江蘇專轉(zhuǎn)本英語(yǔ)考試語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)大全.doc

江蘇省專轉(zhuǎn)本英語(yǔ)考試語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)大全一）倒裝句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前的這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象稱為倒裝。從倒裝的形式來(lái)看，可分為全部倒裝(full inversion)和部分倒裝(partial inversion)兩種。前者是指整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，而后者僅是指助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be 動(dòng)詞等功能置于主語(yǔ)之前。一、全部倒裝1、句首為there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等時(shí)，引出全部倒裝。There stands a stone bridge across the river.There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.2、句首為狀語(yǔ)方位詞或表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)：Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcers voice.從角落里的便攜式收音機(jī)里傳來(lái)了播音員的聲音。At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺著的是愛娃.布勞恩。3、以 here, there, now, then等開頭的句子，位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒裝：There goes the bell. 鈴響了。Here comes the bus. 汽車來(lái)了。Now come your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。但是，如主語(yǔ)是代詞而不是名詞時(shí)則不發(fā)生倒裝。4、在表示動(dòng)作的簡(jiǎn)短句子里，為了生動(dòng)，可把副詞放于句首引出倒裝。Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一條狗從大門里嗖地一聲竄了出來(lái)。Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一聲飛上了天空。但：Away they went.5、在表達(dá)祝愿的句子里：Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友誼萬(wàn)歲！May you succeed! 祝你成功！6、在強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)時(shí)Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人難以忍受的是羞辱。Such is the case. 情況就是這樣。二、部分倒裝1、省略 if 的虛擬條件句中Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我當(dāng)時(shí)知道可能發(fā)生的事的話，我就不會(huì)撇下她一個(gè)人在那里了。Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 沒有空氣和水，世界上就不會(huì)有生命。2、在以 so（肯定）和 neither, nor（否定）的句子中He didnt fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未來(lái)。Ive had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，別人也會(huì)有啊。Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有傳染力，同樣信任也具有傳染力。3、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner . than , in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case，采用部分倒裝。Little does he care about money. 他很少關(guān)心錢。Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。4、句首狀語(yǔ)由 only+副詞，only+介詞短語(yǔ)，only+狀語(yǔ)分詞時(shí)Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才發(fā)現(xiàn)表丟了。Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我們國(guó)家科學(xué)才能服務(wù)于人民的利益。5、在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我們應(yīng)該為社會(huì)主義建設(shè)做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 從廢棄液體中我們能提取有用的化學(xué)肥料。二）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞種類及句法功能（一）概述：在英語(yǔ)中，不作句子謂語(yǔ)，但仍具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動(dòng)名詞（the Gerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（the Present Participle）；過(guò)去分詞（the Past Participle）。（二）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能1）邏輯主語(yǔ)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)是誰(shuí)發(fā)出的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，我們往往要有主語(yǔ)來(lái)明確表現(xiàn)。由于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中不做謂語(yǔ)，所以強(qiáng)調(diào)誰(shuí)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作就不明顯。但它又有動(dòng)詞的某些特征，在這種情況下，就有了其邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。在英語(yǔ)中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)各有其不同的表現(xiàn)方式，也是?？嫉囊粋€(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，尤其是動(dòng)名詞和分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在來(lái)簡(jiǎn)要分析一下在不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞中的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是同過(guò)介詞of 和for來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。這兩個(gè)介詞使用的區(qū)別是：當(dāng)表語(yǔ)是表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí)（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我們使用of; 其它的使用for。請(qǐng)看例句：It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他們拒絕這個(gè)建議很不明智。It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 難為你這么慷慨留我們過(guò)夜。It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我們很榮幸參加這個(gè)大會(huì)。It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子們?cè)谒畮?kù)里游泳很危險(xiǎn)。 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是在動(dòng)名詞前用名詞或代詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)的。在句首時(shí)一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：Marys grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mothers staying with them was the last straw. 瑪麗的不斷嘮叨已經(jīng)使她丈夫很煩，她母親來(lái)和他們一塊住更使他們的關(guān)系雪上加霜。Xiao Lis being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的遲到讓老師很惱火。Our sole worry is (you) your relying on yourself too much. 我們唯一的擔(dān)心是你這個(gè)人太相信自己了。They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wangs going with them together. 他們堅(jiān)持要小王和他們一塊走。 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)有兩種：一是懸垂分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，其二是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)。在懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)中，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ)，如果兩者不能構(gòu)成邏輯上的一致關(guān)系則該句結(jié)構(gòu)是錯(cuò)誤的.如：Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 從太空看起來(lái)，地球像個(gè)藍(lán)色的球體。這個(gè)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)seen from the space = when the earth is seen, Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子們說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑回家去了。同上述結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)不同的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的主語(yǔ)。這個(gè)主語(yǔ)有名詞或代詞通格來(lái)表示，放于分詞之前，與分詞形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如：So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 這么多同志都缺席了，所以會(huì)議只得延期。We all went home, he remaining behind. 我們都回家了，只有他留在后面。Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天氣許可，我們下周去郊游。The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下課了，老師把學(xué)生打發(fā)走了。The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我們就都回家去了。With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 隨著樹的不斷長(zhǎng)高，樹蔭也越來(lái)越濃密了。Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.把一切考慮在內(nèi)，這個(gè)計(jì)劃看起來(lái)可行。They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他們挑燈夜戰(zhàn)。二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考查點(diǎn)1) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判斷對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：1. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled【答案】D?！窘馕觥开?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)表示原因。2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后不定式與動(dòng)名詞的選擇謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后接不定式還是接動(dòng)名詞也是語(yǔ)法測(cè)試中的一個(gè)題點(diǎn)。如：1. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay making B. your delaying makingC. your delaying to make D. you delay to make【答案】B。【解析】這是一個(gè)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。依據(jù)前面所講，邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是一個(gè)帶有形容詞性的物主代詞，其后的動(dòng)詞delay也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞。3) 做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇從近幾年的考查情況來(lái)看，對(duì)做定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查有兩種情況：對(duì)一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)。4) 做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇: 做狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如： _ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water-covered ball.A. Having seen B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having been seen【答案】C。【解析】根據(jù)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)分析，選項(xiàng)A、B、D都不能和主句中的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯的主謂一致的關(guān)系。惟有選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。從以上各題來(lái)看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：(1)狀語(yǔ)類別的判斷：不同的狀語(yǔ)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求不同，目的狀語(yǔ)要求用不定式，如。(2)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系：根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系的不同來(lái)確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過(guò)去分詞。(3)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式：not否定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)置于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，如。(4) 獨(dú)立成分：有些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用不受與句子主語(yǔ)關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如: generally speaking, judging from., to tell the truth., 等。5) 做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的限制，不同動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式要求不同。近幾年對(duì)各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：They are going to have the service man _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed【答案】A?！窘馕觥縣ave 之后的賓語(yǔ)如果是補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的發(fā)出者時(shí)，則應(yīng)使用動(dòng)詞原形。6) 做表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的選擇表語(yǔ)的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語(yǔ)形式的選擇，很少有動(dòng)名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項(xiàng)中有不定式作為干擾項(xiàng)，只要能看出是做表語(yǔ)的也就不用考慮。如：These surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A. unrecorded B. to be unrecordedC. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded【答案】A?！窘馕觥糠衷~做表語(yǔ)可以做系動(dòng)詞be的表語(yǔ)，也可以做其它系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)，如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。這些系動(dòng)詞后非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。 三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 (Model Verbs) 又稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 (Model Auxiliaries)。英語(yǔ)中助動(dòng)詞主要有兩類：一是基本助動(dòng)詞，如have, do, be；二是情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，如may, must, need等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與其他動(dòng)詞連用表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可表達(dá)建議、要求、可能和意愿等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在英語(yǔ)的各種考試中，現(xiàn)在一個(gè)明顯的趨勢(shì)是呈現(xiàn)出復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)我們對(duì)歷年來(lái)試卷的分析，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞部分重點(diǎn)測(cè)試以下內(nèi)容：（1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成式（2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式（3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式（4）某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法一、一般情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式即“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have + v-ed分詞”，表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為或動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)、評(píng)論或判斷。如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 溝渠里的水都滿了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因?yàn)樗缭谀愠錾熬退懒?。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到鑰匙了，也許昨天丟到學(xué)校了吧。當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldnt加完成式時(shí)，是表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的情況表示“責(zé)備”、“不滿”，分別表示“本應(yīng)該”和“本不應(yīng)該”。例如：You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不應(yīng)該取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是熱恰恰是你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)人。You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本應(yīng)該昨天前就把作文寫完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示過(guò)去做了某事，但沒有做的必要，意為“本沒必要”。例如：You indent have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today. 你本沒必要把我叫醒，因?yàn)槲医裉觳簧习唷Ｗⅲ罕硎就茰y(cè)過(guò)去某動(dòng)作發(fā)生的可能性時(shí)，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式（即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + v-ing形式），表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如：The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他書房的燈還亮著，想必他現(xiàn)在還在工作。She shouldnt be working like that. She is still very weak.她不應(yīng)該這樣干,她身體還這樣弱.He cant be telling the truth. 他說(shuō)的不可能是真話.3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式（即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論過(guò)去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如：They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他們渾身是汗，準(zhǔn)是在地里一直干活來(lái)著。They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning. 今天上午他們可能一直在討論這個(gè)建議來(lái)著。二、特殊情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除了上述的基本情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之外，還有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 這個(gè)戰(zhàn)士寧死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜歡游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。這些短語(yǔ)后一般直接跟動(dòng)詞原形。但是當(dāng)would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，從句就要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的假設(shè)用過(guò)去時(shí)，對(duì)過(guò)去的假設(shè)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：I would rather you went home right now.我倒寧愿你現(xiàn)在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒寧愿你昨天沒邀請(qǐng)我講話。三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中應(yīng)特別注意的典型結(jié)構(gòu)They must be in the library, arent they? 他們一定還在圖書館，對(duì)吧？They must have gone to the library, havent they? 他們一定去圖書館了，對(duì)吧？They must have been to the library yesterday, didnt they?他們昨天一定去了圖書館，是不是？Let me do it, will you? 讓我來(lái)做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 請(qǐng)讓我?guī)湍?，可以嗎？Dont move, will you? 請(qǐng)你別動(dòng)！Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快點(diǎn)？Lets go for a walk, shall we? 咱們?nèi)ド⒉剑妹?？He used to live in the countryside, didnt /usednt he? 他過(guò)去住在農(nóng)村，對(duì)吧？四）時(shí)態(tài)一、概述在作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作（或情況、狀態(tài)）發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式稱為時(shí)態(tài)。由于英語(yǔ)屬于曲折變化的語(yǔ)言，其動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化要通過(guò)詞的曲折詞形變化來(lái)體現(xiàn)的，因而也就有了現(xiàn)在式、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞式三個(gè)基本詞形。英語(yǔ)中根據(jù)說(shuō)話的時(shí)間不同有時(shí)和體的不同，主要有四大類(一般時(shí)態(tài) / 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) / 完成時(shí)態(tài) / 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))十六種時(shí)態(tài)如下：現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do / does現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) be (am, is, are )doing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have / has done現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have has been doing過(guò)去一般過(guò)去時(shí) did過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) be (was, were) doing過(guò)去完成時(shí) had done過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing將來(lái)一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall / will do將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) shall (will) be doing將來(lái)完成時(shí) shall (will) have done將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)shall (will) have been doing過(guò)去將來(lái)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should (would) do過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) should (would) be doing過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí) should (would) have done過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)should (would) have been doing下面根據(jù)這些時(shí)態(tài)常用的程度不同分別說(shuō)明它們的用法。二、各時(shí)態(tài)詳解1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示，但第三人稱單數(shù)后要加詞尾-s，另外be 和have要根據(jù)人稱的變化使用特殊的形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，還可用來(lái)表示普遍真理。The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 長(zhǎng)江發(fā)源于青海。Actions speak louder than words. 行動(dòng)勝于言辭。We have friends all over the world. 我們的朋友遍天下。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的。主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)時(shí)刻這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)候還用來(lái)表示一個(gè)最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。How are things getting on with you? 工作進(jìn)行的怎么樣？Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接電話。They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.今年秋天他們要出版曹禺劇作的一個(gè)新譯本。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall (will)加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。它表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他們要參加碩士考試。The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老師要我做完作業(yè)才能回家。4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式表示，動(dòng)詞be 根據(jù)人稱有was和were兩個(gè)詞形，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞在詞尾加-d-或ed；其他動(dòng)詞參閱不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表, 該時(shí)態(tài)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。Its a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遺憾你沒有去看那部電影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰國(guó)的那次海嘯中遇難喪生。5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have和has加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的。主要表示此刻以前曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。如：Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 這幾年糧食產(chǎn)量有了很大增長(zhǎng)。The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 這個(gè)地區(qū)歷史上一直遭受水患之苦。注意：過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本特點(diǎn)是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是指迄今為止這一段時(shí)間的情況，或是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果等。而過(guò)去時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某時(shí)刻所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，與現(xiàn)在沒有任何聯(lián)系。如：Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前為止我們共種了一萬(wàn)多棵蘋果樹。I saw him a minute ago. 我前一會(huì)還見到他的。6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式加上現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的，主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics libratory. 那時(shí)她在一家物理實(shí)驗(yàn)室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fiber mill that they were building. 他們帶我們?nèi)⒂^了他們正在修建的化纖廠。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，其實(shí)就是指過(guò)去的過(guò)去。使用時(shí)往往要要在從句中或有一個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂曉前他們已經(jīng)走完了大半路程。No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他們就又上路了。He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大學(xué)前他一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)沒學(xué)過(guò)。8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞would加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，主要表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間角度看以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。含這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的句子常帶一個(gè)表示“過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)。這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)或是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，或是一個(gè)句子。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用于：賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。例如：When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be. 當(dāng)我考慮這件事時(shí)，我想知道他們的反應(yīng)是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告訴我，她第二天要去歐洲旅行。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.無(wú)論他什么時(shí)間有空,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。No matter how difficult the work was, he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it. 不管工作有多難，他總會(huì)堅(jiān)持不懈地把它干完。9、一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)由shall (will) + have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。主要表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)業(yè)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：After we finish this text, well have learned twenty texts. 這課課文結(jié)束后，我們就學(xué)了二十課課文了。By the next month, Ill have finished my task. 到下個(gè)月，我將完成任務(wù)。They will have hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月底他們就可完成全年的指標(biāo)了。10、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由have（has）been加動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛剛完成，或許還要繼續(xù)延續(xù)。這種時(shí)態(tài)側(cè)重于這個(gè)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，或者說(shuō)不間斷性。例如：Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整個(gè)上午我一直在等你。It has been raining for three days. 雨連續(xù)下了三天。Where have you been? 你去哪兒啦？She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time. 自我們上次見面以來(lái)，她就一直忙著籌備那個(gè)展覽。11、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由had been加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.傾盆大雨下了一周，在許多地區(qū)引發(fā)了山崩。At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他們收到了他們一直盼望的電報(bào)。五）虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示說(shuō)話人的一種愿望，假設(shè)，懷疑，猜測(cè)， 建議等含義，虛擬語(yǔ)氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實(shí)。在條件句中的應(yīng)用，條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在從句中的使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣即表達(dá)不可能發(fā)生或與預(yù)期相反的情況。首先我們應(yīng)熟悉它在三種時(shí)態(tài)里的使用情況，這是正確使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基礎(chǔ)。這三種時(shí)態(tài)是：現(xiàn)在；過(guò)去；將來(lái)。1、表示現(xiàn)在的虛擬式時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在從句動(dòng)詞：did / were主句動(dòng)詞: would + doIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鳥，我就會(huì)飛到你身邊去。If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他們的幫忙，我們就會(huì)處于一個(gè)非常困難的境地。2、表示過(guò)去的虛擬式時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去從句動(dòng)詞：had + done主句動(dòng)詞：would + have + doneIf we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我們?cè)缫稽c(diǎn)動(dòng)身的話，就不會(huì)誤車了。If she hadnt been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了，可能會(huì)來(lái)的3、表示將來(lái)的虛擬式時(shí)態(tài):將來(lái) 從句動(dòng)詞: should + do / were to + do主句動(dòng)詞: would + doIf Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的話，我們可以問(wèn)他點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。If there should be no air, there would be no living things. 如果沒有空氣，就不會(huì)有生物。二、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬句通常情況下,在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間是一致的, 但有時(shí)也可能指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式.If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在, 主句指過(guò)去)。換成我是你，我就會(huì)聽從他的建議。If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (從句指過(guò)去,主句指現(xiàn)在)。如果我今天早上帶了雨衣，現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)被淋濕了。If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. （從句指過(guò)去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。如果過(guò)去幾年里不努力工作，現(xiàn)在的情況就不會(huì)如此順利了。If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.（從句指過(guò)去，主句指現(xiàn)在）。如果當(dāng)時(shí)的天氣更好點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)在的莊稼就會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （從句指現(xiàn)在，主句指將來(lái)）如果現(xiàn)在一切還沒準(zhǔn)備好，明天情況就更糟了。三、含蓄條件句有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來(lái),二是暗含在上下文中,比如通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。這些介詞常是：but for, without, otherwise等。如：But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是聽了你的建議，我就不會(huì)做的如此成功。The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 沒有開放的政策，就不會(huì)有如此大的變化。I was so busy then; Otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我當(dāng)時(shí)很忙，否則，我就會(huì)把答案告訴他的。六）主謂一致的用法主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原則，即：語(yǔ)法形式一致；概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致）；毗鄰一致（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致）。另外，根據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致，還有指代一致。一、語(yǔ)法形式一致1、單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，用and或bothand連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Serving the people is my great happiness. 為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。Whether well go depends on the weather. 我們是否去要取決于天氣的好賴。What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所尋求的都在這個(gè)論文中體現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，不能看作是并列主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響，主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 教材加上參考書對(duì)大學(xué)學(xué)生是非常有益的。The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那個(gè)人和他妻兒老小坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。3、有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶鲋髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：Neither likes the friends of the other. 兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。Everything around us is matter. 我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。4、當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黃油和面包。5、當(dāng)one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：One of those students has passed the examination. 這些學(xué)生只有一個(gè)考試及格了。A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. 為語(yǔ)音課提前準(zhǔn)備了一系列錄音磁帶。6、由one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the majority of + 名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如：The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的損壞品都容易修理。7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里還有好多水。There are plenty of eggs in the bo