環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語翻譯(30頁).doc

Unit one Environmental Engineering環(huán)境工程What is this book about？這本書是關(guān)于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:這本書的目的是使理工科的學(xué)生了解跨學(xué)科間的研究環(huán)境問題;它們的起因，為什么它們受到關(guān)注，以及我們怎樣控制它們。這本書包括：l Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述環(huán)境和環(huán)境系統(tǒng)意味著什么l Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances關(guān)于引起環(huán)境干擾基礎(chǔ)原因的基本信息l Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解環(huán)境問題本質(zhì)，并能夠定量計算它們所必要的基本科學(xué)知識l Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前適用于水，空氣和環(huán)境污染問題的環(huán)境控制技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀l Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我們目前的科學(xué)知識在理解和控制人類活動和自然之間復(fù)雜的相互作用的科學(xué)知識上存在相當(dāng)大的缺陷l Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.許多環(huán)境問題可以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有技術(shù)消除或減少，但沒有得到處理是因?yàn)樯鐣狈@樣做的意愿，或者像許多例子那樣因?yàn)槿狈Y源。Some important definitions 一些重要的定義Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果他們是第一次使用這本書，定義介紹采用塊形式，像這里顯示的一樣，或印成黑體字。Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.環(huán)境是圍繞在我們周圍物質(zhì)生命的棲息地，在那里我們可以看到，聽到，觸到，聞到和品嘗到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系統(tǒng)，依據(jù)韋伯斯特的字典，被定義為“一組或一系列能形成一個整體或者有機(jī)整體的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的事物;比如，太陽系統(tǒng)，灌溉系統(tǒng)，供水系統(tǒng)，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定義為有害影響健康，生存，活動的人或其它生物體的空氣，水，或土地的物理，化學(xué)或生物特性的不應(yīng)該有的變化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such broadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.當(dāng)改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量的目標(biāo)是用來改善人類的福祉， “環(huán)境” 這個詞擴(kuò)大到包括社會，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化等所有方面的內(nèi)容。這種擴(kuò)大化在許多實(shí)際情況下是不可行的，在本被設(shè)計為一學(xué)期課程的教科書中也是不切實(shí)際的。因此，我們對環(huán)境問題的考察限于我們定義的“環(huán)境”。Interaction of Systems互動系統(tǒng)A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 許多不同的環(huán)境問題都涉及到水，空氣，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories.許多這些問題只適用于在其中一個系統(tǒng)，這為這些種類中的細(xì)目分類提供了充分的理由。Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.這種分類也有助于更容易理解一個系統(tǒng)里的相關(guān)問題。Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.此外，這樣做是明智的，因?yàn)槭切姓芾淼脑?，空氣污染，水供?yīng)，固體廢物處置和廢水處理，往往是由政府機(jī)構(gòu)分別處理的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.很遺憾的是，許多重要的環(huán)境問題不只局限于一個空氣，水，或土壤系統(tǒng)，更涉及系統(tǒng)之間的相互作用。A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一個例子是酸雨問題，根源是許多發(fā)電站，冶煉，汽車排出的廢氣中進(jìn)入大氣的二氧化硫和氮氧化物氣體。These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions.這些氣體被氣流運(yùn)送到廣闊的區(qū)域。Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.雨水“將它們洗去”，產(chǎn)生了對水生生物，森林和農(nóng)作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.兩個有關(guān)于系統(tǒng)間相互作用引起的環(huán)境問題有：空氣中的二氧化碳的增加的全球性問題以及具有地域性質(zhì)的酸雨問題。Environmental Disturbances環(huán)境擾亂Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.我們的生活水平的許多重大改進(jìn)，可以歸因于科學(xué)和技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。A few examples are noted here. Can you think of others?這里舉幾個例子，你可以想到其他例子嗎？The production of more and better quality food生產(chǎn)更多更好的優(yōu)質(zhì)食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space創(chuàng)造能避免極端的氣候的保護(hù)所和生活空間The building of fast and reliable means of transportation建設(shè)快速和可靠的運(yùn)輸方式The invention of various systems of communication發(fā)明各種通信系統(tǒng)The invention of machines to replace human or animal power發(fā)明機(jī)器來取代人類或動物體力The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供應(yīng)和廢物處理The elimination of many infectious diseases消滅多種傳染疾病The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology在多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家中通過改善水技術(shù)來消除大部分水源性疾病The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通過提高生產(chǎn)力，騰出閑暇時間，為進(jìn)行文化和娛樂活動提供機(jī)會The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.防止最嚴(yán)重的自然災(zāi)害的影響，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆發(fā)With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.然而,隨著(科學(xué)技術(shù)的)發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了不良的副作用,比如,可耕地丟失,森林消失,環(huán)境污染,微生物滋長.Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans.起初只是讓我們覺得討厭的許多事物現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為對自然和人類存在的潛在威脅。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在農(nóng)業(yè)社會，人們基本上能與自然和諧地相處,他們在陸地上種植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.動物和人類排放的廢物作為肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空氣污染問題產(chǎn)生。The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.在古代的城市，特別是像羅馬帝國那類，就已經(jīng)存在供水系統(tǒng)和處置廢物系統(tǒng)。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.從一個最早建成之一且最有名的污水管-古羅馬大排泄溝，向古代的羅馬城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是這樣的系統(tǒng)的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的城市的市政技術(shù)似乎已經(jīng)被那些在整個歐洲建設(shè)城市的人遺忘了許多個世紀(jì)。Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和廢物處置的忽略，導(dǎo)致爆發(fā)了許多疾病，如痢疾、霍亂、傷寒和其它水傳染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization.直到19世紀(jì)中期，人們才意識到廢物的不正確處置導(dǎo)致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世紀(jì)在英國、歐洲和北美的工業(yè)革命帶來了工業(yè)化和城市化的增加，也加重了環(huán)境問題。城市化和工業(yè)化在過去和現(xiàn)在都是引起水和空氣污染的根本原因，這在當(dāng)時的城市還不能夠處理。 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases.在接下來的幾十年，水處理和廢水的部分處理技術(shù)在發(fā)達(dá)國家快速發(fā)展，這導(dǎo)致水傳染疾病的發(fā)生率大量地減少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.注意，所有的廢物排放到環(huán)境中都會污染我們的水、空氣和土地系統(tǒng)。Unit Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回顧美國處置危險物品的歷史Hazardous substance disposal practices in the United States have traveled full circle.在美國，處理危險物品的做法走過了迂回的道路。Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials. 1978年之前，很少有任何關(guān)于如何處置這些物品的法規(guī)。Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, contaminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 這些化學(xué)物品的不當(dāng)處置使市民陷入健康問題，水供應(yīng)受污染和野生生物死亡。With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. 隨著資源回收法（1978年）的頒布，工廠有責(zé)任處置生產(chǎn)設(shè)施所產(chǎn)生的所有廢棄材料 。Implementation of RCRA has been slow. 但是資源回收法的實(shí)施一直進(jìn)展緩慢。From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes. 在美國，從大約1920年開始的早期工業(yè)時代，到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后幾年里，幾乎沒人關(guān)注處理在生產(chǎn)過程中作為副產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的廢棄材料的合理方法。Up until the 1960s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and waste acids from steel mill activities. 直到1920年，隨處可見被生產(chǎn)過程產(chǎn)生的廢化學(xué)品、油井排出的鹽水和煉鋼廠排出的廢酸所污染的淡水河流和溪澗。Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rivers.事實(shí)上，所有能夠想象到的廢物如廢油、溶劑、廢樹脂都可以在河流里面找到。 The laws of the time were either non-existent or not enforced. 然而當(dāng)時的相關(guān)法律要么不存在，要么是沒有被實(shí)施。The literature has many examples of health problems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. 文獻(xiàn)記載了許多關(guān)于個體的健康問題以及魚類、野生動物棲息地被破壞的例子。Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature.許多其他發(fā)生的事件并未記載在文獻(xiàn)上。Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavations either at the factory side or throughout the country side. 其他廢棄物質(zhì)被草率地埋在臨時挖掘在工廠還有鄉(xiāng)村旁邊的坑洞里面。 Because of ignorance and lack of economic incentives to do so, the factories made no attempt to prevent contamination of underground water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. 因?yàn)閷Νh(huán)境的忽視以及缺少經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激，各企業(yè)完全沒有意識來保護(hù)被化學(xué)物質(zhì)污染的地下水供應(yīng)。In fact, knowledgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous underground formations as methods of waste treatment. 事實(shí)上，當(dāng)代有見識的科學(xué)家，已經(jīng)接受了土地清洗以及過濾可滲透地底層這兩種可作為處理廢棄物治理的方法。Although these treatment methods may have been intended for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for hazardous materials as well. 盡管這些治理方法或許用于無毒害的物質(zhì)，同時也可用于有毒害的物質(zhì)。Again, there were no governmental regulations protecting the underground aquifers from these practices. 再者，并沒有政府法規(guī)因保護(hù)地下蓄水層而禁止這些處理方法。The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1996. 處理有毒化學(xué)物品的問題并沒有因?yàn)樵?996年環(huán)境保護(hù)局的成立而有所改善。 The first task of the new agency was to clean up rivers and streams. 此新興機(jī)構(gòu)的首要任務(wù)是清理干凈河流水道。 Unfortunately, no one in power in the government at the time had insight into the problems that were to be created by the new agency. 不幸的是，當(dāng)時政府的執(zhí)政人員沒有一個洞察到那個新興機(jī)構(gòu)帶來的問題。The EPA was quite successful in those early days in the enforcement of the many water pollution laws that evolved. 環(huán)境保護(hù)局在早些年的時候，對于強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行污染法的發(fā)展還是做的相當(dāng)成功的。 As the practice of the dumping of hazardous materials into the rivers and streams was eliminated, those same materials created other disposal problems. 隨著往河道排放有毒物質(zhì)的習(xí)慣的消除，但這些相同的物質(zhì)造成了其他處理問題。Many of the chemicals saved from the sewer were either worthless or of such a low value as to render recovery uneconomical. 在下水道中回收到的物質(zhì)不是沒價值的就是低廉到不足以恢復(fù)利用. In some cases, recovery was technically impossible. As a result, the waste chemicals were disposed of by any convenient method. 一些情況下,回收在技術(shù)層面上是不可能的.所以,很多廢棄的化學(xué)藥物都被很簡單地扔掉了. The makeshift dumps sites were expanded. Because there were no regulations regarding disposal, 臨時的垃圾場已經(jīng)不得不擴(kuò)大,因?yàn)闆]有任何關(guān)于廢物丟棄的法規(guī).persons with no technical expertise entered into the business of waste disposal. The profits were high because these individuals did not treat the chemicals. 很多不具備專業(yè)技術(shù)知識的人就進(jìn)入了廢物處理的行業(yè),由于這些人并沒有真正處理掉化學(xué)藥物，所以這個行業(yè)的利潤相當(dāng)高。In most cases, the waste materials were transported to impounding areas located on privately owned land. 很多情況下,廢棄的化學(xué)物品會被運(yùn)到私有土地上的貯物地.The factories that generated the waste felt secure in the belief that the waste transporter was disposing of the materials in an acceptable manner. 那些產(chǎn)生廢棄物的廠家之所以感到安心是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈艔U物處理者會用一種合理的方法來處置掉廢物.In most cases, this was not a correct assumption. 但很多情況下,事實(shí)并非如此.The unregulated dumps grew both in size and complexity. 亂堆放的大小規(guī)模和復(fù)雜度上都在增長. When the dumps were in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies, a series of problems begin to develop. 當(dāng)垃圾場很接近居住區(qū)或公共水源的話,一系列的問題將會開始產(chǎn)生.Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experience adverse health problems such as skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects. 在一些垃圾場附近的居民會開始遇到一些像皮膚疹.麻痹.癌癥.先天缺陷等不利的健康問題. In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals. 有時候,這些問題會歸屬于受到化學(xué)藥物的污染而產(chǎn)生的.Because of these concerns, the United States Congress enacted a new legislation that dealt with the issues of disposal of hazardous wastes. 由于這些擔(dān)心，美國國會通過了一個新的處理有害廢物過程中出現(xiàn)問題的法規(guī)。This was the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987.這就是1987年的資源回收保護(hù)法。The purpose of the Act was to allow regulation of hazardous substance disposal. 這項法案的目的是同意有害物質(zhì)處理的方法。As a result, industries that generated large quantities of these waste materials now had to ensure that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.結(jié)果導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生大量廢物的企業(yè)現(xiàn)在不得不確保這些物質(zhì)被以對環(huán)境安全的方法處理。Many of the improper dumps that were created prior to the RCRA legislation were created by persons with little or no financial resources.在資源回收保護(hù)法由很少或者沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的人確立之前 ，很多不合理的堆放已經(jīng)造成。As a result, the cleanup of the old sites has been taken over by the government under legislation. 使得清理舊的堆放點(diǎn)的工作由政府接管。As of this time, the results of these clean up efforts have been ineffective. 在這一時期，這些清理的努力效率不高。Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulations have been enacted that force American industry to be responsible for hazardous waste disposal.由于過去的這些問題，強(qiáng)制美國工業(yè)承擔(dān)有害物質(zhì)處理的責(zé)任的相關(guān)法規(guī)已經(jīng)頒布。The problems were brought about by a lack of economic indentives to the industrial community.這些問題是由對工業(yè)界缺少經(jīng)濟(jì)動力帶來的。The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by elected governmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.政府官員缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和洞察力以及政府機(jī)構(gòu)對法規(guī)的控制任務(wù)使得問題復(fù)雜化。Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.盡管現(xiàn)在有足夠的法規(guī)來解決有害物質(zhì)的處理問題，但是在二十年或更長的時間內(nèi)是不可能真正的解決的。Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通過工業(yè)界，科學(xué)家和政府部門的共同努力，才能最終得到解決。Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization?什么是廢物減量化，廢物最少化 A great amount of time has been spent in the U.S. discussing the terminology of such words as source reduction, waste minimization, recycling and pollution prevention. EPA has provided the following definitions.美國花費(fèi)了大量的時間在討論像資源減量化，廢物最小化，循環(huán)和阻止污染這些術(shù)語上，EPA已經(jīng)提供了以下的定義。Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process. 資源減量化：減少在于一個過程中的大量廢物的任何行為。This includes, for example, process changes, feedstock changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-process recycling.它包括，例如，過程調(diào)整，原料調(diào)整，提高管理和回收內(nèi)在循環(huán)。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of. 廢物最少化：產(chǎn)生的廢物最大程度減少，然后處理，存儲，或者處置。It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.它包括了被導(dǎo)致了只要減量化與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硗{到人類健康和環(huán)境的最小化的目標(biāo)一致的總?cè)萘炕驈U物數(shù)量的減少或者廢物毒性的減少，或者兩方面兼?zhèn)涞陌l(fā)生器承擔(dān)任何資源減量化或循環(huán)的活動。Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作為一個商業(yè)產(chǎn)品的代替品，或作為一個工業(yè)過程的原料的利用或再利用。This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of useful fractions of a waste or the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow reuse.它包括了廢物的有用的小部分或來自允許再用的去除了污染物的廢物的在現(xiàn)場或離開現(xiàn)場的回收利用。Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的防止：污染可能在生產(chǎn)過程之中產(chǎn)生，或者在當(dāng)一個產(chǎn)品被用作商業(yè)用途或被消費(fèi)者使用的時候產(chǎn)生。This may be prevented in three ways: changing inputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing efficiency/improved maintenance such as equipment modifications, better housekeeping, in-process closed-loop recycling; or changing outputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous products.這樣可能在三個方式上被阻止：改變投入/減少依賴有毒物或有害的原材料；改變過程/增加效率/提高類似設(shè)備修改的維修保養(yǎng)，更好的管理，在過程中閉環(huán)循環(huán)；或者改變產(chǎn)出/減小對有毒或者有害產(chǎn)品的依賴。With the passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1984, the U.S. Congress established a national policy declaring the importance of reducing or eliminating the generation of hazardous waste.隨著1984年危險廢物和固體廢物修正案資源保護(hù)和恢復(fù)法的通過，美國國會建立一個國家政策來表明回收或消除危險廢物的產(chǎn)生重要性。The Congress hereby declares it to be a national policy of United States that wherever feasible, the generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or eliminated as expeditiously as possible. 美國國會宣稱它是一項無論在美國哪里都可行的國家政策，要盡可能迅速地回收或消除危險廢物的產(chǎn)生。Waste that is nevertheless generated should be treated, stored, or disposed of so as to minimize present and future threat to human healt