高中英語人教版必修2 unit3.doc

重點(diǎn)詞匯signal【點(diǎn)撥】signal (v./n./adj.) 信號，暗號。1. Vt./Vi. Both sides have signaled their willingness to start negotiations.2. n. This will send the wrong signal to potential investors.3. Adj. The university has done me the signal honour of making me an Honorary Fellow.【拓展】signal achievement/success/failure to give a signal 發(fā)信號spoil【點(diǎn)撥】spoil (n./v.) 溺愛；贓物1. v. spoilt / spoiled The bad news has spoilt my day. 2. n. The thieves divided up the mon 【點(diǎn)撥】1.common adj. 普通的，常見的；共有的，共用的Smith is a common name in England. 英國在Smith是個很普通的名字。in common (with) ( 和 )一樣have sth. in common (with) ( 與 )有共同之處They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. 他們雖是兄弟，但毫無共同之處?！就卣埂縣ave nothing in common with 無共同之處 have little in common with 幾乎無共同之處 have something in common with 有一些共同之處 have a lot common with 有許多共同之處【辨析】common, ordinary, usual與general它們均有“普通的，常見的”的意思。common 側(cè)重于“普遍；常見”，指許多事物或人共同具有而常見的性質(zhì)。They can treat most of the common diseases他們可以治療大部分常見的病ordinary 側(cè)重于表示“平常；平凡；無奇特之處”That morning he came earlier than usual, for it was not an ordinary day.那天早上他起得比平常早，因?yàn)槟翘焓且粋€不尋常的日子。usual 指從時間和頻度上講通常發(fā)生的事情或一種習(xí)慣。Tea is considered to be the usual drink of British people茶被認(rèn)為是英國人的日常飲料。general 表示在大多數(shù)人或物中流行并受到關(guān)注，還有“總體的，概括的”的意思general knowledge 一般知識solve【點(diǎn)撥】solve. v. 解決, 解答This problem is too difficult for me to solve. 這個問題太難解決不了Hes good at solving crossword puzzles 他善于解答縱橫字謎。With the help of his friends , he finally solved the problem.在朋友的幫助下，他終于解決了這個問題【拓展】solution n. 解答；解決(辦法)a solution to the problem 問題的解決方法 anyhow【點(diǎn)撥】anyhow = anyway不管怎樣.Anyway I must finish the work today. 不管怎樣我必須今天完成這項(xiàng)工作Type【點(diǎn)撥】type.1) n. 類型This is a new type of machine, with lots of meters on it.這是一種新型的機(jī)器, 上面有許多儀表。2) v. 打字你幫我打一下這封信好嗎?Will you please type this letter for me?【拓展】type:表示各項(xiàng)事物在本類中都是典型的。kind:特指在分類中能放在一起的性質(zhì)相同且相似的一類事物。follow【點(diǎn)撥】follow. v.跟隨；沿著；聽懂；遵循；聽從follow ones instructions 執(zhí)行(某人的)指令 Follow this road, and youll get there. 沿著這條路走，你就會到那兒。【拓展】 follow the customs of 遵從。的習(xí)俗 with sb. followed 某人緊隨其后 calculate【點(diǎn)撥】calculate. vt. 計算，估計He hasnt calculate the result.他還沒有計算出結(jié)果。be calculated for 打算，為適合。而設(shè)計calculate on / upon 依靠，指望【拓展】calculable adj.可估計的，可計算的calculating. adj. 有心計的，精明的calculation n 計算；估計，推測calculator n 計算器calculated adj. 精心策劃的；蓄意的personally【點(diǎn)撥】personally adv. 就自己而言; 就我個人來說 She didnt like the plan, but personally I see nothing wrong with it.她不喜歡這項(xiàng)計劃, 但我本人覺得沒什么不好的?！就卣埂縫erson (n)-personal (adj.)-personally (adv)person n 人 personal adj. 私人的，個人的，親自的 personally adv.親自，個人認(rèn)為personally speaking 我個人認(rèn)為，以我的看法來說generally speaking 一般而言frankly speaking 坦率地說arise【點(diǎn)撥】arise (arose，arisen) vi.出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生Accidents arise from carelessness.事故由粗心大意引起。New difficulties will arise from such situation.那種狀況將會產(chǎn)生新的難題。【拓展】辨析：arise；arouse；rise與raiseThe sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽從東方升起西方落下。The price of wheat has risen/has been raised since the last summer.自從去年夏天以來，麥子的價格已經(jīng)漲了/被漲上來了重點(diǎn)短語 In a way【點(diǎn)撥】in a/one way 在某種程度上, 從某種意義上說從某種程度上來說, 他的英語有進(jìn)步。In a way, his English has improvedin the way on the/ones way (to) 在(去)的路上by the way 順便提一下 in no way 決不all the way 自始自終;完全地in this way 用這種方法【拓展】與in a way同義的詞組有in one way 和in some ways。容易與之混淆的詞組是in the way意為“造成阻礙”，請比較：In a way, I like this new textbook very much從某種程度上說, 我很喜歡這本新教材。 Im afraid your bike is in the way 看來你的自行車擋著道了。go by 【點(diǎn)撥】go by經(jīng)過(某地)；(時間)過去；(機(jī)會等)失去；遵循，依據(jù)辦事 go by = passA car went by at full speed. 一輛汽車全速駛過。【拓展】Pass by 意為“從。旁邊經(jīng)過”。go on 表示“進(jìn)展；進(jìn)行情況”有時也可以表示時間的過去（側(cè)重于過程）。go by 也可意為“按。行事，從。來看”go by the rules 按規(guī)定辦事go by looks 根據(jù)表情判斷as a result【點(diǎn)撥】as a result 結(jié)果，因此。It doesnt often rain in summer. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden.這兒夏天不常下雨，因此，我們不得不給菜園澆水。as a result(=therefore ) 因此（+結(jié)果）As a result of(=because of) 因?yàn)椋? 原因(名詞，代詞，動名詞)He got up late. As a result, he was late for the class.He was late for the class as a result of getting up late.【拓展】result from .由。導(dǎo)致；源于。result in 導(dǎo)致。Success results from hard work. 成功來自努力。Hard work results in success. 努力終會成功。deal with【點(diǎn)撥】deal with 1) 處理,解決,安排we must deal with this problem as soon as possible.2) 對待,對付,賓語是人Deal with a man as he deals with you3)談?wù)?，涉及The book deals with the questions of maths【拓展】 比較deal with與do with的用法：What will you do with these green apples? 你用這些青蘋果做什么？ I dont know how to deal with these boring problems. 我不知道如何處理這些煩人的問題。do with的do是及物動詞中，表示如何“處置”，常與what連用，what是do的賓語；而deal with中的deal是不及物動詞，表示如何應(yīng)付或安排什么，常用how，how是deal with的狀語。 那位新老師不知道如何對待班上的學(xué)生。The new teacher didnt know how to deal with the students in the class.她不知應(yīng)該如何處理她父親留下的東西。She didnt know what to do with the things her father had left.after all【點(diǎn)撥】after all1) 終究； 畢竟I know he hasnt finished the work, but after all, hes done his best.我知道他沒有完成工作，但是畢竟他已經(jīng)盡力了。2) 盡管After all our advice, he insists on going. 盡管我們建議了，但是他仍然堅持執(zhí)行。【拓展】all組成的其它重點(diǎn)短語above/ beyond all 最重要的是，首先；尤其是，特別是at all 完全，全然；究竟；竟然；在任何程度上I didnt enjoy it at all. 我一點(diǎn)都不喜歡它。first of all 首先in all 總計；總的說來There were twelve of us in all for dinner. 我們一共12人去用餐worst of all 最最/特別/最糟糕的是Not at all. 一點(diǎn)也不；根本不；哪兒的話；別客氣；沒有什么。Thats all. 沒有別的了；完了；沒了別的辦法。make up【點(diǎn)撥】make up1） 化妝She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她花了一個小時的時間來給自己化妝。2) 形成、 構(gòu)成或組成What are the qualities that make up her character? 她的人物性格是什么？3) 將幾種東西放在一起She made up a basket of food for the picnic. 她把野餐的食物都放在籃子里了。4) 鋪（床）；支起（臨時床） We made up the bed in the spare room for our guest.我們在空房間為客人支起臨時的床。5) 捏造、虛構(gòu)某事（尤指為欺騙某人） I couldnt remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along.我不記得講給小朋友的故事了，所以我編造了一個。6) 與某人和解或和好Has he made it up with her yet? 他已經(jīng)和她和好了?！就卣埂?) be made up of. 作“由組成的”解， 是被動形式。 This team is made up of ten players. 這個隊伍是由10個隊員組成。2) be made of 意為“由做成”，該短語指成品中可以看出原材料。These bottles are made of glass. 這些瓶子是由玻璃制成。3) be made from 意為“由做成”，指成品制成后，已看不出原材料。 Gas is made from coal. 天然氣是由煤制成。4) be made into意為“被做成”，該短詞指某種原料制成某種成品。 Stone can be made into bridges. 石頭可以被制成橋。5) be made in意為“在制造”，強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)地。This kind of watch is made in China. 這種表是在中國制造。6) be made by意為“由制造” 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)出者。 This kind of TV set is made by the factory . 這種電視是由這個廠家制造。重點(diǎn)句型It will be+時間段+ before 【點(diǎn)撥】It will be+時間段+ before 之后才It will be five years before we could meet again. 要五年之后我們才能相見 It will be not long before 不久就It is not long before class comes to an end. 不久就要下課了！ How long it will be before class comes to an end. 什么時候才下課？.Itll be three weeks before he comes back. 要過三周他才回來 He became angry before I could explain to him我還沒來得及向他解釋，他就生氣了。so/suchthat【點(diǎn)撥】so.that.結(jié)果是，以至于，so是副詞，后面要跟形容詞或副詞，其用法如下：The problem is so difficult that nobody can work it out.這道題太難，沒有一個人能解出來。It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything.(It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.)天氣如此熱，誰也不想干活。There are so many people in the street that I cant get through.街上有這么多人我過不去。I had so little money that I was unable to buy anything.Tom had so much homework to do that he had to go to bed late in the evening.I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.【拓展】He caught such a bad cold that he coughed day and night.他得了重感冒以致日夜咳嗽。It was such fine weather that we had a picnic together.天氣那么好我們一起去野餐了。(2)當(dāng)so./such.放在句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。So fast did the teacher speak that I couldnt follow him.(The teacher spoke so fast that I could not follow him.)那個老師說得太快，我聽不懂。There are/were times whenThere was a time when .【點(diǎn)撥】There are/were times when有段時期；有時常會 There was a time when . 曾經(jīng)一度;有一段時間 There was a time when the star was popular with the young people.曾經(jīng)有段時間這個明星很受年輕人歡迎?！就卣埂縜t one time過去曾經(jīng)，一度”，用于一般過去時態(tài) at a time “一次，每次”或“在某個時候” at times “有時，不時”，相當(dāng)于from time to time或sometimesat one time, at a time, at timesTake two pills at a time 一次吃兩片藥At one time women were looked down upon.過去曾經(jīng)婦女被看不起He receives letters from his parents at times 他不時地能收到父母的來信At one time they were good friends.他們曾經(jīng)是好朋友鞏固練習(xí)完成句子1.人們認(rèn)為我頭腦簡單，直到發(fā)現(xiàn)我有人工智能時，他們才不這么想了。However, people thought I _until they discovered I _2.我喜歡被相距遙遠(yuǎn)不能交談的人們用來彼此聯(lián)系。I _used to connect people_ to speak to each other.3.我沒想到你現(xiàn)在會在這里。I never_ now.4.她電腦用得很好， 現(xiàn)在很少用紙和筆寫字了.She uses the computer _ she seldom /doesnt _a pen and paper.5.但是我總是孤獨(dú)地立在那里，直到60年代早期，他們把我與因特網(wǎng)連在了一起。But I was always _by myself, until _, they gave me a family connected by a network.6.從我出生以來。我就是真心真意地為人類服務(wù)而構(gòu)建自己的。I have truly been built to _ since my birth.7.大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為美國隊會打贏。_ the US team will win the game.8.從某種程度上，她的英語有進(jìn)步，但對她來說，道路還很長。_, her English has improved but _單項(xiàng)選擇 從A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1 Running a company is not _ a matter of hiring peoplethey also need to be trained Asimply Bpartly Cseriously Dequally2 I observed a number of _ children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a regular class Aintelligent Bcompetent Cordinary Dindependent3 By the time he realizes he _ into a trap，itll be too late for him to do anything about it Awalks Bwalked Chas walked Dhad walked4 _ hungry I am，I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread AWhatever BWhenever CWherever DHowever5 Jenny nearly missed the flight _ doing too much shopping Aas a result of Bon top of Cin front of Din need of6 Im certain Davids told you his business troubles_ its no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank AHowever BAnyway CTherefore DThough7So difficult _ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well AI have felt Bhave I felt CI did feel Ddid I feel8Im sorry youve been waiting so longbut itll still be some time _ Brian gets back Abefore Bsince Ctill Dafter9The mainland _ fresh water and vegetables _ people in Hong Kong every day Aprovides；for Bprovides；with Csupplies；for Doffers；with10As you know，men，women and children are _Aman Bhuman beings Chuman races Dman kinds語法講解被動語態(tài)的概念1. 英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。2. 主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者例如：Many people speak Chinese.3. 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受著。例如：上句可變?yōu)開Chinese is spoken by many people.為什么要用被動語態(tài)？ a) 當(dāng)關(guān)注的是事情本身而不是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者根本不知道動作的執(zhí)行者時。如: The meeting was put off. My car has been moved. b) 動作的執(zhí)行者很明確時或強(qiáng)調(diào)承受者時。 The ceremony was reported in the news last night. If you break the school rules, you will be punished. c) 當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者是“people”或 “one” 時。 He is believed to have invented the computer. Advertisements are seen everywhere.d) 修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡練、勻稱 主動變被動一般規(guī)律All the people laughed at him. 所有人都嘲笑他。He was laughed at by all the people. 他被所有人嘲笑They make the bikes in the factory. 他們在工廠生產(chǎn)自行車。The bikes are made by them in the factory. 這些自行車被他們在工廠生產(chǎn)。They sold out the tickets. 他們賣完了票。The tickets were sold out. 票被賣光了。規(guī)則： 1. 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。 2. 把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)（be過去分詞）3. 把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后做賓語，將主格改為賓格?，F(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)2. 七種被動語態(tài)形式1) 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài) (am/is/are+ 過去分詞） 如: The work is done during two days.2) 一般過去時的被動語態(tài) (was/were+ 過去分詞） 如: He was sent to the hospital immediately after the accident.3) 一般將來時的被動語態(tài) (will/shall + be + 過去分詞或 + be going to + be + 過去分詞） 如: The work will be finished soon.4) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài) (is/am/are + being+ 過去分詞） 如: The bridge is now being constructed5) 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài) (have/has +been + 過去分詞） 如: The radio has been repaired when we phoned the shop.6) 帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) (情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞) 如: This can be done in a few minutes.7) 動詞不定式的被動式 (to be + 過去分詞) 如: It is an honor for me to be askedto speak here. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生在過去, 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響, 其構(gòu)成是: have/has been + done。例如：1. The dirty clothes have been washed. 臟衣服都已經(jīng)洗了?，F(xiàn)在完成時被動態(tài)：have / has + been + 動詞過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：have / has + been + 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞它們的構(gòu)成的區(qū)別在最后的動詞上, 被動態(tài)接的是過去分詞形式, 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時接的是現(xiàn)在分詞形式。1. 主語是行為動作的承受者。如： The Temple of Zhang Fei has been rebuilt. 張飛廟已經(jīng)過重建。2. 說話時已經(jīng)完成的動作或出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。如: The door has been locked. 門已經(jīng)被鎖上了。（我或別人現(xiàn)在進(jìn)不去）3. 動作或狀態(tài)始于過去, 持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 并可能持續(xù)下去。如： He has been told about it for many times. 有人告訴他這事很多次了。（可能還會有人告訴他）4. 用在時間和條件狀語從句中, 表示將來某時已完成的動作。如：Well start as soon as the work has been finished. 工作一完成我們就立即動身。 注意:1. 副詞的位置 often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom等副詞置于have/has和been中間。如: 誤 Such a man has been hardly believed. 正 Such a man has hardly been believed.2. 并不是所有動詞都有被動語態(tài) 1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物動詞或詞組無被動語態(tài)。如： 誤 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.2) open, break, drop等不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)出者時常用主動語態(tài)。如：誤 The door has been opened of itself.正 The door has opened of itself.3. 短語動詞不可分割或省略其中的介詞或副詞。如： The SARS patients have been taken good care of.4. 一些特殊動詞, 如borrow, finish, begin, buy, start, return, marry, open, join等構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。若要表達(dá)相應(yīng)的意思， 則需改換動詞或時態(tài)。如：My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.How long has this book been bought? How long ago was this book bought? 鞏固練習(xí)把下列句子變成被動語態(tài)c) Mary has locked the door. _d) She has told me about the story._ _3. I have read this book many times._4. We have completed all the preparations for the task, and were ready to start._5. This company has produced new types of computers _單選 1.-Flight 302 to London_ until 7:30 tomorrow morning.-No wonder I hear so many complaints from the passengers. Ahas been delayedBdelayCdelayedDwill be delayed2.The window is dirty. I know. It _ forweeks. A. hasnt clean B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned3.Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns.A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised4._David and Vicky_ married? For about three years.A. How long were; being B. How long have; gotC. How long have; been D. How long did; get5.Millions of pounds worth of damage_ by