高中英語寫作技巧.doc

高中英語寫作技巧一文章開頭句型1-1 對(duì)立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法， 適用于有爭議性的主題。1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently.2. When it comes to . , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the former/latter .)3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.1-2 現(xiàn)象法 引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問題，然后評(píng)論。1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention)3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.1-3 觀點(diǎn)法 -開門見山，直接了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩?duì)要討論的問題的看法。1. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.2. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation of the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .3. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，來引出文章要展開論述的觀點(diǎn)。1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .Education is not complete with graduation. such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion.2.How often do we hear statements like .In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比較法 - 通過對(duì)過去、現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向、觀點(diǎn)的比較，引出文章要討論的觀點(diǎn)。1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . .2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new.1-6 故事法 - 先講一個(gè)較短的故事來引發(fā)讀者的興趣，引出文章的主題。1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt . The phenemenon of . has aroused public concern.2. I have a friend who . Should he . ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.1-7 問題法 - 先用討論或解答的設(shè)問，引出自己觀點(diǎn)， 適用于有爭議性的話題。.Should/What . ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others .But in my opinion , . .二、 文章中間主體內(nèi)容句型原因結(jié)果分析2-1. 基本原因 - 分析某事物時(shí), 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因.1. Why . ? For one thing. For another .2. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing. For another. Still another .3. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect . /both individual and social contribute to .2-2 另一原因 - 在分析了基本原因之后, 再補(bǔ)充一個(gè)次要的或者更重要時(shí)用!1. Another important factor is .2. . is also responsible for the change/problem.3. Certainly , the . is not the sole reason for .2-3 后果影響 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來的影響 .1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on.2. It involves some serious consequence for .2-4 比較對(duì)照句型2-4-1. 兩者比較 - 比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個(gè), 或肯定一事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn), 也肯定其缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候用 !1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.2. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.2-4-2 . 兩者相同/相似 - 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點(diǎn)時(shí)用!1. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that.2. A bears some striking resemblance(s) to B.三、文章結(jié)尾形式3-1 結(jié)論性- 通過對(duì)文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點(diǎn) .1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .2. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .3-2 后果性- 揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產(chǎn)生的嚴(yán)重后果.1. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of . , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .2. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that . will be put in danger.3-3 號(hào)召性 - 呼吁讀者行動(dòng)起來, 采取行動(dòng)或提請(qǐng)注意.1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of .2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.3-4 建議性 - 對(duì)所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.1. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is . Another method is . Still another one is .2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.3-5 方向性的結(jié)尾方式 - 其與建議性的唯一差別就是對(duì)問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景.1. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .2. There is no quick method to the issue of ., but . might be helpful/benefical.3. The great challenge today is . There is much difficulty , but .3-6 意義性的結(jié)尾方式 - 文章結(jié)尾的時(shí)候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義!1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the payoff might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .2. In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly .四如何寫主題句建議放在第一句多用肯定句語意明確，是段落軸心（段落中的每一句都與其相關(guān)） One day, I was flying fromShanghai to Yunnan. When the plane took off, the wind was blowing, and it was raining hard. I was a little nervous. . . 直接寫出My worst experience happened on an airplane in August 1995.五、如何發(fā)展段落引用例子或個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)感受定義某一個(gè)原則或概念詳細(xì)說明主題句范例一 （詳細(xì)說明two cities, taste）A visitor to my country should visit two cities to get a taste of the country. From north to south, the traveler should stop at _ which is mainly an industrial city with many tall buildings and stores. After he has seen _, the traveler should drive south toward _. He will see (the sea) as he drives along the coast. When he arrives in _, he will find a friendly city, with many fruit trees and plants.范例二（定義kind）My mother was one of the kindest people on earth. When I was young, she would overlook almost all my mistakes and gently correct me. My mother would often be nice to other children in the neighborhood by sharing my food, toys, and even clothes with them.范例三 （詳細(xì)說明主題句serious problem）For most people nowadays, the need of energy is a serious problem. In industrialized countries, people need a lot of gas and electricity. Economists and political leaders continually warn us about the problem. They encourage us to save energy by driving less, turning down heaters, and turning off lights.范例四 （詳細(xì)說明several important qualities舉例）My ideal husband would have to have several important qualities. First he would be kind and loving. For example, he would never stay angry for long and he would always find little ways to make life more fun for his family. Second he would be willing to share with me the responsibilities of the household. He would, for instance, do some of the cooking, laundry, and cleaning. He would also share in the raising of our children. Finally, he would be tall and thin with dark eyes.常用于引言的字句-起1. As an old English saying goes, “” 有句英文諺語是這么說的，2. There is no denying (doubt) that S+ V 不可否認(rèn)的是3. Generally speaking, S + V. 一般說來4. According to my personal experience, S + V In my opinion, Personally, I like/think, 根據(jù)我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)5. Nothing in the world can delight me so much as + Ving. 世界上沒有什麼比做讓我更高興了。6. As far as I know 就我所知7. As far as I can recall, S + V 就我印象所及常用于延展的字句-承1. Indeed; It is true that + S + V; Quite true; Rightly so, 的確2. To be honest, Frankly speaking; 事實(shí)上3. It is widely believed that + S + V; Belief has it that + S + V 誠如所信4. For example; For instance; To take + N+ for an example, S + V 以為例子5. We have reasons to believe that + S + V. 我們有理由相信6. In fact; As a matter of fact, S + V. 事實(shí)上7. Likewise, In a similar fashion, Similarly 同樣地8. In other words; To be specific; 換句話說; 詳細(xì)地說9. As mentioned from above, 如前所述常用于語氣轉(zhuǎn)換的字句-轉(zhuǎn)1. However, Nevertheless, Granted that 然而2. Despite +N; Despite the fact that + S + V, 盡管.3. On the other hand, S + V. 另一方面4. On the contrary, On the opposite, In contrast 相反的是5. When compared to A, B + V, 與A相比, B.常用于結(jié)論的字句- 合1. From this point of view, S + V. 從這觀點(diǎn)來看2. In a word, S + V. 總而言之3. To sum up, S + V; To conclude; In conclusion 總之4. If we can really put + N + into action, S + V 如果我們能付諸實(shí)行5. Last but not least, S + V. 最后常用轉(zhuǎn)折詞（1） 因此；結(jié)果as a result, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, on this ground, because of this（2） 順序: first/firstly, in the first place, second/secondly, next, finally（3）此外in addition, additionally, besides, furthermore, moreover, also, whats more（4） 然而however, nevertheless（5） 換言之that is, that is to say, namely, in other words, to put it differently（6） 同樣地likewise, similarly, in the similar way（7） 相反地instead, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely六、頭尾呼應(yīng)首句及末句不能相互矛盾末句不要重復(fù)首句范例一首句：You can learn many things from traveling that you cannot learn any other way.末句：I learned a lot more about Australia from that experience than a book or TV show could have taught me.首句：For the class reunion, I have decided that we should have a beach party.末句：This reunion will be a way of fulfilling our promise to each other, as well as reminding ourselves of the value of our friendship.當(dāng)句子、概念和細(xì)節(jié)清楚地結(jié)合時(shí)，讀者很容易就可以理解，而文章也會(huì)有連貫性。在文章中，所要表達(dá)的概念要流暢并清楚地聯(lián)結(jié)在一起。要建立讀者所需的連結(jié)，你可以使用下列的方法：Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase(重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞或片語)這個(gè)方式有助于集中想法并讓讀者跟上你的思路。Example:The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.同義字 同義字是實(shí)質(zhì)上具有相同意涵的語詞，他們提供你多樣化的文字選擇，還幫助讀者把注意力放在被討論的重點(diǎn)idea being discussedExample:Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.代名詞 This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we是很有用的代名詞，用以指涉先前提到的東西。然而要注意，你所指涉的東西要很明確。Example:When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.轉(zhuǎn)折語在英文中有許多語詞是給讀者提示句子間的關(guān)係，還有連結(jié)句子的作用。你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)以下的語詞都是轉(zhuǎn)折語：however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover等。Example:I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I cant help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when Ill have to shovel heaps of snow from my cars windshield.句子的形式：有時(shí)候，重復(fù)或?qū)?yīng)的句法形式可以幫助讀者跟上文章內(nèi)容，并將文章的概念融合在一起。Example:(from a speech by President John F. Kennedy) And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.必備經(jīng)典句子1. There are at least two criteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) to distinguish（辨別，判斷） what is至少有兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去判斷。是。2. A thousand li journey is starting by taking the first step.千里之行，始于足下3. Al