。如：- Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool他們談論著他們所能記起的在校時的人和事。- Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.瞧瞧那個沿街走來的人和他的毛驢。（二）、關系代詞as和which引導的定語從句as和which引導非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：1.as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。如：- Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她結婚了，這是很自然的事。- Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很誠實，這一點我們看得出來。2.as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。Which引導的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：- Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。- Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。- John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，約翰是個著名作家。- ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.張華已去過巴黎十多次了，這一點我不相信。注意：當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關系時，關系詞往往只用which。如：- Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。- Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。1.當先行詞受such,thesame修飾時，關系詞常用as。如：- Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。- Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。- ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意：當先行詞受thesame修飾時，偶爾也用that引導定語從句，但與as引導的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：- SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。- Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。(三)、以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導，而且通?？梢允÷?。如：- Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。- Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。（四）關系代詞與關系副詞的選擇用關系代詞還是關系副詞引導定語從句主要看關系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔當?shù)某煞郑?。試比較：- A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。 Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.我知道一個以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。- B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.我永遠忘不了我們一起度假的日子。 Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.我永遠忘不了我們一起度過的日子。- C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.這就是他被解雇的原因。 Thisisthereason（that/which）heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會議的原因。（五）、but有時也用作關系詞引導定語從句。如：- Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。（but=whodont）七、定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別1定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關系。- TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定語從句）剛剛起飛的那架飛機是開往巴黎的。-Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.（同位語從句）他已經(jīng)去世了，這個事實很明了。2定語從句由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，關系詞在從句中擔當相應的句子成分，關系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)?？墒÷浴Ｍ徽Z從句主要由連詞that引導，在從句中一般不擔當成分；有時也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞引導，這些連詞則在從句中擔當成分。-Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定語從句）他告訴我的消息是真的。-Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位語從句）他剛剛去世了，這個消息是真的。-Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定語從句)我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。-Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位語從句）我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個問題很難解決。-Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（定語從句）他提出的問題讓我們很為難。-Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位語從句）他是否一定會贏得那場比賽，這個問題很難回答。3同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞be發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,而定語從句則不能。如：- A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.（同位語從句）我們可以向老師請教，這個主意不錯。Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.- B.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位語從句）地球圍繞太陽轉，這個事實人人皆知。Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.- C.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位語從句）請注意如何保護野生動物這個問題。Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.Exercises:1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys.A the smallest of which B the smaller of whichC the smallest of them D the smallest one2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in london.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taught before lived a happy life.A who B whose C in whose D in which5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this7.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well.A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which（1-6ABDCBC 7-9B DDC）特殊結構定語從句點擊1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.A. like B. as C. that D. which2. Ive never heard so interesting a story _ you told me.A. as B. that C. of which D. about which3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday.A. that B. which C. as D. like4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear.A. that B. which C. as D. like5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What7. This is the first time _ he has been here.A. that B. when C. at which D. which8. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which答案與簡析：1. B。當先行詞被such修飾時，定語從句用as引導，即構成結構為such+（a/an）形容詞名詞as引導的定語從句，意為.像.一樣的。整個句子意為：這些房屋以人們原來估計的那樣低的價格出售。2. A。由so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一題的解釋便可得知答案。as在定語從句中作賓語。整句意為：我從未聽說過像你告訴我那樣有趣的故事。3. A4. C。當先行詞被same修飾時，定語從句由that或as引導，但意思不同。用that引導定語從句指同一物，而用as引導定語從句指同類事物。5. A。做此題的關鍵是要知道I think在定語從句中作插入語，做題時將其去掉便可容易得到答案。6. B。s在此引導非限制性定語從句，代表它所修飾的整個句子內(nèi)容，并且它可放在所修飾句子的前、中或后面。其常見結構如：as you know, as is said above, as is often the case（情況經(jīng)常是這樣）等。如選，則需將逗號改為that；如選D，則需將逗號改為is that。7. A。當先行詞為the first time, the last time等時，定語從句的引導詞用that而不用when。8. A。當先行詞為way時，定語從句的引導詞用that或in which, 也可省略。定語從句練習：1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _computers are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told youC. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that D. whose14. Do you know the man _your father nodded ?A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt .A. that B. when C. which D. what16. I told you _I know .A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one _is Lu Xun .A. of which B. of whom C. of who D. of them18. Is this factory _we visited last year ?A. in which B. around that C. whom D. the one19. Who is the man _was there ?A. who B. which C. that D. whom20. Is there anything _I can do for you, sir ?A. that B. which C. whose D. who21. I still remember the day _she first wore that green dress .A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which22. The knife _we used to cut the bread is very sharp .A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which23. The games _the young