高二上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié).doc

高二上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)一、 不定式不定式的被動(dòng)式，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般用被動(dòng)形式。不定式被動(dòng)形式在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。如：To be obeyed was natural to her她生性讓別人聽(tīng)命于她。(作主語(yǔ))The problem remained to be solved這個(gè)問(wèn)題還有待解決。(作表語(yǔ))It needs not to be said that they are very happy together不必說(shuō)他們?cè)谝黄鸱浅Ｐ腋！?作賓語(yǔ))There were plans to be made at once要立即制定計(jì)劃。(作定語(yǔ))He has returned only to be sent away again他回來(lái)以后又被打發(fā)走了。(作狀語(yǔ))The captain ordered the flag to be raised船長(zhǎng)命令升旗。(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))The book is intended to be read and not to be torn這書(shū)是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))在某些句子中，不定式雖表被動(dòng)，但仍用主動(dòng)形式。如：What is to pay？要付多少錢(qián)？The reason is not far to seek道理很淺顯。He gave me some books to read他給了我一些書(shū)讀。We found the report easy to understand我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些報(bào)告很容易懂。不定式作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的功能和用法講解如下：由于不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn)，所以它在句中可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。今天只把不定式作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法講解一下。1)作主語(yǔ)。如：To see is to believe眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。To serve the people is our duty為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)。在日常英語(yǔ)中，常用it作為語(yǔ)法上的主語(yǔ)，即形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)放在后面。It is our duty to serve the people為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)。2)作賓語(yǔ)。如：I couldnt afford to buy a new car我買(mǎi)不起汽車(chē)。Have you decided to marry him？你決定嫁給他嗎？有些動(dòng)詞常常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，它們是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。另外，在一些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式放在后面。如：I thought it right to do this test我認(rèn)為做這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是對(duì)的。3)作定語(yǔ)。通常都置于被修飾名詞或代詞之后。如：This is the best way to solve this problem這是解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好辦法。I have a lot of work to do我有許多工作要做。如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且這個(gè)不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，則它后面需有必要的介詞。如：He is a good comrade to work with他是一個(gè)很好共事的同志。There is nothing to think about沒(méi)什么值得考慮的。4)作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。如：He went home to see his parents他回家看望父母。(表目的)I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you我把收音機(jī)音量調(diào)小，以免打擾你。(表目的)The problem is too hard to understand這問(wèn)題太難了，理解不了。(表結(jié)果)What have I done to make you unhappy？我做了什么事使你不高興？(表結(jié)果)Im glad to hear the news聽(tīng)了這消息，我很高興。(表原因)I was surprised to see him there我真想不到會(huì)在那里見(jiàn)到他。(表原因)二、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。它們的用法講解如下：1)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。如果是及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表完成的狀態(tài)；如果是不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒(méi)有主被動(dòng)關(guān)系之說(shuō)，所以不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表完成的狀態(tài)。但有些表示思想感情的過(guò)去分詞如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主動(dòng)，又不表完成。此外，作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。如：We need more qualified teachers我們需要更多的合格老師。He stepped carelessly on some broken glass他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。The letter written by my brother is on the desk我兄弟寫(xiě)的信在桌子上。The TV set made in China are good quality中國(guó)制造的電視機(jī)質(zhì)量很好。You can drink boiled water，not boiling water你可以喝白開(kāi)水，但不可以喝沸騰的水。From his disappointed look，I knew he didnt pass the examination從他的失望表情看，我知道他沒(méi)通過(guò)考試。2)作表語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，多表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。如：This machine part is broken這個(gè)機(jī)器零件壞了。He looked very excited他看起來(lái)很激動(dòng)。有些過(guò)去分詞實(shí)際上已被看成形容詞了，常見(jiàn)的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。3）用作賓補(bǔ)的過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，與前面的賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表動(dòng)作的完成。1)作表感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等We hear the music played by the band我們聽(tīng)了樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏這首樂(lè)曲。I found her greatly changed我發(fā)現(xiàn)她變化很大。Everybody thought the battle lost人人都認(rèn)為這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?)作使役動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等When you speak，you have to make yourself understood說(shuō)話時(shí)要讓人聽(tīng)懂。Please keep us informed of the latest development請(qǐng)隨時(shí)向我們通報(bào)事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展。I must get my bike repaired我必須請(qǐng)人修自行車(chē)。3)作表希望或要求的動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，它們是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓補(bǔ)基本相同。Dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal我不要你們?nèi)魏稳藸可娴匠舐勚腥ァhe viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續(xù)下去。She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow他要此項(xiàng)工程明天以前完成。4）用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞無(wú)論過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都要和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。過(guò)去分詞與主句的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過(guò)去分詞通常相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句。下面我將舉例說(shuō)明。1)表時(shí)間(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands加熱后，這種金屬會(huì)膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work這對(duì)夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個(gè)嬰兒。像第二句那樣當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)踐概念時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞之前可用連詞when，while。2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldnt say a word 他大吃一驚，一時(shí)說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair那姑娘因受老師責(zé)備，而憤憤不平。3)表讓步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldnt go即使受邀請(qǐng)，我也不愿去。Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。4)表伴隨He stared at me(he was)astonished他兩眼瞪著我，驚恐萬(wàn)狀。Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought愛(ài)因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。三、由關(guān)系代詞“that”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，本身沒(méi)有什么意思，它只起一個(gè)連接作用。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般不可省略，且可把that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在后面，前面用it代替that從句；當(dāng)然，當(dāng)主句用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)多用it作形式主語(yǔ)；如主句是感嘆句時(shí)，必須用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把that從句放在后面。引導(dǎo)及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在不引起歧義的情況下，that可以省略；that很少引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句(中學(xué)階段常見(jiàn)的能引導(dǎo)that從句的介詞有：except、but、in等)，如介詞引導(dǎo)that從句作賓語(yǔ)，常常在其后加it，在加that從句作賓語(yǔ)。that從句作表語(yǔ)從句，一般不可省略。that從句作同位語(yǔ)從句，一般不可省略。請(qǐng)看下列例句：That we shall be late is certain=It is certain that we shall be late我們要晚了，這是確定無(wú)疑的。It is said that hes got married聽(tīng)說(shuō)他結(jié)婚了。How strange it is that the children are so quiet！真奇怪孩子們?nèi)绱税察o。He told me(that)he would come to Guan the next day他告訴我第二天他來(lái)固安。He did come here in that he had another thing to do他沒(méi)來(lái)是因?yàn)樗衅渌乱觥ou can depend on it that he is a millionaire你就放心吧，他是百萬(wàn)富翁。The fact is that he doesnt understand English at all事實(shí)上他根本不懂英語(yǔ)。I know the fact that the doesnt understand English at all我知道他根本不懂英語(yǔ)(那個(gè)事實(shí))。如何區(qū)別 where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句1where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，where 是關(guān)系副詞，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，其前面有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞。例如： The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here我買(mǎi)這本書(shū)的那個(gè)書(shū)店離這里不遠(yuǎn)。 This is the house where I lived two years ago這就是我兩年前住的那所房子。 We will start at the point where we left off 我們將從上次停下來(lái)的地方開(kāi)始。 2where 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，where 是從屬連詞，where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，where 前面沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞。例如： Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet 武漢位于長(zhǎng)江和漢江的匯合處。 Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions在有疑問(wèn)的地方做一個(gè)記號(hào)。 I found my books where I had left them我在我原來(lái)放書(shū)的地方找到了我的書(shū)。 有時(shí)，where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句兼有抽象條件含義，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句則不能。例如： Where there is a will，there is a way(諺語(yǔ))有志者事竟成。 Where there is water，there is life有水的地方就有生命。 3在有些情況下，where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。 Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often溫暖而多雨的地方最適合于竹子生長(zhǎng)。疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1)What you need is more practice(主語(yǔ)從句)2)What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad(主語(yǔ)從句)3)I cant imagine when we will be able to travel in space(動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句)4)This reminded me of what he had once told us(介詞賓語(yǔ)從句)5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans(表語(yǔ)從句)6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars(同位語(yǔ)從句)四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中共有三種語(yǔ)氣：陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣、虛擬語(yǔ)氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí)，而只是一種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、建議、猜測(cè)、可能或純粹的空想等。本單元要學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的以下三個(gè)用法：1虛擬語(yǔ)氣在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的條件句和主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式如下：從 句 主 句過(guò)去式(be用were) would + 動(dòng)詞原形例句1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original要是我懂德文，我就讀資本論的原文。2)If he were here now，everything would be all right要是他現(xiàn)在在這兒，一切就都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了。3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！2虛擬語(yǔ)氣在wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。如果該賓語(yǔ)從句表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其動(dòng)詞一律用其過(guò)去式形式，be用were；如果該從句表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其動(dòng)詞形式要用：had + 過(guò)去分詞；如果該從句表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，其動(dòng)詞形式要用werewas + 現(xiàn)在分詞；如果該從句表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，其動(dòng)詞形式要用：wouldcould + 動(dòng)詞原形。例句1)I wish I werewas as strong as you2)I wish I remembered his phone number3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day4)How I wish it werentwasnt raining now！5)I wish he would try again3虛擬語(yǔ)氣在含有as if引導(dǎo)的從句中的動(dòng)詞形式與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞形式相同。1)He acts as if he werewas an expert2)It seems as if it werewas spring3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years一般過(guò)去時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下：從 句 主 句had + 過(guò)去分詞 would have + 過(guò)去分詞例句1If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train2If I hadnt taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake3You wouldnt have caught cold if you had put on more clothes表示將來(lái)情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下：從 句 主 句were toshould + 動(dòng)詞原形 would + 動(dòng)詞原形 例句：1If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology2If he were toshould travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it注：在虛擬條件中，有時(shí)可以把表示假設(shè)的從屬連詞if省掉不用，在此語(yǔ)境中，就把從句中的助動(dòng)詞had，should或were移至其主語(yǔ)前，如：1Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment2Were they to act like that again，we wouldshould criticize them severely3Should we fail again next time，we wouldnt lose courage 五、倒裝主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)有兩種順序：一是主語(yǔ)在前，這和漢語(yǔ)是一致的，稱(chēng)為自然語(yǔ)序或正裝語(yǔ)序。反之，如果謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分置于主語(yǔ)之前，就是倒裝語(yǔ)序。產(chǎn)出倒裝語(yǔ)序主要有兩個(gè)原因：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求；第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關(guān)倒裝語(yǔ)序的知識(shí)。A）完全倒裝1)There exist different opinions on this question關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題存在著不同的意見(jiàn)。2)Here comes the old lady那位老太太來(lái)了。3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to我們期待的時(shí)刻到來(lái)了。4)Up went the arrow into the air颼的一聲箭射上了天空。5)Now comes your turn現(xiàn)在輪到你了。6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane呼地一聲在天空中飛過(guò)一架?chē)姎馐斤w機(jī)。B)否定詞置于句首，引起部分倒裝(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移至主語(yǔ)前)，如：1)Never before has our country been so prosperous我們的國(guó)家從來(lái)沒(méi)有這樣繁榮昌盛。2)Hardly did I think it possible我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)為這是不可能的。3)On no account should we follow blindly我們決不應(yīng)盲從。C)“only + 狀語(yǔ)”置于句首引起部分倒裝，如：1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved只有在艱苦斗爭(zhēng)之后這一目標(biāo)才得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那里的局勢(shì)。D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝，如：1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours time萬(wàn)一有人給我打電話，叫他兩小時(shí)以后再給我打。2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket要是早點(diǎn)通知我，我就可能不買(mǎi)那機(jī)票了。2表語(yǔ)倒裝當(dāng)表語(yǔ)置于句首，其系動(dòng)詞也就隨之移至主語(yǔ)前形成完全倒裝，如：1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard靠近村子南頭是一個(gè)很大的蘋(píng)果園。2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones