語法-軟件四級輔導.doc

被動語態(tài)：被動語態(tài)常由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成. 被動語態(tài)可用于各種時態(tài),但較常用的有下列十種:1) 現(xiàn)在一般時Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office.I am not so easily deceived.2) 過去一般時 I was invited to the concert. Our house was built in 1998.1) 將來一般時We hope that an agreement will be arrived at.This matter will be looked into in the future.4) 過去將來一般時 He said that the bridge would be built next year. Another half-hour all doors would be locked.5) 現(xiàn)在完成時 My car has been repaired. The party has been planned since the new year.6) 過去完成時 The painting that hung over the sofa had been taken down for the summer. Jack looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the gate.7) 將來完成時 The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. (這些新書在下一批書到來前將登記完畢。) This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two yeas by next summer.8) 過去將來完成時 The secretary said the article would have been translated by six oclock. He said that the bridge would have been completed before July.9) 現(xiàn)在進行時 This question is being discussed at the meeting. The children are being taken care of by their aunt.10) 過去進行時 When I called, tea was being served. (我來拜訪時，正值上茶之際。) With his fingers, he gently searched the mobile phone in his bag to be sure it wasnt being crushed. (他用手指輕輕地摸找包里的手機，以肯定它沒有被壓壞。)被動語態(tài)除常用be加過去分詞構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中，后面一般不接by短語。如：Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads.被動語態(tài)可含有情態(tài)動詞，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞”。如：Whats done cannot be undone.(覆水難收)Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.不少短語動詞相當于及物動詞，所以這些短語動詞也有被動語態(tài)。如：Many interesting experiments are carried out in our lab.Boxing was gone in for here in the early 1950s.(20世紀50年代初期，這里拳擊很盛行。)被動語態(tài)的用法：1） 當我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Look! There is nothing here. Everything has been taken away.2） 當我們不必要提出動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：I was born in 1990.Such things are not done twice.3） 當我們強調(diào)或側(cè)重動作的承受者時。如：She is liked by everybody. (強調(diào)she)A good time was had by all. (側(cè)重a good time)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的by短語并不一定總是代表動作的執(zhí)行者，它有時也可表方式或原因。如：A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. (警察可以從他穿的服裝認出來。)I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time.（我對他再次請我跳舞感到十分高興。）4） 當我們出于禮貌避免說出動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：Where can you be reached? (哪里可以和你接頭？)Youll be contacted. (我們會和你聯(lián)系的。)5） 當我們出于行文的需要時。如：The film was directed by Xie Jin. (上文談的是該影片)動作的執(zhí)行者 was sent to school by her parents when she was nine. (上文談的是Helen.)6) 有些動作習慣上常用被動語態(tài)。如： It is done/ Done! （成啦！） He is said to be a good teacher. She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe. (她被譽為歐洲最佳歌手。)含被動意義的主動語態(tài)：有些不及物動詞（其主語大都指物）的主動語態(tài)可以表示被動意義。這種不及物動詞有下列幾種：1） 某些連系動詞，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等。The flowers smell sweet.The food tastes nice.That sounds reasonable.The story proved quite false.(這一套話證實完全是假的。)2） 某些與cant, wont等連用的不及物動詞，如move, lock, shut, open等。It cant move.The door wont shut.3)某些可和well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等。The cloth washes well.The poem reads smoothly.The bottle doesnt clean easily.This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind.4) 某些可用于“主+謂+主補”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不及物動詞，如wear, blow等。 This material has worn thin. (這種布料已經(jīng)穿薄了。) The door blew open. 有些不及物動詞的進行時亦具有被動意義，如： Corn is selling briskly. (谷物暢銷。) Reading skill-SkimmingTo skim reading material, you extract (選取)the important parts-that is the main part and the significant details; but you have to extract these where you find them, which are not necessarily on the top.Skimming, then , is getting the essence of material without reading all of it. As you begin to skim a passage, you should read the first paragraph at normal speed all the way through. The opening paragraph often contains an introduction or overview(概要) of what will be talked about. Then from the second paragraph on, you only read as much of each paragraph as you have to in order to discover whether it contains a main idea or any important details. You skip over the parts which are non-essential to you until you reach the ending paragraphs which you should read more fully because they often contain a summary.1瀏覽或略讀技巧簡單地說“瀏覽技巧”就是快速地把握全文的大意。具體而言就是要把握文章的中心是什么，作者通過幾個方面來說明和闡述。這時細節(jié)可忽略，快速瀏覽句子中的關(guān)鍵詞語，重點看文章的首尾段，和每段的首尾句，捕捉語言材料的中心意思。2 查讀或細讀技巧它不求通篇地了解中心內(nèi)容，只需了解某一特定的內(nèi)容。通過查讀，仔細地閱讀相關(guān)部分，了解其內(nèi)容和理解其深層含義。在回答每篇文章后所附問題時，就緒運用此方法，在文章中找到與答案相關(guān)的部分，然后在四個選項中找到答案。3略讀與查讀的順序1） 先看文章，再看題，即先略讀再查讀。1-2分鐘-快速瀏覽全文，大致了解全文中心及每段側(cè)重點1-2分鐘-將問題及選項粗略讀一遍，大致了解要回答的問題和有哪幾種題型，同時大致確定一下問題在原文中的出處5-6分鐘-分別細讀與問題有關(guān)的段落和句子，在選項中做出判斷。此法優(yōu)點：視野廣闊，心中有數(shù)，主次分明，步驟清楚，時間容易控制。但對快讀技巧要求較高，要在短時間內(nèi)快速地通過關(guān)鍵詞找到關(guān)鍵詞找到中心內(nèi)容。否則會因為反復查找的次數(shù)增多而耽誤時間。2) 先看題，再看文章，即先查讀再略讀1-2分鐘-看問題及選項，從中將細節(jié)題及主旨題分開，先做細節(jié)題4-5分鐘-帶著細節(jié)題到原文中快速查讀，找到相關(guān)段落與句子，然后作出判斷；下一步要解決往往要通過閱讀全文才能回答的一至兩個問題。這是再快速地瀏覽全文，把握總體的內(nèi)容或觀點，作出主旨題的判斷。此法優(yōu)點：快速，直接，閱讀時目的性強，可減少讀無關(guān)信息時間。但全局觀念差些，不能借助中心內(nèi)容的把握來判斷選項的對錯。另外孤立地看題容易忘，往往看了文章后還要看題，對記憶的要求較高。虛擬語氣：語氣是一種動詞形式，用以表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語中的語氣有三種。1 ）陳述語氣，表示所說的話是事實，如：France lies on the windward side of Europe.2 ）祈使語氣，表示所說的話是請求 或命令，如：Make yourself at home. 3） 虛擬語氣，表示所說的話只是一種主觀愿望，假想和建議等。 If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.虛擬語氣的形式虛擬語氣的基本形式共有七種。1） 動詞原形，用于一切人稱和數(shù)。如：Long live the Communist Party of China!If that be so, we shall take action at once.2) 動詞的過去式，用于一切人稱和數(shù)，be 的過去式用were。如：If you loved me, you wouldnt say that.If I were in your shoes, Id accept the terms.3) had+過去分詞，用于一切人稱和數(shù)。如：We would have called a cab if HaroldHadnt offered us a ride home.If we had left earlier, we wouldnt have missed the train.4) 時態(tài)助動詞should+動詞原形，用于一切人稱和數(shù)。如：They suggested we should meet at the station.If you could see Celia, give her my best wishes.5) 時態(tài)助動詞should+have+過去分詞，用于一切人稱和數(shù)。如：If the boy should have left home at noon, he will be sitting in the cinema now.6) 時態(tài)助動詞should（第一人稱）和would(第二，三人稱)+動詞原形。如：If I were you, I should take his advice.He said he would go if I went.7) 時態(tài)助動詞should（第一人稱）和would(第二，三人稱)+ have+過去分詞。如:If father hadnt sent me, I shouldnt have come.You wouldnt have seen her if it hadnt been for him.條件句的種類條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句和結(jié)果主句皆用陳述語氣。如：Oil floats if you pour it on water.If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan.非真實條件句所表示的假設則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句和結(jié)果主句皆需用虛擬語氣。1）與現(xiàn)在事實相反的非真實條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be 的過去式用were），結(jié)果主句的謂語用should（第一人稱）和would(第二，三人稱) +動詞原形。如：If we left now, we should arrive in good time.If I were you, I would refuse the money.2) 與過去事實相反的非真實條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞, 結(jié)果主句的謂語用should（第一人稱）或would(第二，三人稱) + have+過去分詞。如：We would have dropped by if we had had time. (順道拜訪)I wouldnt have known what these were for if I hadnt been told.與將來事實可能相反的非真實條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式（be 的過去式用were），結(jié)果主句的謂語用should（第一人稱）或would(第二，三人稱) +動詞原形。如： If you dropped the glass, it would break. If you lived there for a while, youd change your mind about that place.在與將來事實可能相反的條件句中，其條件從句的謂語亦可用were to+動詞原形。這種虛擬時式比較正式，多用于書面語中，其假想性很強，實現(xiàn)性甚小。如：If he were to come, what should we say to him?情態(tài)動詞may(might)是一種特殊的虛擬語氣，它可以用在從句中表目的，讓步。如：I must learn English hard so that I may pass the exam.He died in order that others might be saved.May還可以用在獨立句中表祝愿。如：May you be happy!Long may you live!在書面語中，條件從句可以不用連詞if, 而將謂語中的過去式were，had 或should等移至主語之前。如：Were you in my position, you would do the same.Had I time, I would come.I will go, should it be necessary.1. 條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表的時間不一致當條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應作相應的調(diào)整。如：（1）If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now .（2）You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.如條件從句用if I were , 結(jié)果主句則可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。如：（3）If I were not busy , I would have come . 假如我不忙，我就會去了。 （were 表示過去）（4）If I were you , I should go . 假如我是你，我會去的。 （were 表示現(xiàn)在） 2. 含蓄條件句 非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1）條件暗含在短語中。如： What should I have done without you ? 如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？（條件暗示在介詞短語without you 中）It would be easier to do it this way . 這樣做會比較容易。（條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way 中） 、But for your help we couldnt havesucceeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。 （暗含條件是But for your help） 2）條件暗含在上下文中。如： You might stay here forever. 你可以永遠待在這兒。（可能暗含If you wanted to ） We would have succeeded. 我們本來是會成功的。（可能暗含 If we had kept trying ）3) 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如： You wouldnt know. 你不會知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意來3. 省去結(jié)果主句的非真實條件句非真實條件句如省去結(jié)果主句，則常表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。這種條件句常用 if only 來引導。如： If only you would listen to reason.你如聽從道理就好了。If I had never married .我不結(jié)婚就好了。4. 不用 if 引導的條件從句非真實條件句中的條件從句除用if 引導外，還可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, on condition 等詞語來引導。如：Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school.除非我好了，否則我不會上學。In case I forget, please remind me of my promise .如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。5. 虛擬語氣的其它用法虛擬語氣除主要用于條件句即狀語從句外，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句等。1）用于主語從句，其謂語用should + 動詞原形（或should + have + 過去分詞）或只用動詞原形（尤其是美國英語）。Should在此是助動詞，本身并無實義。這種主語從句由連詞that 所引導，常用在it is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable) that 句型中。如：It is important that we should speak politely . 我們說話要有禮貌，這是很重要的。It is imperative that we should practice criticism and self-criticism .應當進行批評與自我批評。 這種主語從句還常用在it is （was）desired (suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.) that 句型中。如：It is desired that this rule shall be brought to the attention of the staffs . 希望這條規(guī)則引起全體職員的注意。（shall 在當代英語中已較少見）It is settled that you leave us , then?那么你離開我們已是定了的啰？2）用于賓語從句，一種是用作動詞wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。這種從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反。如：We wish you had come to our New Year party.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。賓語從句的謂語是would+動詞原形，則是一種常見的希求。如：I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再呆一會兒。也可以用would rather，would sooner等表示愿望，但其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式。如：I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。另一種是謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形的that從句，作為demand，suggest，propose，order，arrange，insist，command，request，desire等動詞的賓語。如：He suggested that we should leave early.他建議我們早點兒動身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.法官命令被告還押。有些動詞，如think, expect, believe, 其否定式的賓語從句亦可用should + 動詞原形。如： I never thought he should refuse . 我萬沒有想到他會拒絕。 She did not expect that you should come . 她沒有預料你會來。2） 用于表語從句，由that （可省去）所引導，其謂語是should + 動詞原形。句子主語常常是suggestion, proposal, idea, motion等名詞。如：My suggestion is that we should tell him .我的建議是我們應該告訴他。Our only request is that