現在完成時用法教學設計.docVIP

一、 課程說明（一） 教學目標1、 知識與技能1) 掌握現在完成時的句型、構成。2) 掌握現在完成時的用法。3) 能區(qū)分一般過去時態(tài)與現在完成時的用法。2、情感態(tài)度與價值觀：通過在教學過程中讓學生多動手、多觀察、勤思考、善總結，引導學生養(yǎng)成自主學習的學習習慣。（二） 教材分析教材上對于基本的句型，構成說明詳細，對現在完成時的用法有一定的講解，但不夠詳徹。而且時態(tài)用法之間沒有區(qū)分的說明。（三） 學習者特征分析高一學生，對現在完成時的句型，構成及用法比較模糊，而且分析能力較弱，做題思路不夠清晰。但是該生知識接受能力強，有一定的知識歸納能力。（四） 教學重點1、 現在完成時態(tài)的句型，構成及用法2、 現在完成時與一般過去時用法的區(qū)別3、 過去分詞，瞬間動詞與延續(xù)性動詞在現在完成時態(tài)中的運用（五） 教學難點1、 瞬間動詞與延續(xù)性動詞在現在完成時態(tài)中的運用2、 現在完成時與一般過去時用法的區(qū)別3、 現在完成時二、 課前準備（一）教學方法通過系統的講解知識，習題練習，講解，讓學生將知識掌握的更徹底。（二）教學器材（根據輔導地點所定）若是教室則為多媒體設備，投影儀，擴音器；若在家中則借助小白板即可。（三）時間分配為了提高教學效率，結合學科和學生的特點，計劃三分之二的時間用于基礎知識的講解，后三分之一的時間作為課堂練習時間。三、課程設計(一) 基礎知識1、定義:現在完成時表示到現在為止已經完成或仍在持續(xù)的動作、狀態(tài)；強調對現在的影響或聯系2、基本結構助動詞have/has+過去分詞(done) 3、句型 否定句： 主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他. 一般疑問句： Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他. 簡略答語： Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主語 + havent/hasnt.(否定) 4、用法：1）動作發(fā)生在過去，強調對現在的影響。與一般過去時的區(qū)別：強調過去一般過去式強調對現在的影響-現在完成時。 試比較： I have lost my new book. 我把新書丟了。（現在還未 找到） I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書丟了。（昨天丟的，現在找到與否沒說明）My mother went to Shanghai. Where is your mother? -She has gone to Shanghai. . I didnt have breakfast. I havent have breakfast yet. 2）動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現在有某種影響和結果。常被just、already、 yet 等副詞修飾。如： -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 你（已經）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過。（現在我不餓了）3）現在完成時表示未完成。動作從過去延續(xù)到現在，還可能以后繼續(xù)。通常和帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。 He has been in the army for ten years.I have studied English since 1980. 4）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現在成為一種經驗，一般譯為漢語“過”，表示次數：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times, ever, never等時間狀語。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次、I have been to Shanghai twice.She has watched this film three times.I have never seen more beautiful girl than she. 5、現在完成時常與一些詞、詞組連用 :1）、ever（曾）、never（未曾）、already（已經） 、 yet（仍、還）、just （剛剛）、before（以前)2）、for +一段時間 : for two days 有兩天了3、. in the past/last一段時間 : in the past ten years 在剛過去的十年里4）、. since + 過去某一個時間: since 1991 : 自從1991年到現在 一段時間 + ago since 14 years ago: 自從14年前到現在 一般過去時句子: since I was born : 自從我出生到現在6、already, yet, ever, never, just的用法Already 肯定句，強調已經的意,放句中或句末. I have already finished my homework.= I have finished my homework already.yet 否定句、問句，表示還沒，沒有的意思,放句末 He hasnt finished his homework yet. Has he finished his homework yet?ever 問句，表示曾經的意思 Has John ever been to Zhuhai?never 含否定意思的肯定句，表示從沒的意思 He has never been to China.just 肯定句，表示剛剛的意思 I have just come back from China.7、for, since及how longFor + 時間段：表示某個動作持續(xù)了多長時間Joey has been in New York for 10 years.Since + 時間點（具體時間/ ago/ 某個動作發(fā)生的時間 ）：表示某個動作是從什么時候開始的，間接地表示這個動作持續(xù)的時間Joey has been in New York since 1996.Joey has been in New York since ten years ago.Joey has been in New York since he first arrived. （二）能力提升過去分詞 1 、規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構成規(guī)則相同。四點變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動詞在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結尾的動詞只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結尾的動詞將 y 變?yōu)?i 再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動詞 瞬間動詞(buy,die,join,come,go ,leave,join )不能直接與for since 連用,要改變動詞： buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be go out-be out leave -be away begin-be on finish-be over open-be open close -be closed die-be dead(死) 1、have代替buy ： My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow： I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become： How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold： Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+形容詞”代終止性動詞 1、be married代marry 2、be ill代fall (get) ill 3、be dead代die 4、be asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be awake代wake/wake up 6、be gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be+副詞”代終止性動詞 1、“be on”代start,begin 2“be up”代get up 3“be back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等 d)用“be+介詞短語”代終止性動詞 1.“be in/at +地點”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點”代替move to 常用瞬間動詞變延續(xù)性動詞表 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相應的介詞 2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out 4. have become have been 5. have closed / opened have been close/open 6. have got up have been up 7. have died have been dead 8. have left sw. have been away from sw 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep10. have finished/ended/completed have been over 11. have married have been married 12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. 13. have begun have been on 14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had 16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold 18. have got to know have known 19. have/has gone to have been in 20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldierhas gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現在不在說話現場) eg：A：Where is your father? B：He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去過（已不在去過的地方） eg：My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in呆了多久（還在所呆的地方） eg：My father has been in Shanghai for two months/since two months ago. (三) 比較過去時與現在完成時 1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。 2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現在完成時的時間狀語for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時間狀語 3）現在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強調起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團內的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。 （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. （四）做題時常見錯誤如下：1、易丟掉have/has例：He taken (take) the medicine before. 答案：has taken 解析：have/has 為助動詞，起構成時態(tài)的作用，是不能省略的。我們可以這樣記：“現在完成時態(tài)中，have/has 不可缺?！?、have與has易用混 例：I has never heard (hear) of that before. 答案：have heard解析：現在完成時與一般現在時一樣也有單三人稱的變化，當單三人稱作主語時用 has, 一般人稱作主語時用have3、延續(xù)性動詞與短暫性動詞易弄錯 例：She has left (離開) for 2 hours.答案：has been away 解析：在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞，但在否定句中短暫性動詞也是可以的。E.g. I havent bought clothes for one year. 在此題中l(wèi)eave是短暫性動詞，不能與for+時間段連用，須把它改成相應的延續(xù)性動詞。如stop be over等。此題中l(wèi)eave要改成be away。這兩種詞的轉換是學習現在完成時需要注意的。(五)習題練習單項選擇。（前10個作為例題，共同完成，后10個為課后作業(yè)）1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .（呼和浩特） . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States .Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun . has been on . began 15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle_for more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 句型轉換。（前4個由學生做，老師現場批改和講解，后4個為課后作業(yè)）1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑問句） 2、They have been here since 2000. (對劃線部分提問)_they been here?3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （動詞填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉換)This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉換)Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉換)_ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個句子合并成一個句子) _ 漢譯英。（前3個由老師，學生共同完成，后3個為課后作業(yè)）1、 吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現在有空了。2、 他昨天收到一封信。3、 我父親以前到過長城。4、 她還沒有看過那部新電影。5、 她去過上海。6、 他這些天上哪兒去了？參考答案：單項選擇。1、現在完成時主要強調過去發(fā)生的動作對現在造成的影響，或過去發(fā)生的動作還未結束，一直持續(xù)到現在或將來，重點在于對現在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無時間狀語，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側根據上下文分析、推理，正確答案是。2、現在完成時常與already（已經），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經），never（從來，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。故2應選B。3、C4、現在完成時常與recently（近來），so far（到目前為止），in the past/“l(fā)ast + 一段時間”等時間狀語連用。因為上述短語表示的是從現在起往前推算的一段時間，句中的動作是從過去某一時間或時刻開始持續(xù)到現在的。故4應選D。5、C6、現在完成時時常與“for +時間段或since +過去時間點”連用（含從句，從句過去時）。故6應選C。7、C8