中考英語語法-復合句.doc

人教版中考英語專項練習 復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫復合句。主句為句子的主體，從句只是做句子的一個成分。根據(jù)從句在句子中的作用，可以把從句分為名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句），定語從句和狀語從句（時間，地點，原因，條件，讓步，方式，比較等）三類。一.賓語從句1.賓語從句根據(jù)引導詞的不同分為三種類型由that引導的賓語從句，其中that不做成分，可省略。 We all knew (that) we should learn from each other.由if/whether引導的賓語從句。 Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.由who,where,how等連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句。 Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?2.賓語從句“三關”引導詞關注意：whether與if的區(qū)別 只用whether的情況 在介詞后面 We dont think about whether it would rain the next day. 在動詞不定式前 They asked me whether to sit at the front. 當與or not連用，或提出兩種選擇時 Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not at that time 賓語從句提前時 Whether this is true or not, I cant say 在動詞discuss后的賓語從句中 We discussed whether we should have a sports meeting next week. 引導表語從句或位于句首的主語從句用whether The question was whether he went there last night 只用if的情況 引導否定概念的賓語從句時 He asked me if I hadt finished my homework 引導條件狀語從句時，if意為“如果”Well go hiking if it doesnt rain tomorrow語序關 賓語從句若為陳述句，語序不變 賓語從句若為一般疑問句或特殊疑問句，語序還原為陳述語序時態(tài)關 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，從句時態(tài)據(jù)實際情況而定 如果主句是過去某種時態(tài)，從句時態(tài)一定變?yōu)檫^去某時態(tài)注意：賓語從句表述的是客觀真理，自然現(xiàn)象時，只能用一般現(xiàn)在時3.人稱變化：4.從句簡化當主句謂語動詞是find, see,watch,hear等時，從句常簡化為“賓語+賓補”結構，賓補為省to不定式或v+ing形式 She found that the wallet lay/lying on the ground. She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.當主句謂語動詞是hope,wish,decide,forget等，且主句主語與從句主語相同時，從句簡化為不定式結構 She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.在連接代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句中，當從句主語與主句主語或間接賓語一致時，賓語從句簡化為“連接代詞/副詞+不定式”結構 Can you tell me how I can get to the station? Can you tell me how to get to the station?5.否定轉移 如果主句的謂語動詞是believe,think,guess,suppose等，且主句主語是一人稱時，后面所接賓語從句的否定詞通常前移到主句中。 I dont think that she can finish this work on time.注意：這種否定前移的賓語從句，在變成反意疑問句時，反意疑問句的主謂要與從句一致 I dont think he is interested in that, is he? 如果主句主語是二三人稱時，賓語從句否定詞不前移，反意疑問句反問主句She thought that film was not interesting, didnt she?二狀語從句1.時間狀語從句 常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等來引導。在時間狀語從句中，通常用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。在帶有till或until引導的時間狀語從句的主從復合句中，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到時”，謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是“直到才”, “在以前不”，謂語動詞可用瞬間動詞。Since引導的時間狀語從句，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用過去時。 While引導的狀語從句的動詞必須是延續(xù)動詞，不能是短暫性動詞。as, when, while都表示主從句的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生。as強調兩動作同時進行，并表示對比；發(fā)生時間較短，且由“一邊一邊”的意思。When還可表示從句動詞的動作在主句動詞的動作“之前”或“之后”發(fā)生。While用于時間較長時。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.2.條件狀語從句 通常用if, unless引導。在條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。 Im waiting for my friend. If she doesnt come, Ill go shopping alone.3.原因狀語從句通常用because, since, as（由于）引導。because表示直接原因，語氣最強。because引導的原因狀語從句多放在主句之后?；卮?由why提出的問題，只能用because。as和since語氣較弱，一般用來表示明顯的原因。由as和since引導的從句多放在句首。because和so不能同時出現(xiàn)。 As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our match.4.結果狀語從句由sothat, suchthat, so that 引導。sothat與suchthat可以互換。如果名詞前由many, much, little, few等詞修飾時,只能用so. sothat句型的否定形式可用簡單句tooto或notenough to代替such+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞/復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+thatsnch+a(an)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that=so+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that Last night Judy worked so late that she didnt catch the early bus this morning.5.比較狀語從句通常由asas, than等連詞引導Though the player is over thirty, he can still run as fast as some young players6.目的狀語從句通常用so that, in order that引導。so that即可引導目的狀語從句，又可引導結果狀語從句。區(qū)別是： 目的狀語從句中往往帶有情態(tài)動詞can, could, may, might等，從意義上看，目的狀語從句表示的目的很明確。 Pass the cake round so that everyone can take a piece.7.讓步狀語從句通常由though, although, as等連詞引導。although, though與but不同時出現(xiàn)。Though he is old, he is very strong.8.地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever引導Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.9.方式狀語從句通常由as, as if, as though等引導Always do to the others as you would be done by.希望別人怎樣待你，你就怎樣待人三定語從句指在主從復合句中充當定語的句子，在句中修飾名詞、代詞，常由關系代詞which, that, who(m), whose及關系副詞when, where, why等引導。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句放先行詞后做后置定語1. 當先行詞表示人時，定語從句用關系代詞that, who, whom引導。當先行詞表物時，定語從句用關系詞that或which。當關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可省略。1 that可指人，也可指物，在從句中可作主語，賓語。作賓語可省2 which指物，在從句中作主語，賓語，作賓語時可省，可以引導非限制性定語從句，有時可與that互換。3 who, whom, whose指人，who在從句中做主語，whom在從句中作賓語，whose在從句中作定語He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.The package which/that you are carrying is too heavy.Please pass me the book whose/of which cover is green.2. 當引導詞在句中作狀語時不可用that, which, who(m)等關系代詞，而應用關系副詞。表示時間用when,表示地點用where, 表示原因用why。但這些關系副詞可轉換為“介詞+關系代詞”形式。Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.3. 其他注意事項1 表示物時只能用that引導定語從句的情況 當先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much none, the one等不定代詞時 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時 先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same等詞修飾時（當先行詞是人時，也可用關系代詞who或whom） 當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時 當先行詞同時含有物和人時 主句中已有疑問詞who或which時 Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?2 表示物時只用which不用that的情況 當關系代詞前使用介詞時 在非限制性定語從句（即通常用逗號與主語隔開，若去掉整個句子仍能表達完整意義的定語從句）中3 指人時，當先行詞為everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等時要用who,不用that4 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that，另一個用who The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.其中一個關系代詞已用which，另一個用thatEdison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before注意：關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數(shù)要和先行詞一致one of+復數(shù)名詞+關系代詞+復數(shù)謂語動詞 the (only) one of+復數(shù)名詞+關系代詞+單數(shù)謂語動詞Titanic is one of the best movies that have been produced in Hollywood.Titanic is the (only) one of the best movies that has been produced in Hollywood四主語從句在句中作主語的名詞性從句叫主語從句。主語從句的謂語動詞通常用三人稱單數(shù)。主語從句可直接位于句首。但如主語從句長，可用it充當形式主語代替主語從句，把主語從句后置。記住下列主語從句常用結構：It is said that據(jù)說 It is reported that據(jù)報道It is announced that.據(jù)宣布 It is (well) known that眾所周知It is believed that人們相信 It is supposed that人們希望It is hoped that希望 It is suggested that有人建議It must be remembered that務必記住注意：有些情況下謂語動詞的單復數(shù)應和表語保持一致 What we need are doctors and nurses. What we need is time.五同位語從句同位語從句是對名詞的內容給予具體詳細的說明。常在后面接同位語從句的名詞有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位語從句引導詞為that,有時根據(jù)需要也可以用when, where等His opinion that we must take good care of our earth sounds reasonable. They have no idea at all where he has gone.注意:同位語從句的that在句中不作句子成分，也無詞義，但不能省。而定語從句中的that除了引導從句外，還是從句的一個成分，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省。六表語從句在句中作連系動詞的表語的從句，位于主句中系動詞后 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.練習1.Well play snowmanit snows heavily this afternoon.A. if B. although C. unless D. but2.Ididnt know_they could pass the exam or not.A.why B.when C.that D.whether3.I dont think Ben did such a stupid thing_?A.do I B.did I C.did he D.does he4.Newton was playing under an apple tree_an apple fell onto his headA.when B.while C.after D.before5.The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children,isnt it?Yes,it has built many schools_those children can study happilyA.where B.when C.which D.why 6.During the holiday I visited Shaolin Temple_lies in the west of Zhengzhou. A.where B.which C.who D.what7.Jims mother let him watch TV after he finished his homework.（同義句）Jims mother_let him watch TV _he finished his homework.8.The TV play is so interesting that we like to see it again（改為同義句）It is_ _intereting TV play _we like to see it again.9.When people in the United States have guests(1)_when they are invited to a get-together,they usually try to make others feel comfortable(2)_ relaxed.Generally,they tend to be informal.Men shake hands,(3)_usually only (4)_theyare introduced.Male friends and business associates(5)_ havent seen each other for a time may shake hands. When a woman (6)_ a man are introduced,shaking hands is decided by the woman.American women become more(7)_more independent.They go to places by themselves,earn their own money,(8)_often live alone ,Sometimes they will ask men for help,(9)_they usually dont want to be peotected.American women may start conversations with men (10)_even ask them to dance.10.In the dark street,there wasnt a single person_she could turn for help A.that B.to whom C.from whom D.who11.Please pass me the dictionary _is blackA.its cover B.which cover C.of which the cover D.cover of which12.There are forty-five students in our class,_are from the neardy villages A.one-third of who B.one-third of whichC.one-third of them D.one-third of whom13.This is the student_you took the message yesterday.A.whose father B.to whose father C.to his father D.his father14.There isnt much_I can doA.what B.which C.that D.how15.Tell us about the people and the places_are different from oursA.that B.who C.which D.whom16.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao,_a conference was to be heldA.which B.that C.when D.where17.Is this the museum_you visited the other day?A.that B.where C.in which D.the one18.This is the very film_Ive long wished to seeA.which B.that C.who D.whom19.There is no difficulty_ cant be overcome in the worldA.that B.which C.who D.what20.Who is the person_is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower? A.who B.that C.which D.whom21.The house_the capitalist used to live in is now a nurseryA.that B.where C.what D.when22.The house_we live is not bigA. in that B.which C.in which D.that23.單句改錯This is the factory where we visited last weekThis is the watch for which Tom is lookingThe person to who you spoke is a student of Grade TwoThe house in that we live is very smallThe sun gives off light and warmth,that makes it possible for plants to grow24.The WTO can not live up to its name _it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankindA.as long as B.while C.if D.even though25.John shut everybody out of the kitchen_he could prepare his grand surprise for the partyA.which B.when C.so that D.as if26.He made a mistake,but then he corrected the situation_it got worse, A.until B.when C.before D.as27.-Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?-Yes.He had never praised him _he became one of the top students in his grade A.after B.unless C.until D.when28.You can eat food free in my restaurant _you like A.whenever B.whereever C.whatever D.however29.Scientists say ir may be five or six years_it is possible to test this medicine on hunman patientsA.sice B.after C.before D.when 30. This house is _my father painted by himself.A.that B.which C.the one D./31. _we cant get seems better than _we haveA.What,/ B.What,that C.That,that D.That,what32.-What did Jack ask you just now?-He wanted to know how long_when I reached the cinemaA.had the film been on B.the film had startedC.the film had lasted D.had the film ended33.I dont have to introduce him to you _you know the boyA.until B.unless C.since D.but 34._hamburgers are junk food,many children like themA.If B.Unless C.Because D.Although35.We should do_we can _those endangered animalsA.that,to save B.which,save C.that ,save D.what ,to svae36._you go ,_you do, I will be right here waiting for youA.If,if B.Wherever,whatever C.where,what37.If you dontgo to the mall this weekend,_A.he will,too B.he wont,either C.neither he will D.he doesnt ,either38.I arrived at the airport_the plane had taken off. A.after B.while C.when D.before40.Our hometown is quite different from_beforeA.that it was B.what it was C.which it was D.when it was41._she succeeded in finishing her tasks remains a secretA.What B.If C.How D.Who42.Is this the reason_at the meeting for carelessness in his work?A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained43.We are living in an age_many things are done on computerA.which B.that C.whose D.when44._the days went on, the weather got worseA.With B.Since C.While D.As45.-What was the party like?-Its years_ I enjoyed myself so muchA.after B.when C.before D.since46._you have tried it on, you cant imagine how pretty the new style skirt is.A.Because B.Although C.Unless D.When47.I wont go to her party unless my best friend Tom_A.will invite B.will be invited C.is invited D.invites48.Franklin told them all_to be in Britain againA.he was how happy B.how happy he wasC.how was he happy D.he was happy how49.Jane is one of the students in the class_have ever been to ChinaA.who B.whose C.which D.whom50.I still remember the time_we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year A.when B.what C.who D.which51.Mr. Smith_ is smoking is looking for_he lost yesterdayA.whom;which B.who;what C.that;who D.which;where52.Nobody knows_A.how will our future look like B.what will our future be likeC.how our future will look like D.what our future will be like53.I was chatting with my friends on the phone_my mother came in A.while B.when C.as D.since54.In order to choose the right one, she first asked me_I want to use a dictionary forA.what B.why C.how D.whether55.Customers are asked to make sure that they_the right charge be-fore leaving the shopA.will give B.have been given C.have given D.will be given56._Tom didint go to school?A.Do you know how B.Why do you knowC.How you know why D.Do you know why57.Marys mother asked her_A.that whether she had finished her ho