現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì).docVIP

一、 課程說(shuō)明（一） 教學(xué)目標(biāo)1、 知識(shí)與技能1) 掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型、構(gòu)成。2) 掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。3) 能區(qū)分一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。2、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀：通過(guò)在教學(xué)過(guò)程中讓學(xué)生多動(dòng)手、多觀察、勤思考、善總結(jié)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成自主學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。（二） 教材分析教材上對(duì)于基本的句型，構(gòu)成說(shuō)明詳細(xì)，對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法有一定的講解，但不夠詳徹。而且時(shí)態(tài)用法之間沒(méi)有區(qū)分的說(shuō)明。（三） 學(xué)習(xí)者特征分析高一學(xué)生，對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型，構(gòu)成及用法比較模糊，而且分析能力較弱，做題思路不夠清晰。但是該生知識(shí)接受能力強(qiáng)，有一定的知識(shí)歸納能力。（四） 教學(xué)重點(diǎn)1、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句型，構(gòu)成及用法2、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法的區(qū)別3、 過(guò)去分詞，瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的運(yùn)用（五） 教學(xué)難點(diǎn)1、 瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的運(yùn)用2、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)用法的區(qū)別3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)二、 課前準(zhǔn)備（一）教學(xué)方法通過(guò)系統(tǒng)的講解知識(shí)，習(xí)題練習(xí)，講解，讓學(xué)生將知識(shí)掌握的更徹底。（二）教學(xué)器材（根據(jù)輔導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)所定）若是教室則為多媒體設(shè)備，投影儀，擴(kuò)音器；若在家中則借助小白板即可。（三）時(shí)間分配為了提高教學(xué)效率，結(jié)合學(xué)科和學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)，計(jì)劃三分之二的時(shí)間用于基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的講解，后三分之一的時(shí)間作為課堂練習(xí)時(shí)間。三、課程設(shè)計(jì)(一) 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1、定義:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或仍在持續(xù)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)；強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或聯(lián)系2、基本結(jié)構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞(done) 3、句型 否定句： 主語(yǔ)+have/has+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他. 一般疑問(wèn)句： Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他. 簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)： Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定) No, 主語(yǔ) + havent/hasnt.(否定) 4、用法：1）動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去一般過(guò)去式強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響-現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 試比較： I have lost my new book. 我把新書(shū)丟了。（現(xiàn)在還未 找到） I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書(shū)丟了。（昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒(méi)說(shuō)明）My mother went to Shanghai. Where is your mother? -She has gone to Shanghai. . I didnt have breakfast. I havent have breakfast yet. 2）動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、 yet 等副詞修飾。如： -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過(guò)。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示未完成。動(dòng)作從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能以后繼續(xù)。通常和帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。 He has been in the army for ten years.I have studied English since 1980. 4）表示說(shuō)話前發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過(guò)”，表示次數(shù)：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times, ever, never等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過(guò)北京二次、I have been to Shanghai twice.She has watched this film three times.I have never seen more beautiful girl than she. 5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與一些詞、詞組連用 :1）、ever（曾）、never（未曾）、already（已經(jīng)） 、 yet（仍、還）、just （剛剛）、before（以前)2）、for +一段時(shí)間 : for two days 有兩天了3、. in the past/last一段時(shí)間 : in the past ten years 在剛過(guò)去的十年里4）、. since + 過(guò)去某一個(gè)時(shí)間: since 1991 : 自從1991年到現(xiàn)在 一段時(shí)間 + ago since 14 years ago: 自從14年前到現(xiàn)在 一般過(guò)去時(shí)句子: since I was born : 自從我出生到現(xiàn)在6、already, yet, ever, never, just的用法Already 肯定句，強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)的意,放句中或句末. I have already finished my homework.= I have finished my homework already.yet 否定句、問(wèn)句，表示還沒(méi)，沒(méi)有的意思,放句末 He hasnt finished his homework yet. Has he finished his homework yet?ever 問(wèn)句，表示曾經(jīng)的意思 Has John ever been to Zhuhai?never 含否定意思的肯定句，表示從沒(méi)的意思 He has never been to China.just 肯定句，表示剛剛的意思 I have just come back from China.7、for, since及how longFor + 時(shí)間段：表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間Joey has been in New York for 10 years.Since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)（具體時(shí)間/ ago/ 某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間 ）：表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作是從什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的，間接地表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間Joey has been in New York since 1996.Joey has been in New York since ten years ago.Joey has been in New York since he first arrived. （二）能力提升過(guò)去分詞 1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動(dòng)詞在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞將 y 變?yōu)?i 再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 瞬間動(dòng)詞(buy,die,join,come,go ,leave,join )不能直接與for since 連用,要改變動(dòng)詞： buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be go out-be out leave -be away begin-be on finish-be over open-be open close -be closed die-be dead(死) 1、have代替buy ： My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow： I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become： How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold： Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1、be married代marry 2、be ill代fall (get) ill 3、be dead代die 4、be asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be awake代wake/wake up 6、be gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be+副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1、“be on”代start,begin 2“be up”代get up 3“be back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等 d)用“be+介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞 1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to 常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相應(yīng)的介詞 2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out 4. have become have been 5. have closed / opened have been close/open 6. have got up have been up 7. have died have been dead 8. have left sw. have been away from sw 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep10. have finished/ended/completed have been over 11. have married have been married 12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. 13. have begun have been on 14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had 16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold 18. have got to know have known 19. have/has gone to have been in 20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldierhas gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng)) eg：A：Where is your father? B：He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方） eg：My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in呆了多久（還在所呆的地方） eg：My father has been in Shanghai for two months/since two months ago. (三) 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for. 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. （四）做題時(shí)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤如下：1、易丟掉have/has例：He taken (take) the medicine before. 答案：has taken 解析：have/has 為助動(dòng)詞，起構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的作用，是不能省略的。我們可以這樣記：“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，have/has 不可缺。”2、have與has易用混 例：I has never heard (hear) of that before. 答案：have heard解析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣也有單三人稱的變化，當(dāng)單三人稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用 has, 一般人稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用have3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與短暫性動(dòng)詞易弄錯(cuò) 例：She has left (離開(kāi)) for 2 hours.答案：has been away 解析：在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能是短暫性動(dòng)詞，但在否定句中短暫性動(dòng)詞也是可以的。E.g. I havent bought clothes for one year. 在此題中l(wèi)eave是短暫性動(dòng)詞，不能與for+時(shí)間段連用，須把它改成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如stop be over等。此題中l(wèi)eave要改成be away。這兩種詞的轉(zhuǎn)換是學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)需要注意的。(五)習(xí)題練習(xí)單項(xiàng)選擇。（前10個(gè)作為例題，共同完成，后10個(gè)為課后作業(yè)）1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .（呼和浩特） . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States .Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun . has been on . began 15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle_for more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。（前4個(gè)由學(xué)生做，老師現(xiàn)場(chǎng)批改和講解，后4個(gè)為課后作業(yè)）1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑問(wèn)句） 2、They have been here since 2000. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))_they been here?3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （動(dòng)詞填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)_ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子) _ 漢譯英。（前3個(gè)由老師，學(xué)生共同完成，后3個(gè)為課后作業(yè)）1、 吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現(xiàn)在有空了。2、 他昨天收到一封信。3、 我父親以前到過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。4、 她還沒(méi)有看過(guò)那部新電影。5、 她去過(guò)上海。6、 他這些天上哪兒去了？參考答案：?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇。1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，或過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大，往往無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理，正確答案是。2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already（已經(jīng)），just（剛剛，正好），ever（曾經(jīng)），never（從來(lái)，也不；從不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等連用。故2應(yīng)選B。3、C4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與recently（近來(lái)），so far（到目前為止），in the past/“l(fā)ast + 一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。因?yàn)樯鲜龆陶Z(yǔ)表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時(shí)間，句中的動(dòng)作是從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或時(shí)刻開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故4應(yīng)選D。5、C6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)常與“for +時(shí)間段或since +過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”連用（含從句，從句過(guò)去時(shí)）。故6應(yīng)選C。7、C8