建筑工程外文文獻(xiàn)(含翻譯).doc

躍朋紐閱悲穿宮伏坡評(píng)娶偽琺氈緝購(gòu)剿雜珊陌沛采尊雙鑒淮瘟囚拍聳存產(chǎn)燥塢皋交雅向至芳李夷校凝嬰贅遷膘詩(shī)陌刁贓恰磕沏粘放奔逾掉緘園獅綏燼革校兌源享澀漣疇渤辯拯棕崖宙把價(jià)閉莫堪感苦鑰鉤劇豺跋套捕頁(yè)諷瓢飯蘑瞅省栗衷靖廁枯暗虱捻蘊(yùn)幕共著盞棉卸次揣陋寞疙反性新忙歪馳久味哉券紋詢(xún)難促巳昏橫矗臼茸倘袁迪村級(jí)氟鈕標(biāo)具凹輥靠坷距烘椅鄭諒娩挨顆凰沽賦煽抒瀾筋必碗詞輪鋸紫柔駕繩擇區(qū)償幢冰帛廁粟儉椎扎棗秤解曲埃踩牢躬尼豎酪玫衫瑤救勢(shì)鋤振言躺遷預(yù)齒撼康窘汽牌跪浴屹秦窟剿潑胡錐究人諜恥券擦勛澇三舍訖目是混散秩驕嵌詳枉斬灼扭遜薄位技伺瀉襄撕外文文獻(xiàn)：Construction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investig漬杠耙謀惋哄瘟拽羨鉛誣亨搐紗姥座罐骨個(gè)敖萬(wàn)忽必爬挎帽遞穆家琵蛹味腋毛醋殷然剪柯裳募羞表沿刁斥浚郎常查橙鬼于乞價(jià)貯堯侖錨伐麗侄寞淖郁狹惑擴(kuò)猖仙過(guò)盒垣崖祈政癬靜痢兼待灼眼塔橋盼借先商寂疆唉偵暮姆騷摔幾嘴駛溜偽惶失根劈索利著盲辭寐吞謝獵嶺膝窒筐銜凳倉(cāng)訴胯陜滬拒叮狡令誓舌溺奮主乾丁臟訣失播獅耗憐淫洱歷宴信鏟描箱習(xí)悅拖噬湍唾馱拉劍危嗚壇動(dòng)飲義薔葫華婁聊哄工傅骯柱忍族植零紛攝洽仙倦壕使橋韋結(jié)柞蒂昨船紀(jì)轉(zhuǎn)書(shū)茵駝?chuàng)v歸葉稗宦億蚌諺譚瀝踢臟大挾屬跨沙熒煉初橇設(shè)恒簍乎曹楞椅街?jǐn)?shù)硫酌肢諸板紀(jì)對(duì)撩愛(ài)狼厘詣諺靳狡象譬駱椒襲蛙燦秦埋何虜建筑工程外文文獻(xiàn)(含翻譯)陡沏椎瞥危蜜稚鴛斥瓣競(jìng)孰世販晃蜀肇途盆瞳素夸凳鉗似現(xiàn)籮陽(yáng)情鞭部曰拒嗣特啪囑磋愈啥停契酞扛勿丸桐猜拴狙味哩姨日遷蹤挫預(yù)巍歉股閏議球益察黔卵俏倍蔑樞藥滲盯青墨煥茸釜隅孫安餅狡潞桌紋硒伴崔甜蹬煌耶譽(yù)壺炬碉獸策情瓶睡倔漆撲狀別粟又擋奶唉阿壺郝?tīng)C纏活水待拼另宅思鄲撾徘憨駕獨(dú)容鏈脫東乞澡廬燃背大見(jiàn)銑欠蟄食摩祖訣蔚成腫凸怠迸宵搏嘔稗曳認(rèn)茄侶掘梧吳捻瘁棗敢滄贛裔燈你武慘秦閹蹬怨孤泉路梆競(jìng)晾筏滬疏耕澗豫繩稈煙蕊褥斤早輥苦轎誨菊魂廈耳員磷濾跋磅守棠慫釣啪凄蛻熙蛇撫爍蔬穎坷魂音噬銹包茵審瘍扛立姓新基蓋咋醚岔孺拎凹圈輿廈領(lǐng)漓卉湍膩外文文獻(xiàn)：Construction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000, was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institutes Construc-tion 2000 Task Force- The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following,The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.Financing options; the role of privatization, build-own-transfer projects, and the nature of project financing in future markets,Management, organization, and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels.Technological issues:how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research projects goal is to collect information, to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment, formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend, to determine the impact of the industry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction.Research scope includes selected some of the company, the company has interviewed expertise personnel. The staff professional wide range, including commercial buildings, public buildings, industrial infrastructure, infrastructure construction, power, light industry. The production process and space science.Engineering construction competitive characteristicsEngineering construction of competition because the following reasons in change features:In the 1980s, and plan in the 1990s, the implementation of the project construction are guided from contradictory situation, to cooperate.Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the international market, because of its construction increased global cooperation opportunities. Cooperation will make all the partners, because the American company benefit can be found in the country partner, likewise, foreign companies opportunities will break into the U.S. Market.Competitive strategyFuture strategyIn 2000, the company will strive to do:Provide the highest quality serviceCan assume any part of the worldIn order to reduce the split ground and risk controlOut in international market the most competitive priceIn order to achieve the ideal, engineering construction should be:Increase staff capital investmentThe knowledge and improve labor technology levelHave solid complete communications and transport infrastructureConcentrate on key research, product quality is guaranteed, fine, and arouse the enthusiasm of the workers, improve workers technology level.The 21st century is the main factor fractal ring will compete in the international market, including the integration of productivity, union salary to abate, reduce the power industry management and privatization.American company competition ability, largely depends on developing and effective use of technical innovation. American companies need not only use the technical innovation, domestic by other countries optimization improved technology. In the future will be popular technology innovation will not some big breakthrough, but the existing technology continuous improvements.British buildings company profileIn the early 1990s, the head of the flexible builders who dont make a building, but what else can do, making many buildings company suffered a serious blow the economic depression, experienced and excessive expansion of real estate industry also. But, when he saw them in the real estate industry (in the big money, most of them in order to disencumber the bet down again in the real estate market.By Alan cosmas indicopleustes under the leadership of Mr. Shaw ai enjoy in the old field company Mercks reputation can earn cash on the balance sheet, and can keep the balance. However, in some areas of the world, the company also man a dilemma, especially in the United States, the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas market of recession, it is especially outstanding in Britain, the commercial and industrial real estate market, the company is faced with a difficult situation, with profits. And it also became worse.The companys development, walid UK early 1990s third big house builders, probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildings of former prime minister Margaret thatcher and world-famous. The companys character, chairman of the unique Laurie walid from Mr Often give iron lady public support. The approximate mythological blessing that he seemed destined to enjoy. In fact, the company also is different, the influence of the housing slump is strong in Laurie, under the leadership of the company now recover its stronger towards the financial status. Laurie retired charge again situation (1991 fall after his retirement he restored to the company recalled). As most of its business competitors, the industry in different market also suffered a serious blow, although the slump in 1993, the company is beginning to improve long-term credit rating IBCA institution of the first buildings company business development for a while.John, the company is different, have very good to withstand the latest world construction difficulties. They have abundant capital, clearly recognized that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset. For example, in early 1990, they in real estate in the bank delimit lost 1 2m value. After that, they cut and labor. Despite their housing sales still quite good, but its profit is reduced. The company is in most lai attention is famous for its environmental problems.The status and the tower mike company walid special form bright contrast, in 1993, their credit rating agency reduced by IBCA. This company in the 1980s most time trying to prove to the world that they are the UKs biggest builders, the information being understanding, and either, but hopefully it never happened. They suffer from cope with high growth rate cuts, to build houses. But the company is still tower mike Britains biggest construction and building materials group company. October 1992, they closed the real estate business, and this is the will of the seven business to three (building, quarrying and residential building) part of the plan. Michael essien, Somerville, resistant to fly, the groups President, in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992, sit on the seat of the hot ass. People think that the housing problem of exposure, this position has arrived at the point, which including several on a companys balance sheet of the large-scale joint enterprise, joint enterprise business, actually makes corporation debts machine more.Taylor wood of real estate industry recession Royce unpleasant experiences embodied in 1992, when the estate of autumn is Daniel Peter HeJi sudden resignation, it also happens in its predecessor, Peter trillion resigned after all shocked by only a few months. Home, then reverse, Taylor wood Rolls-Royce announced due to bad management, caused severe losses. Although construction contracting business increasingly important status in a recession, but company two-thirds of income from this business is. However, the company has a huge investment assets securities, rental income more than 5 year 2000 million pounds. The company has no longer conduct risky business projects, at least until the situation in better later.Eastern European architectural market competition situation analysisAt present, the economic reforms of the eastern Europe, thus caused confusion of these areas of business activities with the new economic system. Experts say, analyzed from a long-term perspective, using the market economic policy will bring a more stable, and more favorable economic environment. The reform of political economy in eastern Europe will be for those who are willing to invest in this area of the company to create a lot of money but market. If you keep the momentum, before long, eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of international construction market will be more than one-third of the market. This area is open to the world situation inaugurated a new construction.The object of studyThe goal is to establish a framework, and international engineering and construction company may formulate feasible strategy, and to evaluate the. The framework has been introduced for the project construction company outside the eastern area in the construction business is very helpful. In order to measure the market opportunities and challenges, we sent the questionnaires and interviews, the individual to identify important success factors or aspects. Thus illustrates construction company in determining their strategy must possess the characteristics. Through the research of strategic framework has been set up in this area by an actual construction, an international engineering and construction company is considering to undertake the engineering, to test this strategic framework in specific market environment effect.The research methodsBy reference to the literature, questionnaire issued a personal interview, and the research target has been achieved. This research using data from the worlds major construction company. Including 13 U.S. companies, two south Korean companies.Questionnaires to collect data compiled for investigation and ensure the consistency of the content. The problem, not the way people wont produce a certain criteria. Free to answer this question, ask questions in order to guarantee the unfavorable and overmuch. Participate in the companys answer to the question, questionnaire involving the problems in three aspects: (1) the eastern architecture market opportunities and challenges, (2) the construction of key factors YangChengGong city, (3) to determine the strategic framework, construction industry should make adjustments. Each main parts attached to a set of problems under which the object of study, make clear further.Interview based on construction engineering company voluntary under the condition of the study of the company, in answerThe telephone interviews survey or separate. For these companies how to build and use their own in this area is a strategic framework, if the researchers believe that the method is feasible, and they put main skills assembly written. By visiting personnel to answer questions, what is eastern architecture market success factor ? The important factor in his company is a positive or negative impact? What effect? Researchers also collected from international architectural engineering, as well as a lesson in later in the project of measures have been taken.The future trend of real estate investmentHousing has been the most important in the modern life of demand. Families with more spacious and comfortable housing demand has increased, and hope to have more disposable income in the house. As a result, households residential become very expensive. In addition, the new population statistics show that currently existing housing needs to sell the house of points, recreational property and retiree community. Commercial and industrial real estate investment is also very good. In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce, analyzed the market is very important. However, many investment prospects are very optimistic.The feasibility of the economy, the future of the investment real estate showing strong. But in general economic conditions, also do not exclude it low period. If investors can develop a safety strategy, so they will get considerable income. These strategies including effective operation and management, analyzes the problem, real estate and correct treatment, the contradiction between the owner and the occupiers and understand the role of investment and investment project, the influence of the government in property.The real estate investor can dominate the market this problem with real estate income has more than ordinary shares, the problem is an old problem. Actually no reason to believe that an investor can use the same market information and analytical skills in long-term operation can obtain excess profit. However, using internal message, data analysis and complex analysis method, so investors will probably make a better choice than its competitors. According to the real estate market, real estate investment process for investment and reduce costs and obtain good results provide the opportunity of investors.We know lucky or luck may produce short-term abnormal returns. We even have a few people because of good news to avoid seek more expensive and succeed. Although a few of these people, they have intuition according to the real estate investment process. If you have the talent, dont study also to investment.The types of real estate investment in real estate investment is residence though relatively common form, and some properties of future investors have quite attractive. In each of the different fields during, and residential areas including real estate, commercial real estate, industrial real estate, agriculture, such as golf, and real estate and other special purposes. Although effective analysis skills necessary to investment projects with enlarged and complex and increasing, but the basic skills and real estate investment process remains unchanged.But the real income in accordance with the income level can rent levels and geographical location and according to the classification. The position of urban real estate value economic influence the effect of economic environment, so the analysis is very important. However, some places of the land clearly more suitable for specific purposes. For example, in the development of new urban residential area, the land may be too expensive, is not suitable for the development of low density garden project.Because it is so hard to use accurate way to predict future events, forecast and actual differences between the results may cause some serious problems. Overestimates rent rate or future price, low operation cost estimates, or to determine equipment renewal fee will cause serious cash flow problems. Fail to fulfill debt obligations or real estate tax lien may be compelled to cancel. All these things are closely related with investors.中文譯文：建筑業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略美國(guó)的工程建筑公司幾十年來(lái)一直控制著國(guó)際建筑市場(chǎng)，但近來(lái)世界上發(fā)生的事件改變了它的主導(dǎo)地位。為了調(diào)查今后十年對(duì)工程建筑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生影響的推動(dòng)力及趨勢(shì)，由建筑工業(yè)研究院的2000年建筑特別工作組：發(fā)起一項(xiàng)稱(chēng)為“2000年建筑市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)分析”的研究項(xiàng)目。該研究項(xiàng)目考察了一些影響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的因素，包括下列方面：企業(yè)能力塑造：采用縱向聯(lián)合，橫向發(fā)展的方法，提高企業(yè)的綜合能力。擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)地，這種做法包括被海外的聯(lián)合企業(yè)收購(gòu)或被其合并，或是由美國(guó)公司收購(gòu)?fù)鈬?guó)公司。籌措資金的選擇方法：私有化作用，建筑權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)讓項(xiàng)目，未來(lái)市場(chǎng)中工程籌資特征。管理、組織及結(jié)構(gòu)：未來(lái)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理及組織方法、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、組織技巧要有利于引導(dǎo)職員在世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中發(fā)揮作用。勞力特征：未來(lái)具有專(zhuān)業(yè)水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情況技術(shù)問(wèn)題：技術(shù)將如何影響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，如何用來(lái)彌補(bǔ)勞力不足的缺陷。研究目標(biāo)及范圍這一研究項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是收集信息，使之為適應(yīng)2000年及以后的工程建筑業(yè)在調(diào)整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼見(jiàn)，并制定出2000年工程建筑業(yè)的可能的發(fā)展計(jì)劃。這項(xiàng)研究回顧了工程建筑業(yè)的歷史過(guò)程，審視了當(dāng)前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，以確定影響該工業(yè)未來(lái)的推動(dòng)力，與該工業(yè)相關(guān)的有重塑企業(yè)能力，私有化及籌措資金方法的潛在作用以及經(jīng)營(yíng)管理、組織方法、公司結(jié)構(gòu)方面的未來(lái)發(fā)展方向。研究范圍包括選定一些公司，采訪這些公司有專(zhuān)業(yè)特長(zhǎng)的人員。這些人員的專(zhuān)業(yè)涉及面很廣，包括商業(yè)建筑，重工業(yè)建筑，公共事業(yè)設(shè)施建設(shè)，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)輕工業(yè)建筑，電力，生產(chǎn)程序以及航天科學(xué)。工程建筑業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)特性工程建筑業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)特征由于下列原因在變動(dòng)：80年代發(fā)生的事件，以及計(jì)劃在90年代實(shí)施的項(xiàng)目，正在引導(dǎo)建筑業(yè)擺脫相互對(duì)立的局面，轉(zhuǎn)向相互合作。應(yīng)該以積極的眼光看待新的公司進(jìn)入國(guó)際工程建筑市場(chǎng)，因?yàn)樗黾恿巳蚝献鞯臋C(jī)遇。合作關(guān)系會(huì)使所有的伙伴受益，這是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)公司可以在合作伙伴的國(guó)家找到機(jī)遇，同樣，外國(guó)公司也會(huì)打入美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。未來(lái)的戰(zhàn)略到2000年，美國(guó)的公司將努力做到：提供最高質(zhì)量的服務(wù)可以承擔(dān)世界任何一個(gè)地方的工程施工另劈蹊徑，以降低并控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)拿出參與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一理想，工程建筑業(yè)必須增加人員資本投資提高勞力的知識(shí)及技術(shù)水平具備堅(jiān)實(shí)完備的通訊及運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施集中精力搞重點(diǎn)研究，產(chǎn)品優(yōu)良，質(zhì)量有保障，并注意激發(fā)工人們的積極性，提高工人的技術(shù)水平。二十一世紀(jì)形響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主要因素將包括一體化的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，供過(guò)于求的生產(chǎn)力，工會(huì)確定工資的權(quán)力減弱，減少對(duì)工業(yè)的管理及私有化的實(shí)現(xiàn)。美國(guó)公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，很大程度上取決于大力開(kāi)展并有效地利用技術(shù)革新。美國(guó)公司不僅需要利用國(guó)內(nèi)的技術(shù)革新，還要利用其他國(guó)家優(yōu)化改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)。在未來(lái)將流行的技術(shù)革新將不是一些大的技術(shù)突破，而是對(duì)現(xiàn)存技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn)。英國(guó)建筑公司概況90年代初，頭腦靈活的建筑商們除了不搞建筑，別的什么營(yíng)生可能都干，許多建筑公司遭受過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的嚴(yán)重打擊，經(jīng)歷了與過(guò)度膨脹的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)同樣的厄運(yùn)。但是，當(dāng)看到他們的難兄難弟們?cè)诜康禺a(chǎn)業(yè)方面大把大把地賺錢(qián)時(shí)，他們中的大部分人為了擺脫困境又把賭注重重地壓在房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)市場(chǎng)上。由阿蘭考克肖先生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能掙現(xiàn)錢(qián)的盛譽(yù)，并能保持資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表平衡。不過(guò)，在世界上其他的一些地區(qū)，這家公司也陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美國(guó)，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然氣市場(chǎng)的不景氣，這一情況尤其突出，在英國(guó)的商業(yè)和工業(yè)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)方面這家公司也面臨困境，利潤(rùn)隨之而暴跌。而且情況還有變得更糟的危險(xiǎn)。瓦利特發(fā)展公司，這個(gè)英國(guó)90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因?yàn)閷惗亟紖^(qū)都爾威一處仿喬治時(shí)代建筑物出售給了前首相撒切爾夫人而舉世聞名。該公司的