機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第二課.docVIP

機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 第二課翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection 要提高譯文的質(zhì)量， 使譯文達(dá)到“準(zhǔn)確”、“簡(jiǎn)練”、“通順”這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就必須學(xué)習(xí)翻譯技巧。翻譯的技巧就是在翻譯過(guò)程中用詞造句的處理方法。如詞的選擇、詞義的引伸、增詞、減詞、轉(zhuǎn)換詞類(lèi)、改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)、變更詞序和改換譯法等。一、詞義的選擇 詞義的選擇實(shí)際就是英語(yǔ)詞在特定句子中的詞義的判斷和確定。詞在特定句子中的確切含義，在很大程度上取決于上下文。也就是說(shuō)，詞的含義必須根據(jù)詞在句子中的作用詞的搭配習(xí)慣以及詞的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合予以判斷和確定。一般可從下列幾個(gè)方面去判斷。 翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection1、根據(jù)詞類(lèi)判斷詞義英語(yǔ)中，有些詞用作不同的詞類(lèi)時(shí)，其詞義有時(shí)是不相同的。因此我們可根據(jù)詞類(lèi)來(lái)確定詞義。l Every metal part is of great importance to machines.每一個(gè)金屬部件對(duì)機(jī)器都是很重要的。(n)l Aluminum machines faster than other metals.鋁加工起來(lái)比其它金屬快。(v)l icroprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. 微機(jī)檢測(cè)汽車(chē)輪胎的耐用性和制動(dòng)力。(v)l The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.病人的情況曾通過(guò)波形監(jiān)視器監(jiān)視。 (n) 翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection2、根據(jù)上下文選擇詞義嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)，孤立的一個(gè)詞很難確定它是什么意思，因?yàn)橥粋€(gè)詞在不同的場(chǎng)合可能具有不同的意義，因此有些詞必須根據(jù)上下文來(lái)確定其詞義。l The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 過(guò)去十年里，我國(guó)工業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展。l To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.在研制這種儀器時(shí)請(qǐng)了許多專(zhuān)家。l The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功用就是產(chǎn)生所需要的動(dòng)力。翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl This cooling system failed. 這個(gè)冷卻系統(tǒng)失效了.l Newtons laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. 牛頓的一些定律未能闡述電子在原子里的運(yùn)動(dòng)。l If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.如果橋梁垮斷，則支柱的上面幾層會(huì)壓垮，而下面會(huì)破裂。l Few metals occur free. 金屬呈游離狀態(tài)的很少。l One of the parts worked free. 有一個(gè)部件松了。翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection3、根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)內(nèi)容選擇詞義 英語(yǔ)中，同一個(gè)詞在不同的專(zhuān)業(yè)中往往具有不同的詞義。因此，在判斷英語(yǔ)詞的詞義時(shí)，必須考慮到英語(yǔ)著作闡述的內(nèi)容所涉及的概念屬于哪個(gè)學(xué)科、哪個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)的。例：powerpower brake 自動(dòng)制動(dòng)器power stroke 工作行程power shaft 傳動(dòng)軸rated power 額定功率power source 電源power fuel 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃料power tool 電動(dòng)工具power feed 自動(dòng)進(jìn)給power unit 動(dòng)力頭;功率單位 power country 大國(guó)翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。l To drive machines requires power. 開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器需要?jiǎng)恿?。l The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.因而這種電池的功率約為三十瓦。l China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.盡管中國(guó)被看作是核大國(guó)之一，但中國(guó)決不會(huì)首先使用核武器。翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl We have finished repairing that pump.我們已經(jīng)結(jié)束了對(duì)水泵的修理。l These workpieces must be finished on a grinder.這些工件必須在磨床上精加工。l These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. 這些方法均可把塑料原料變?yōu)槌善?。l The stock market crash finished many speculators.股票市場(chǎng)暴跌使許多投機(jī)者破產(chǎn)翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義1)形容詞與名詞的搭配：一個(gè)形容詞與不同的名詞搭配，可能具有不同的詞義。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，可根據(jù)與其搭配的名詞來(lái)確定形容詞的詞義。例：physical: 物質(zhì)的，物理的，體力的，實(shí)際的physical change ；physical circuit ;physical science 物理變化實(shí)際電路 自然科學(xué) physical constant; physical contact; physical design 物理常數(shù)直接接觸 機(jī)械的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)physical exercise; physical construction; 體育活動(dòng)、體操 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)physical address實(shí)際地址翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Everything in our physical world is continually changing.我們的物質(zhì)世界的一切都在不斷地變化著。l A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.表示這些部件的實(shí)際關(guān)系的剖視圖表示于圖2中。l Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.物理量之間的關(guān)系通常用公式表示。l The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it.工程師的工作是掌握知識(shí)并加以實(shí)際的應(yīng)用。翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection2）動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配：一個(gè)動(dòng)詞與不同的名詞搭配，可能具有不同的詞義。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，要根據(jù)名詞來(lái)確定動(dòng)詞的詞義。例：make:做，制造make a recording make readings make a circuit錄音 取讀數(shù)構(gòu)成電路,接通電路make a calculation make n turns make a change進(jìn)行計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)圈改變make measurements 進(jìn)行）測(cè)量翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl This makes a close circuit.這就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)閉合電路。l They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.他們經(jīng)常對(duì)舊機(jī)器和舊設(shè)備進(jìn)行革新。l Scales can also be used to make calculations.天平也可用來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。l When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?當(dāng)你的手電筒不能發(fā)出足夠亮的光時(shí)，你該怎么辦呢？翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selection3) 動(dòng)詞與介詞（或副詞）的搭配：一個(gè)動(dòng)詞與不同的介詞（或副詞）搭配，就具有不同的詞義。因此，可根據(jù)動(dòng)詞后面的介詞（或副詞）來(lái)確定該動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的詞義。例：turn 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，旋轉(zhuǎn)turn on turn off turn up turn over打開(kāi)關(guān)閉舉起，占有，翻轉(zhuǎn)turn into turn over turn out turn to把轉(zhuǎn)化為接收生產(chǎn)變成，轉(zhuǎn)向翻譯的基本方法 詞義的選擇Skills of Translation acceptation selectionl Dont turn off the lamp.請(qǐng)不要關(guān)燈。l When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.當(dāng)你打開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)，電路就閉合。l When heated, water turns into steam.水受熱時(shí)變?yōu)檎羝?。l This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.這家工廠(chǎng)在1979年生產(chǎn)了一種大型臥式鏜銑床。l Please turn to page 5. 請(qǐng)翻到第五頁(yè)。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Weight is the force with which a body is attracted to the earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the objects mass and the acceleration. Particle A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected. Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by force When the deformation of such bodies is small，they are frequently assumed to be rigidi.e., incapable of deformation，in order to simplify the analysis機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningbe attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意l Magnetic poles are attracted to their opposites.正反磁極互相吸引product 乘積, 產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)物 l Most of this kind of industrial products are sold abroad.這種工業(yè)產(chǎn)品大部分銷(xiāo)往國(guó)外。finished products 成品，product accumulator 乘積累加器，機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningbe neglected 忽視，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道l The losses due to leakage past the pistons can be neglected ( ignored / disregarded ) since they are negligible. 由活塞漏氣造成的損耗可以忽略不計(jì)，因?yàn)檫@些損耗是微不足道的deform 變形 （deformation）l There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force. 在力的作用下，沒(méi)有一種材料不或多或少產(chǎn)生一定的變形。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2assume 假定，假設(shè) , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)l It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant. 假定氣缸中氣體的溫度不變。l Suppose / if that “V” is the velocity of the steam, then R is its relative velocity. 假如“V”是蒸氣的速度，則“R”就是它的相對(duì)速度。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Deformable Body the rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed Thus we consider the body to be capable of deformingSuch analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis，using the additional assumption that the body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces Newtons Laws Newtons three 1aws are： Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced，the particle with either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity 機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningdue to 由于，應(yīng)歸于，因?yàn)?（作為復(fù)合介詞用）l The metal rod is bended due to the force action.由于力的作用，金屬桿彎曲了。表示原因的的詞或詞組還有：Because (語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，表示直接的原因)since (語(yǔ)氣稍弱，表示已知的原因)as (語(yǔ)氣更弱，表示明顯的原因)In view of / on account of / owing to / seeing that /表示“由于”起連詞作用。上述詞或詞組引出原因狀語(yǔ)從句。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningl Since the compensating jet is larger, it can supply more petrol. 由于補(bǔ)償噴嘴較大，它能供給較多的汽油。be analyzed 分析，解析l The main experimental problems are also analyzed with the method of ultra-low-frequency measurements.用這種超低頻測(cè)量方法分析了主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)問(wèn)題。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningremain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep)l Permanent magnets are capable of remaining their magnetism indefinitely.永久磁鐵能夠永久保留磁性。balance 平衡，衡量l The balance of nature is upsetted through the use of insecticides. 由于殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用破壞了自然界的平衡。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2 Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced，the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resultant force and in the direction of the resultant force Law 3 When two particles react，a pair of interacting forces come into existence；these forces have the same magnitudes and opposite senses，and they act along the straight line common to the two particles機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningexperience 經(jīng)歷,體驗(yàn),經(jīng)驗(yàn) (n. vt) experiment 試驗(yàn) (n. vi)l Newton carried out several experiences on light and color. (錯(cuò))l Newton carried out several experiments on light and color.(對(duì))牛頓做過(guò)一些關(guān)于光和顏色的實(shí)驗(yàn)。l Try some of this perfume, as an experiment.用點(diǎn)這種香水，作為一種試驗(yàn)吧。l Try some of this perfume, as an experience.體驗(yàn)一下這種香水吧。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learning幾種用法：experience happiness 體驗(yàn)幸福；suffer a loss 受到損失；sustained an injury 遭到傷害；tasted freedom 領(lǐng)略自由；has undergone a religious conversion 經(jīng)歷一次宗教信仰的轉(zhuǎn)變機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningbe proportional to 成比例 l The linear speed of rotation of a pulley is proportional to its diameter. 皮帶輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的線(xiàn)速度和它的直徑成正比。be directly proportional to 成正比l The power of an engine is directly proportional to the area of cross-section of the cylinder.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率和氣缸橫斷面的面積成正比。機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱讀之二 Words Learningbe inversely proportional to 成反比l The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely